Add test for spaces in square brackets

2026-01-02 00:05:42 +03:00 · 2014-10-22 15:47:12 -04:00
150 changed files with 3217 additions and 8844 deletions
--- a/.github/probots.yml
+++ b/.github/probots.yml
@@ -1,2 +0,0 @@
-enabled:
-  - cla
--- a/.gitignore
+++ b/.gitignore
@@ -6,5 +6,3 @@ pkg
 .rvmrc
 .ruby-version
 Gemfile.lock
-.bundle
-.byebug_history
--- a/.rubocop-https---shopify-github-io-ruby-style-guide-rubocop-yml
+++ b/.rubocop-https---shopify-github-io-ruby-style-guide-rubocop-yml
--- a/.rubocop.yml
+++ b/.rubocop.yml
@@ -1,17 +0,0 @@
-inherit_from:
-  - 'https://shopify.github.io/ruby-style-guide/rubocop.yml'
-  - .rubocop_todo.yml
-
-require: rubocop-performance
-
-Performance:
-  Enabled: true
-
-AllCops:
-  TargetRubyVersion: 2.4
-  Exclude:
-    - 'vendor/bundle/**/*'
-
-Naming/MethodName:
-  Exclude:
-    - 'example/server/liquid_servlet.rb'
--- a/.rubocop_todo.yml
+++ b/.rubocop_todo.yml
@@ -1,48 +0,0 @@
-# This configuration was generated by
-# `rubocop --auto-gen-config`
-# on 2019-09-11 06:34:25 +1000 using RuboCop version 0.74.0.
-# The point is for the user to remove these configuration records
-# one by one as the offenses are removed from the code base.
-# Note that changes in the inspected code, or installation of new
-# versions of RuboCop, may require this file to be generated again.
-
-# Offense count: 2
-# Cop supports --auto-correct.
-# Configuration parameters: EnforcedStyle.
-# SupportedStyles: runtime_error, standard_error
-Lint/InheritException:
-  Exclude:
-    - 'lib/liquid/interrupts.rb'
-
-# Offense count: 98
-# Cop supports --auto-correct.
-# Configuration parameters: AutoCorrect, AllowHeredoc, AllowURI, URISchemes, IgnoreCopDirectives, IgnoredPatterns.
-# URISchemes: http, https
-Layout/LineLength:
-  Max: 294
-
-# Offense count: 44
-Naming/ConstantName:
-  Exclude:
-    - 'lib/liquid.rb'
-    - 'lib/liquid/block_body.rb'
-    - 'lib/liquid/tags/assign.rb'
-    - 'lib/liquid/tags/capture.rb'
-    - 'lib/liquid/tags/case.rb'
-    - 'lib/liquid/tags/cycle.rb'
-    - 'lib/liquid/tags/for.rb'
-    - 'lib/liquid/tags/if.rb'
-    - 'lib/liquid/tags/include.rb'
-    - 'lib/liquid/tags/raw.rb'
-    - 'lib/liquid/tags/table_row.rb'
-    - 'lib/liquid/variable.rb'
-    - 'performance/shopify/comment_form.rb'
-    - 'performance/shopify/paginate.rb'
-    - 'test/integration/tags/include_tag_test.rb'
-
-# Offense count: 5
-Style/ClassVars:
-  Exclude:
-    - 'lib/liquid/condition.rb'
-    - 'lib/liquid/strainer.rb'
-    - 'lib/liquid/template.rb'
--- a/.travis.yml
+++ b/.travis.yml
@@ -1,26 +1,16 @@
-language: ruby
-cache: bundler
-
 rvm:
-  - 2.4
-  - 2.5
-  - 2.6
-  - &latest_ruby 2.7
-  - ruby-head
-
+  - 1.9
+  - 2.0
+  - 2.1
+  - jruby-19mode
+  - jruby-head
+  - rbx-2
 matrix:
-  include:
-    - rvm: *latest_ruby
-      script: bundle exec rake memory_profile:run
-      name: Profiling Memory Usage
  allow_failures:
-    - rvm: ruby-head
+    - rvm: rbx-2
+    - rvm: jruby-head

-branches:
-  only:
-    - master
-    - gh-pages
-    - /.*-stable/
+script: "rake test"

 notifications:
  disable: true
--- a/CONTRIBUTING.md
+++ b/CONTRIBUTING.md
@@ -4,22 +4,23 @@

 * Bugfixes
 * Performance improvements
-* Features that are likely to be useful to the majority of Liquid users
+* Features which are likely to be useful to the majority of Liquid users

 ## Things we won't merge

-* Code that introduces considerable performance degrations
-* Code that touches performance-critical parts of Liquid and comes without benchmarks
-* Features that are not important for most people (we want to keep the core Liquid code small and tidy)
-* Features that can easily be implemented on top of Liquid (for example as a custom filter or custom filesystem)
-* Code that does not include tests
-* Code that breaks existing tests
+* Code which introduces considerable performance degrations
+* Code which touches performance critical parts of Liquid and comes without benchmarks
+* Features which are not important for most people (we want to keep the core Liquid code small and tidy)
+* Features which can easily be implemented on top of Liquid (for example as a custom filter or custom filesystem)
+* Code which comes without tests
+* Code which breaks existing tests

 ## Workflow

 * Fork the Liquid repository
 * Create a new branch in your fork
-* If it makes sense, add tests for your code and/or run a performance benchmark
-* Make sure all tests pass (`bundle exec rake`)
+* If it makes sense, add tests for your code and run a performance benchmark
+* Make sure all tests pass
 * Create a pull request
+* In the description, ping one of [@boourns](https://github.com/boourns), [@fw42](https://github.com/fw42), [@camilo](https://github.com/camilo), [@dylanahsmith](https://github.com/dylanahsmith), or [@arthurnn](https://github.com/arthurnn) and ask for a code review.

--- a/24
+++ b/24
@@ -1,27 +1,9 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
-
 source 'https://rubygems.org'
-git_source(:github) do |repo_name|
-  "https://github.com/#{repo_name}.git"
-end

 gemspec
-
-group :benchmark, :test do
-  gem 'benchmark-ips'
-  gem 'memory_profiler'
-  gem 'terminal-table'
-
-  install_if -> { RUBY_PLATFORM !~ /mingw|mswin|java/ && RUBY_ENGINE != 'truffleruby' } do
-    gem 'stackprof'
-  end
-end
+gem 'stackprof', platforms: :mri_21

 group :test do
-  gem 'rubocop', '~> 0.78.0', require: false
-  gem 'rubocop-performance', require: false
-
-  platform :mri, :truffleruby do
-    gem 'liquid-c', github: 'Shopify/liquid-c', ref: 'master'
-  end
+  gem 'spy', '0.4.1'
+  gem 'benchmark-ips'
 end
--- a/History.md
+++ b/History.md
@@ -1,176 +1,46 @@
-# Liquid Change Log
+# Liquid Version History

-### Unreleased
+## 3.0.0 / not yet released / branch "master"

-* Split Strainer class as a factory and a template (#1208) [Thierry Joyal]
-* Remove handling of a nil context in the Strainer class (#1218) [Thierry Joyal]
-* StaticRegisters#fetch to raise on missing key (#1250) [Thierry Joyal]
+* ...
+* Removed Block#end_tag. Instead, override parse with `super` followed by your code. See #446 [Dylan Thacker-Smith, dylanahsmith]
+* Fixed condition with wrong data types, see #423 [Bogdan Gusiev]
+* Add url_encode to standard filters, see #421 [Derrick Reimer, djreimer]
+* Add uniq to standard filters [Florian Weingarten, fw42]
+* Add exception_handler feature, see #397 and #254 [Bogdan Gusiev, bogdan and Florian Weingarten, fw42]
+* Optimize variable parsing to avoid repeated regex evaluation during template rendering #383 [Jason Hiltz-Laforge, jasonhl]
+* Optimize checking for block interrupts to reduce object allocation #380 [Jason Hiltz-Laforge, jasonhl] 
+* Properly set context rethrow_errors on render! #349 [Thierry Joyal, tjoyal]
+* Fix broken rendering of variables which are equal to false, see #345 [Florian Weingarten, fw42]
+* Remove ActionView template handler [Dylan Thacker-Smith, dylanahsmith]
+* Freeze lots of string literals for new Ruby 2.1 optimization, see #297 [Florian Weingarten, fw42]
+* Allow newlines in tags and variables, see #324 [Dylan Thacker-Smith, dylanahsmith]
+* Tag#parse is called after initialize, which now takes options instead of tokens as the 3rd argument. See #321 [Dylan Thacker-Smith, dylanahsmith]
+* Raise `Liquid::ArgumentError` instead of `::ArgumentError` when filter has wrong number of arguments #309 [Bogdan Gusiev, bogdan]
+* Add a to_s default for liquid drops, see #306 [Adam Doeler, releod]
+* Add strip, lstrip, and rstrip to standard filters [Florian Weingarten, fw42]
+* Make if, for & case tags return complete and consistent nodelists, see #250 [Nick Jones, dntj]
+* Prevent arbitrary method invocation on condition objects, see #274 [Dylan Thacker-Smith, dylanahsmith]
+* Don't call to_sym when creating conditions for security reasons, see #273 [Bouke van der Bijl, bouk]
+* Fix resource counting bug with respond_to?(:length), see #263 [Florian Weingarten, fw42]
+* Allow specifying custom patterns for template filenames, see #284 [Andrei Gladkyi, agladkyi]
+* Allow drops to optimize loading a slice of elements, see #282 [Tom Burns, boourns]
+* Support for passing variables to snippets in subdirs, see #271 [Joost Hietbrink, joost]
+* Add a class cache to avoid runtime extend calls, see #249 [James Tucker, raggi]
+* Remove some legacy Ruby 1.8 compatibility code, see #276 [Florian Weingarten, fw42]
+* Add default filter to standard filters, see #267 [Derrick Reimer, djreimer]
+* Add optional strict parsing and warn parsing, see #235 [Tristan Hume, trishume]
+* Add I18n syntax error translation, see #241 [Simon Hørup Eskildsen, Sirupsen]
+* Make sort filter work on enumerable drops, see #239 [Florian Weingarten, fw42]
+* Fix clashing method names in enumerable drops, see #238 [Florian Weingarten, fw42]
+* Make map filter work on enumerable drops, see #233 [Florian Weingarten, fw42]
+* Improved whitespace stripping for blank blocks, related to #216 [Florian Weingarten, fw42]

-## 4.0.3 / 2019-03-12
-
-### Fixed
-* Fix break and continue tags inside included templates in loops (#1072) [Justin Li]
-
-## 4.0.2 / 2019-03-08
-
-### Changed
-* Add `where` filter (#1026) [Samuel Doiron]
-* Add `ParseTreeVisitor` to iterate the Liquid AST (#1025) [Stephen Paul Weber]
-* Improve `strip_html` performance (#1032) [printercu]
-
-### Fixed
-* Add error checking for invalid combinations of inputs to sort, sort_natural, where, uniq, map, compact filters (#1059) [Garland Zhang]
-* Validate the character encoding in url_decode (#1070) [Clayton Smith]
-
-## 4.0.1 / 2018-10-09
-
-### Changed
-* Add benchmark group in Gemfile (#855) [Jerry Liu]
-* Allow benchmarks to benchmark render by itself (#851) [Jerry Liu]
-* Avoid calling `line_number` on String node when rescuing a render error. (#860) [Dylan Thacker-Smith]
-* Avoid duck typing to detect whether to call render on a node. [Dylan Thacker-Smith]
-* Clarify spelling of `reversed` on `for` block tag (#843) [Mark Crossfield]
-* Replace recursion with loop to avoid potential stack overflow from malicious input (#891, #892) [Dylan Thacker-Smith]
-* Limit block tag nesting to 100 (#894) [Dylan Thacker-Smith]
-* Replace `assert_equal nil` with `assert_nil` (#895) [Dylan Thacker-Smith]
-* Remove Spy Gem (#896) [Dylan Thacker-Smith]
-* Add `collection_name` and `variable_name` reader to `For` block (#909)
-* Symbols render as strings (#920) [Justin Li]
-* Remove default value from Hash objects (#932) [Maxime Bedard]
-* Remove one level of nesting (#944) [Dylan Thacker-Smith]
-* Update Rubocop version (#952) [Justin Li]
-* Add `at_least` and `at_most` filters (#954, #958) [Nithin Bekal]
-* Add a regression test for a liquid-c trim mode bug (#972) [Dylan Thacker-Smith]
-* Use https rather than git protocol to fetch liquid-c [Dylan Thacker-Smith]
-* Add tests against Ruby 2.4 (#963) and 2.5 (#981)
-* Replace RegExp literals with constants (#988) [Ashwin Maroli]
-* Replace unnecessary `#each_with_index` with `#each` (#992) [Ashwin Maroli]
-* Improve the unexpected end delimiter message for block tags. (#1003) [Dylan Thacker-Smith]
-* Refactor and optimize rendering (#1005) [Christopher Aue]
-* Add installation instruction (#1006) [Ben Gift]
-* Remove Circle CI (#1010)
-* Rename deprecated `BigDecimal.new` to `BigDecimal` (#1024) [Koichi ITO]
-* Rename deprecated Rubocop name (#1027) [Justin Li]
-
-### Fixed
-* Handle `join` filter on non String joiners (#857) [Richard Monette]
-* Fix duplicate inclusion condition logic error of `Liquid::Strainer.add_filter` method (#861)
-* Fix `escape`, `url_encode`, `url_decode` not handling non-string values (#898) [Thierry Joyal]
-* Fix raise when variable is defined but nil when using `strict_variables` [Pascal Betz]
-* Fix `sort` and `sort_natural` to handle arrays with nils (#930) [Eric Chan]
-
-## 4.0.0 / 2016-12-14 / branch "4-0-stable"
-
-### Changed
-* Render an opaque internal error by default for non-Liquid::Error (#835) [Dylan Thacker-Smith]
-* Ruby 2.0 support dropped (#832) [Dylan Thacker-Smith]
-* Add to_number Drop method to allow custom drops to work with number filters (#731)
-* Add strict_variables and strict_filters options to detect undefined references (#691)
-* Improve loop performance (#681) [Florian Weingarten]
-* Rename Drop method `before_method` to `liquid_method_missing` (#661) [Thierry Joyal]
-* Add url_decode filter to invert url_encode (#645) [Larry Archer]
-* Add global_filter to apply a filter to all output (#610) [Loren Hale]
-* Add compact filter (#600) [Carson Reinke]
-* Rename deprecated "has_key?" and "has_interrupt?" methods (#593) [Florian Weingarten]
-* Include template name with line numbers in render errors (574) [Dylan Thacker-Smith]
-* Add sort_natural filter (#554) [Martin Hanzel]
-* Add forloop.parentloop as a reference to the parent loop (#520) [Justin Li]
-* Block parsing moved to BlockBody class (#458) [Dylan Thacker-Smith]
-* Add concat filter to concatenate arrays (#429) [Diogo Beato]
-* Ruby 1.9 support dropped (#491) [Justin Li]
-* Liquid::Template.file_system's read_template_file method is no longer passed the context. (#441) [James Reid-Smith]
-* Remove `liquid_methods` (See https://github.com/Shopify/liquid/pull/568 for replacement)
-* Liquid::Template.register_filter raises when the module overrides registered public methods as private or protected (#705) [Gaurav Chande]
-
-### Fixed
-
-* Fix variable names being detected as an operator when starting with contains (#788) [Michael Angell]
-* Fix include tag used with strict_variables (#828) [QuickPay]
-* Fix map filter when value is a Proc (#672) [Guillaume Malette]
-* Fix truncate filter when value is not a string (#672) [Guillaume Malette]
-* Fix behaviour of escape filter when input is nil (#665) [Tanel Jakobsoo]
-* Fix sort filter behaviour with empty array input (#652) [Marcel Cary]
-* Fix test failure under certain timezones (#631) [Dylan Thacker-Smith]
-* Fix bug in uniq filter (#595) [Florian Weingarten]
-* Fix bug when "blank" and "empty" are used as variable names (#592) [Florian Weingarten]
-* Fix condition parse order in strict mode (#569) [Justin Li]
-* Fix naming of the "context variable" when dynamically including a template (#559) [Justin Li]
-* Gracefully accept empty strings in the date filter (#555) [Loren Hale]
-* Fix capturing into variables with a hyphen in the name (#505) [Florian Weingarten]
-* Fix case sensitivity regression in date standard filter (#499) [Kelley Reynolds]
-* Disallow filters with no variable in strict mode (#475) [Justin Li]
-* Disallow variable names in the strict parser that are not valid in the lax parser (#463) [Justin Li]
-* Fix BlockBody#warnings taking exponential time to compute (#486) [Justin Li]
-
-## 3.0.5 / 2015-07-23 / branch "3-0-stable"
-
-* Fix test failure under certain timezones [Dylan Thacker-Smith]
-
-## 3.0.4 / 2015-07-17
-
-* Fix chained access to multi-dimensional hashes [Florian Weingarten]
-
-## 3.0.3 / 2015-05-28
-
-* Fix condition parse order in strict mode (#569) [Justin Li]
-
-## 3.0.2 / 2015-04-24
-
-* Expose VariableLookup private members (#551) [Justin Li]
-* Documentation fixes
-
-## 3.0.1 / 2015-01-23
-
-* Remove duplicate `index0` key in TableRow tag (#502) [Alfred Xing]
-
-## 3.0.0 / 2014-11-12
-
-* Removed Block#end_tag. Instead, override parse with `super` followed by your code. See #446 [Dylan Thacker-Smith]
-* Fixed condition with wrong data types (#423) [Bogdan Gusiev]
-* Add url_encode to standard filters (#421) [Derrick Reimer]
-* Add uniq to standard filters [Florian Weingarten]
-* Add exception_handler feature (#397) and #254 [Bogdan Gusiev, Florian Weingarten]
-* Optimize variable parsing to avoid repeated regex evaluation during template rendering #383 [Jason Hiltz-Laforge]
-* Optimize checking for block interrupts to reduce object allocation #380 [Jason Hiltz-Laforge]
-* Properly set context rethrow_errors on render! #349 [Thierry Joyal]
-* Fix broken rendering of variables which are equal to false (#345) [Florian Weingarten]
-* Remove ActionView template handler [Dylan Thacker-Smith]
-* Freeze lots of string literals for new Ruby 2.1 optimization (#297) [Florian Weingarten]
-* Allow newlines in tags and variables (#324) [Dylan Thacker-Smith]
-* Tag#parse is called after initialize, which now takes options instead of tokens as the 3rd argument. See #321 [Dylan Thacker-Smith]
-* Raise `Liquid::ArgumentError` instead of `::ArgumentError` when filter has wrong number of arguments #309 [Bogdan Gusiev]
-* Add a to_s default for liquid drops (#306) [Adam Doeler]
-* Add strip, lstrip, and rstrip to standard filters [Florian Weingarten]
-* Make if, for & case tags return complete and consistent nodelists (#250) [Nick Jones]
-* Prevent arbitrary method invocation on condition objects (#274) [Dylan Thacker-Smith]
-* Don't call to_sym when creating conditions for security reasons (#273) [Bouke van der Bijl]
-* Fix resource counting bug with respond_to?(:length) (#263) [Florian Weingarten]
-* Allow specifying custom patterns for template filenames (#284) [Andrei Gladkyi]
-* Allow drops to optimize loading a slice of elements (#282) [Tom Burns]
-* Support for passing variables to snippets in subdirs (#271) [Joost Hietbrink]
-* Add a class cache to avoid runtime extend calls (#249) [James Tucker]
-* Remove some legacy Ruby 1.8 compatibility code (#276) [Florian Weingarten]
-* Add default filter to standard filters (#267) [Derrick Reimer]
-* Add optional strict parsing and warn parsing (#235) [Tristan Hume]
-* Add I18n syntax error translation (#241) [Simon Hørup Eskildsen, Sirupsen]
-* Make sort filter work on enumerable drops (#239) [Florian Weingarten]
-* Fix clashing method names in enumerable drops (#238) [Florian Weingarten]
-* Make map filter work on enumerable drops (#233) [Florian Weingarten]
-* Improved whitespace stripping for blank blocks, related to #216 [Florian Weingarten]
-
-## 2.6.3 / 2015-07-23 / branch "2-6-stable"
-
-* Fix test failure under certain timezones [Dylan Thacker-Smith]
-
-## 2.6.2 / 2015-01-23
-
-* Remove duplicate hash key [Parker Moore]
-
-## 2.6.1 / 2014-01-10
+## 2.6.1 / 2014-01-10 / branch "2-6-stable"

 Security fix, cherry-picked from master (4e14a65):
-* Don't call to_sym when creating conditions for security reasons (#273) [Bouke van der Bijl]
-* Prevent arbitrary method invocation on condition objects (#274) [Dylan Thacker-Smith]
+* Don't call to_sym when creating conditions for security reasons, see #273 [Bouke van der Bijl, bouk]
+* Prevent arbitrary method invocation on condition objects, see #274 [Dylan Thacker-Smith, dylanahsmith]

 ## 2.6.0 / 2013-11-25

@@ -178,37 +48,37 @@ IMPORTANT: Liquid 2.6 is going to be the last version of Liquid which maintains
 The following releases will only be tested against Ruby 1.9 and Ruby 2.0 and are likely to break on Ruby 1.8.

 * Bugfix for #106: fix example servlet [gnowoel]
-* Bugfix for #97: strip_html filter supports multi-line tags [Jo Liss]
-* Bugfix for #114: strip_html filter supports style tags [James Allardice]
-* Bugfix for #117: 'now' support for date filter in Ruby 1.9 [Notre Dame Webgroup]
-* Bugfix for #166: truncate filter on UTF-8 strings with Ruby 1.8 [Florian Weingarten]
-* Bugfix for #204: 'raw' parsing bug [Florian Weingarten]
-* Bugfix for #150: 'for' parsing bug [Peter Schröder]
-* Bugfix for #126: Strip CRLF in strip_newline [Peter Schröder]
-* Bugfix for #174, "can't convert Fixnum into String" for "replace" [jsw0528]
-* Allow a Liquid::Drop to be passed into Template#render [Daniel Huckstep]
-* Resource limits [Florian Weingarten]
-* Add reverse filter [Jay Strybis]
+* Bugfix for #97: strip_html filter supports multi-line tags [Jo Liss, joliss]
+* Bugfix for #114: strip_html filter supports style tags [James Allardice, jamesallardice]
+* Bugfix for #117: 'now' support for date filter in Ruby 1.9 [Notre Dame Webgroup, ndwebgroup]
+* Bugfix for #166: truncate filter on UTF-8 strings with Ruby 1.8 [Florian Weingarten, fw42]
+* Bugfix for #204: 'raw' parsing bug [Florian Weingarten, fw42]
+* Bugfix for #150: 'for' parsing bug [Peter Schröder, phoet]
+* Bugfix for #126: Strip CRLF in strip_newline [Peter Schröder, phoet]
+* Bugfix for #174, "can't convert Fixnum into String" for "replace" [wǒ_is神仙, jsw0528]
+* Allow a Liquid::Drop to be passed into Template#render [Daniel Huckstep, darkhelmet]
+* Resource limits [Florian Weingarten, fw42]
+* Add reverse filter [Jay Strybis, unreal]
 * Add utf-8 support
-* Use array instead of Hash to keep the registered filters [Tasos Stathopoulos]
-* Cache tokenized partial templates [Tom Burns]
-* Avoid warnings in Ruby 1.9.3 [Marcus Stollsteimer]
-* Better documentation for 'include' tag (closes #163) [Peter Schröder]
-* Use of BigDecimal on filters to have better precision (closes #155) [Arthur Nogueira Neves]
+* Use array instead of Hash to keep the registered filters [Tasos Stathopoulos, astathopoulos]
+* Cache tokenized partial templates [Tom Burns, boourns]
+* Avoid warnings in Ruby 1.9.3 [Marcus Stollsteimer, stomar]
+* Better documentation for 'include' tag (closes #163) [Peter Schröder, phoet]
+* Use of BigDecimal on filters to have better precision (closes #155) [Arthur Nogueira Neves, arthurnn]

 ## 2.5.5 / 2014-01-10 / branch "2-5-stable"

 Security fix, cherry-picked from master (4e14a65):
-* Don't call to_sym when creating conditions for security reasons (#273) [Bouke van der Bijl]
-* Prevent arbitrary method invocation on condition objects (#274) [Dylan Thacker-Smith]
+* Don't call to_sym when creating conditions for security reasons, see #273 [Bouke van der Bijl, bouk]
+* Prevent arbitrary method invocation on condition objects, see #274 [Dylan Thacker-Smith, dylanahsmith]

 ## 2.5.4 / 2013-11-11

-* Fix "can't convert Fixnum into String" for "replace" (#173), [jsw0528]
+* Fix "can't convert Fixnum into String" for "replace", see #173, [wǒ_is神仙, jsw0528]

 ## 2.5.3 / 2013-10-09

-* #232, #234, #237: Fix map filter bugs [Florian Weingarten]
+* #232, #234, #237: Fix map filter bugs [Florian Weingarten, fw42]

 ## 2.5.2 / 2013-09-03 / deleted

@@ -216,7 +86,7 @@ Yanked from rubygems, as it contained too many changes that broke compatibility.

 ## 2.5.1 / 2013-07-24

-* #230: Fix security issue with map filter, Use invoke_drop in map filter [Florian Weingarten]
+* #230: Fix security issue with map filter, Use invoke_drop in map filter [Florian Weingarten, fw42]

 ## 2.5.0 / 2013-03-06

--- a/0
+++ b/0
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
-[![Build Status](https://api.travis-ci.org/Shopify/liquid.svg?branch=master)](http://travis-ci.org/Shopify/liquid)
-[![Inline docs](http://inch-ci.org/github/Shopify/liquid.svg?branch=master)](http://inch-ci.org/github/Shopify/liquid)
+[![Build Status](https://secure.travis-ci.org/Shopify/liquid.png?branch=master)](http://travis-ci.org/Shopify/liquid)
+[![Inline docs](http://inch-ci.org/github/Shopify/liquid.png)](http://inch-ci.org/github/Shopify/liquid)

 # Liquid template engine

@@ -42,8 +42,6 @@ Liquid is a template engine which was written with very specific requirements:

 ## How to use Liquid

-Install Liquid by adding `gem 'liquid'` to your gemfile.
-
 Liquid supports a very simple API based around the Liquid::Template class.
 For standard use you can just pass it the content of a file and call render with a parameters hash.

@@ -75,40 +73,3 @@ This is useful for doing things like enabling strict mode only in the theme edit

 It is recommended that you enable `:strict` or `:warn` mode on new apps to stop invalid templates from being created.
 It is also recommended that you use it in the template editors of existing apps to give editors better error messages.
-
-### Undefined variables and filters
-
-By default, the renderer doesn't raise or in any other way notify you if some variables or filters are missing, i.e. not passed to the `render` method.
-You can improve this situation by passing `strict_variables: true` and/or `strict_filters: true` options to the `render` method.
-When one of these options is set to true, all errors about undefined variables and undefined filters will be stored in `errors` array of a `Liquid::Template` instance.
-Here are some examples:
-
-```ruby
-template = Liquid::Template.parse("{{x}} {{y}} {{z.a}} {{z.b}}")
-template.render({ 'x' => 1, 'z' => { 'a' => 2 } }, { strict_variables: true })
-#=> '1  2 ' # when a variable is undefined, it's rendered as nil
-template.errors
-#=> [#<Liquid::UndefinedVariable: Liquid error: undefined variable y>, #<Liquid::UndefinedVariable: Liquid error: undefined variable b>]
-```
-
-```ruby
-template = Liquid::Template.parse("{{x | filter1 | upcase}}")
-template.render({ 'x' => 'foo' }, { strict_filters: true })
-#=> '' # when at least one filter in the filter chain is undefined, a whole expression is rendered as nil
-template.errors
-#=> [#<Liquid::UndefinedFilter: Liquid error: undefined filter filter1>]
-```
-
-If you want to raise on a first exception instead of pushing all of them in `errors`, you can use `render!` method:
-
-```ruby
-template = Liquid::Template.parse("{{x}} {{y}}")
-template.render!({ 'x' => 1}, { strict_variables: true })
-#=> Liquid::UndefinedVariable: Liquid error: undefined variable y
-```
-
-### Usage tracking
-
-To help track usages of a feature or code path in production, we have released opt-in usage tracking. To enable this, we provide an empty `Liquid:: Usage.increment` method which you can customize to your needs. The feature is well suited to https://github.com/Shopify/statsd-instrument. However, the choice of implementation is up to you.
-
-Once you have enabled usage tracking, we recommend reporting any events through Github Issues that your system may be logging. It is highly likely this event has been added to consider deprecating or improving code specific to this event, so please raise any concerns.
--- a/57
+++ b/57
@@ -1,64 +1,42 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
-
 require 'rake'
 require 'rake/testtask'
-$LOAD_PATH.unshift(File.expand_path("../lib", __FILE__))
+$LOAD_PATH.unshift File.expand_path("../lib", __FILE__)
 require "liquid/version"

-task(default: [:test, :rubocop])
+task :default => 'test'

-desc('run test suite with default parser')
+desc 'run test suite with default parser'
 Rake::TestTask.new(:base_test) do |t|
  t.libs << '.' << 'lib' << 'test'
  t.test_files = FileList['test/{integration,unit}/**/*_test.rb']
-  t.verbose    = false
+  t.verbose = false
 end

-desc('run test suite with warn error mode')
+desc 'run test suite with warn error mode'
 task :warn_test do
  ENV['LIQUID_PARSER_MODE'] = 'warn'
  Rake::Task['base_test'].invoke
 end

-task :rubocop do
-  if RUBY_ENGINE == 'ruby'
-    require 'rubocop/rake_task'
-    RuboCop::RakeTask.new
-  end
-end
-
-desc('runs test suite with both strict and lax parsers')
+desc 'runs test suite with both strict and lax parsers'
 task :test do
  ENV['LIQUID_PARSER_MODE'] = 'lax'
  Rake::Task['base_test'].invoke
-
  ENV['LIQUID_PARSER_MODE'] = 'strict'
  Rake::Task['base_test'].reenable
  Rake::Task['base_test'].invoke
-
-  if RUBY_ENGINE == 'ruby' || RUBY_ENGINE == 'truffleruby'
-    ENV['LIQUID_C'] = '1'
-
-    ENV['LIQUID_PARSER_MODE'] = 'lax'
-    Rake::Task['base_test'].reenable
-    Rake::Task['base_test'].invoke
-
-    ENV['LIQUID_PARSER_MODE'] = 'strict'
-    Rake::Task['base_test'].reenable
-    Rake::Task['base_test'].invoke
-  end
 end

-task(gem: :build)
+task :gem => :build
 task :build do
  system "gem build liquid.gemspec"
 end

-task install: :build do
+task :install => :build do
  system "gem install liquid-#{Liquid::VERSION}.gem"
 end

-task release: :build do
+task :release => :build do
  system "git tag -a v#{Liquid::VERSION} -m 'Tagging #{Liquid::VERSION}'"
  system "git push --tags"
  system "gem push liquid-#{Liquid::VERSION}.gem"
@@ -66,6 +44,7 @@ task release: :build do
 end

 namespace :benchmark do
+
  desc "Run the liquid benchmark with lax parsing"
  task :run do
    ruby "./performance/benchmark.rb lax"
@@ -77,7 +56,9 @@ namespace :benchmark do
  end
 end

+
 namespace :profile do
+
  desc "Run the liquid profile/performance coverage"
  task :run do
    ruby "./performance/profile.rb"
@@ -87,20 +68,10 @@ namespace :profile do
  task :strict do
    ruby "./performance/profile.rb strict"
  end
+
 end

-namespace :memory_profile do
-  desc "Run memory profiler"
-  task :run do
-    ruby "./performance/memory_profile.rb"
-  end
-end
-
-desc("Run example")
+desc "Run example"
 task :example do
  ruby "-w -d -Ilib example/server/server.rb"
 end
-
-task :console do
-  exec 'irb -I lib -r liquid'
-end
--- a/example/server/example_servlet.rb
+++ b/example/server/example_servlet.rb
@@ -1,12 +1,10 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
-
 module ProductsFilter
  def price(integer)
-    format("$%.2d USD", integer / 100.0)
+    sprintf("$%.2d USD", integer / 100.0)
  end

  def prettyprint(text)
-    text.gsub(/\*(.*)\*/, '<b>\1</b>')
+    text.gsub( /\*(.*)\*/, '<b>\1</b>' )
  end

  def count(array)
@@ -19,28 +17,25 @@ module ProductsFilter
 end

 class Servlet < LiquidServlet
+
  def index
    { 'date' => Time.now }
  end

  def products
-    { 'products' => products_list, 'more_products' => more_products_list, 'description' => description, 'section' => 'Snowboards', 'cool_products' => true }
+    { 'products' => products_list, 'description' => description, 'section' => 'Snowboards', 'cool_products' => true}
  end

  private

  def products_list
-    [{ 'name' => 'Arbor Draft', 'price' => 39900, 'description' => 'the *arbor draft* is a excellent product' },
-     { 'name' => 'Arbor Element', 'price' => 40000, 'description' => 'the *arbor element* rocks for freestyling' },
-     { 'name' => 'Arbor Diamond', 'price' => 59900, 'description' => 'the *arbor diamond* is a made up product because im obsessed with arbor and have no creativity' }]
-  end
-
-  def more_products_list
-    [{ 'name' => 'Arbor Catalyst', 'price' => 39900, 'description' => 'the *arbor catalyst* is an advanced drop-through for freestyle and flatground performance and versatility' },
-     { 'name' => 'Arbor Fish', 'price' => 40000, 'description' => 'the *arbor fish* is a compact pin that features an extended wheelbase and time-honored teardrop shape' }]
+    [{'name' => 'Arbor Draft', 'price' => 39900, 'description' => 'the *arbor draft* is a excellent product' },
+    {'name' => 'Arbor Element', 'price' => 40000, 'description' => 'the *arbor element* rocks for freestyling'},
+    {'name' => 'Arbor Diamond', 'price' => 59900, 'description' => 'the *arbor diamond* is a made up product because im obsessed with arbor and have no creativity'}]
  end

  def description
    "List of Products ~ This is a list of products with price and description."
  end
+
 end
--- a/example/server/liquid_servlet.rb
+++ b/example/server/liquid_servlet.rb
@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
-
 class LiquidServlet < WEBrick::HTTPServlet::AbstractServlet
+
  def do_GET(req, res)
    handle(:get, req, res)
  end
@@ -11,20 +10,20 @@ class LiquidServlet < WEBrick::HTTPServlet::AbstractServlet

  private

-  def handle(_type, req, res)
-    @request  = req
+  def handle(type, req, res)
+    @request = req
    @response = res

    @request.path_info =~ /(\w+)\z/
-    @action  = Regexp.last_match(1) || 'index'
+    @action = $1 || 'index'
    @assigns = send(@action) if respond_to?(@action)

    @response['Content-Type'] = "text/html"
    @response.status = 200
-    @response.body   = Liquid::Template.parse(read_template).render(@assigns, filters: [ProductsFilter])
+    @response.body = Liquid::Template.parse(read_template).render(@assigns, :filters => [ProductsFilter])
  end

  def read_template(filename = @action)
-    File.read("#{__dir__}/templates/#{filename}.liquid")
+    File.read( File.dirname(__FILE__) + "/templates/#{filename}.liquid" )
  end
 end
--- a/example/server/server.rb
+++ b/example/server/server.rb
@@ -1,14 +1,14 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
-
 require 'webrick'
 require 'rexml/document'

-require_relative '../../lib/liquid'
-require_relative 'liquid_servlet'
-require_relative 'example_servlet'
+DIR = File.expand_path(File.dirname(__FILE__))
+
+require DIR + '/../../lib/liquid'
+require DIR + '/liquid_servlet'
+require DIR + '/example_servlet'

 # Setup webrick
-server = WEBrick::HTTPServer.new(Port: ARGV[1] || 3000)
+server = WEBrick::HTTPServer.new( :Port => ARGV[1] || 3000 )
 server.mount('/', Servlet)
-trap("INT") { server.shutdown }
+trap("INT"){ server.shutdown }
 server.start
--- a/example/server/templates/products.liquid
+++ b/example/server/templates/products.liquid
@@ -16,12 +16,12 @@
  </head>

  <body>
-    {% assign all_products = products | concat: more_products  %}
+
    <h1>{{ description | split: '~' | first }}</h1>

    <h2>{{ description | split: '~' | last }}</h2>

-    <h2>There are currently {{all_products | count}} products in the {{section}} catalog</h2>
+    <h2>There are currently {{products | count}} products in the {{section}} catalog</h2>

    {% if cool_products %}
      Cool products :)
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@

    <ul id="products">

-      {% for product in all_products %}
+      {% for product in products %}
        <li>
          <h2>{{product.name}}</h2>
          Only {{product.price | price }}
--- a/lib/liquid.rb
+++ b/lib/liquid.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
-
 # Copyright (c) 2005 Tobias Luetke
 #
 # Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining
@@ -23,10 +21,9 @@

 module Liquid
  FilterSeparator             = /\|/
-  ArgumentSeparator           = ','
-  FilterArgumentSeparator     = ':'
-  VariableAttributeSeparator  = '.'
-  WhitespaceControl           = '-'
+  ArgumentSeparator           = ','.freeze
+  FilterArgumentSeparator     = ':'.freeze
+  VariableAttributeSeparator  = '.'.freeze
  TagStart                    = /\{\%/
  TagEnd                      = /\%\}/
  VariableSignature           = /\(?[\w\-\.\[\]]\)?/
@@ -37,7 +34,7 @@ module Liquid
  QuotedString                = /"[^"]*"|'[^']*'/
  QuotedFragment              = /#{QuotedString}|(?:[^\s,\|'"]|#{QuotedString})+/o
  TagAttributes               = /(\w+)\s*\:\s*(#{QuotedFragment})/o
-  AnyStartingTag              = /#{TagStart}|#{VariableStart}/o
+  AnyStartingTag              = /\{\{|\{\%/
  PartialTemplateParser       = /#{TagStart}.*?#{TagEnd}|#{VariableStart}.*?#{VariableIncompleteEnd}/om
  TemplateParser              = /(#{PartialTemplateParser}|#{AnyStartingTag})/om
  VariableParser              = /\[[^\]]+\]|#{VariableSegment}+\??/o
@@ -47,44 +44,34 @@ module Liquid
 end

 require "liquid/version"
-require 'liquid/parse_tree_visitor'
 require 'liquid/lexer'
 require 'liquid/parser'
 require 'liquid/i18n'
 require 'liquid/drop'
-require 'liquid/tablerowloop_drop'
-require 'liquid/forloop_drop'
 require 'liquid/extensions'
 require 'liquid/errors'
 require 'liquid/interrupts'
-require 'liquid/strainer_factory'
-require 'liquid/strainer_template'
+require 'liquid/strainer'
 require 'liquid/expression'
 require 'liquid/context'
 require 'liquid/parser_switching'
 require 'liquid/tag'
-require 'liquid/tag/disabler'
-require 'liquid/tag/disableable'
 require 'liquid/block'
-require 'liquid/block_body'
 require 'liquid/document'
 require 'liquid/variable'
 require 'liquid/variable_lookup'
 require 'liquid/range_lookup'
 require 'liquid/file_system'
-require 'liquid/resource_limits'
 require 'liquid/template'
 require 'liquid/standardfilters'
 require 'liquid/condition'
+require 'liquid/module_ex'
 require 'liquid/utils'
-require 'liquid/tokenizer'
-require 'liquid/parse_context'
-require 'liquid/partial_cache'
-require 'liquid/usage'
-require 'liquid/register'
-require 'liquid/static_registers'
-require 'liquid/template_factory'
+require 'liquid/token'

 # Load all the tags of the standard library
 #
-Dir["#{__dir__}/liquid/tags/*.rb"].each { |f| require f }
+Dir[File.dirname(__FILE__) + '/liquid/tags/*.rb'].each { |f| require f }
+
+require 'liquid/profiler'
+require 'liquid/profiler/hooks'
--- a/lib/liquid/block.rb
+++ b/lib/liquid/block.rb
@@ -1,49 +1,90 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
-
 module Liquid
  class Block < Tag
-    MAX_DEPTH = 100
-
-    def initialize(tag_name, markup, options)
-      super
-      @blank = true
-    end
-
-    def parse(tokens)
-      @body = new_body
-      while parse_body(@body, tokens)
-      end
-    end
-
-    # For backwards compatibility
-    def render(context)
-      @body.render(context)
-    end
+    FullToken         = /\A#{TagStart}\s*(\w+)\s*(.*)?#{TagEnd}\z/om
+    ContentOfVariable = /\A#{VariableStart}(.*)#{VariableEnd}\z/om
+    TAGSTART = "{%".freeze
+    VARSTART = "{{".freeze

    def blank?
      @blank
    end

-    def nodelist
-      @body.nodelist
+    def parse(tokens)
+      @blank = true
+      @nodelist ||= []
+      @nodelist.clear
+
+      while token = tokens.shift
+        begin
+          unless token.empty?
+            case
+            when token.start_with?(TAGSTART)
+              if token =~ FullToken
+
+                # if we found the proper block delimiter just end parsing here and let the outer block
+                # proceed
+                return if block_delimiter == $1
+
+                # fetch the tag from registered blocks
+                if tag = Template.tags[$1]
+                  markup = token.is_a?(Token) ? token.child($2) : $2
+                  new_tag = tag.parse($1, markup, tokens, @options)
+                  new_tag.line_number = token.line_number if token.is_a?(Token)
+                  @blank &&= new_tag.blank?
+                  @nodelist << new_tag
+                else
+                  # this tag is not registered with the system
+                  # pass it to the current block for special handling or error reporting
+                  unknown_tag($1, $2, tokens)
+                end
+              else
+                raise SyntaxError.new(options[:locale].t("errors.syntax.tag_termination".freeze, :token => token, :tag_end => TagEnd.inspect))
+              end
+            when token.start_with?(VARSTART)
+              new_var = create_variable(token)
+              new_var.line_number = token.line_number if token.is_a?(Token)
+              @nodelist << new_var
+              @blank = false
+            else
+              @nodelist << token
+              @blank &&= (token =~ /\A\s*\z/)
+            end
+          end
+        rescue SyntaxError => e
+          e.set_line_number_from_token(token)
+          raise
+        end
+      end
+
+      # Make sure that it's ok to end parsing in the current block.
+      # Effectively this method will throw an exception unless the current block is
+      # of type Document
+      assert_missing_delimitation!
    end

-    def unknown_tag(tag_name, _markup, _tokenizer)
-      Block.raise_unknown_tag(tag_name, block_name, block_delimiter, parse_context)
+    # warnings of this block and all sub-tags
+    def warnings
+      all_warnings = []
+      all_warnings.concat(@warnings) if @warnings
+
+      (nodelist || []).each do |node|
+        all_warnings.concat(node.warnings || []) if node.respond_to?(:warnings)
+      end
+
+      all_warnings
    end

-    # @api private
-    def self.raise_unknown_tag(tag, block_name, block_delimiter, parse_context)
-      if tag == 'else'
-        raise SyntaxError, parse_context.locale.t("errors.syntax.unexpected_else",
-          block_name: block_name)
-      elsif tag.start_with?('end')
-        raise SyntaxError, parse_context.locale.t("errors.syntax.invalid_delimiter",
-          tag: tag,
-          block_name: block_name,
-          block_delimiter: block_delimiter)
+    def unknown_tag(tag, params, tokens)
+      case tag
+      when 'else'.freeze
+        raise SyntaxError.new(options[:locale].t("errors.syntax.unexpected_else".freeze,
+                                                 :block_name => block_name))
+      when 'end'.freeze
+        raise SyntaxError.new(options[:locale].t("errors.syntax.invalid_delimiter".freeze,
+                                                 :block_name => block_name,
+                                                 :block_delimiter => block_delimiter))
      else
-        raise SyntaxError, parse_context.locale.t("errors.syntax.unknown_tag", tag: tag)
+        raise SyntaxError.new(options[:locale].t("errors.syntax.unknown_tag".freeze, :tag => tag))
      end
    end

@@ -55,37 +96,65 @@ module Liquid
      @block_delimiter ||= "end#{block_name}"
    end

-    private
-
-    # @api public
-    def new_body
-      BlockBody.new
+    def create_variable(token)
+      token.scan(ContentOfVariable) do |content|
+        markup = token.is_a?(Token) ? token.child(content.first) : content.first
+        return Variable.new(markup, @options)
+      end
+      raise SyntaxError.new(options[:locale].t("errors.syntax.variable_termination".freeze, :token => token, :tag_end => VariableEnd.inspect))
    end

-    # @api public
-    def parse_body(body, tokens)
-      if parse_context.depth >= MAX_DEPTH
-        raise StackLevelError, "Nesting too deep"
-      end
-      parse_context.depth += 1
-      begin
-        body.parse(tokens, parse_context) do |end_tag_name, end_tag_params|
-          @blank &&= body.blank?
+    def render(context)
+      render_all(@nodelist, context)
+    end

-          return false if end_tag_name == block_delimiter
-          unless end_tag_name
-            raise SyntaxError, parse_context.locale.t("errors.syntax.tag_never_closed", block_name: block_name)
+    protected
+
+    def assert_missing_delimitation!
+      raise SyntaxError.new(options[:locale].t("errors.syntax.tag_never_closed".freeze, :block_name => block_name))
+    end
+
+    def render_all(list, context)
+      output = []
+      context.resource_limits[:render_length_current] = 0
+      context.resource_limits[:render_score_current] += list.length
+
+      list.each do |token|
+        # Break out if we have any unhanded interrupts.
+        break if context.has_interrupt?
+
+        begin
+          # If we get an Interrupt that means the block must stop processing. An
+          # Interrupt is any command that stops block execution such as {% break %}
+          # or {% continue %}
+          if token.is_a? Continue or token.is_a? Break
+            context.push_interrupt(token.interrupt)
+            break
          end

-          # this tag is not registered with the system
-          # pass it to the current block for special handling or error reporting
-          unknown_tag(end_tag_name, end_tag_params, tokens)
+          token_output = render_token(token, context)
+
+          unless token.is_a?(Block) && token.blank?
+            output << token_output
+          end
+        rescue MemoryError => e
+          raise e
+        rescue ::StandardError => e
+          output << (context.handle_error(e, token))
        end
-      ensure
-        parse_context.depth -= 1
      end

-      true
+      output.join
+    end
+
+    def render_token(token, context)
+      token_output = (token.respond_to?(:render) ? token.render(context) : token)
+      context.increment_used_resources(:render_length_current, token_output)
+      if context.resource_limits_reached?
+        context.resource_limits[:reached] = true
+        raise MemoryError.new("Memory limits exceeded".freeze)
+      end
+      token_output
    end
  end
 end
--- a/lib/liquid/block_body.rb
+++ b/lib/liquid/block_body.rb
@@ -1,233 +0,0 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
-
-require 'English'
-
-module Liquid
-  class BlockBody
-    LiquidTagToken      = /\A\s*(\w+)\s*(.*?)\z/o
-    FullToken           = /\A#{TagStart}#{WhitespaceControl}?(\s*)(\w+)(\s*)(.*?)#{WhitespaceControl}?#{TagEnd}\z/om
-    ContentOfVariable   = /\A#{VariableStart}#{WhitespaceControl}?(.*?)#{WhitespaceControl}?#{VariableEnd}\z/om
-    WhitespaceOrNothing = /\A\s*\z/
-    TAGSTART            = "{%"
-    VARSTART            = "{{"
-
-    attr_reader :nodelist
-
-    def initialize
-      @nodelist = []
-      @blank    = true
-    end
-
-    def parse(tokenizer, parse_context, &block)
-      parse_context.line_number = tokenizer.line_number
-
-      if tokenizer.for_liquid_tag
-        parse_for_liquid_tag(tokenizer, parse_context, &block)
-      else
-        parse_for_document(tokenizer, parse_context, &block)
-      end
-    end
-
-    private def parse_for_liquid_tag(tokenizer, parse_context)
-      while (token = tokenizer.shift)
-        unless token.empty? || token =~ WhitespaceOrNothing
-          unless token =~ LiquidTagToken
-            # line isn't empty but didn't match tag syntax, yield and let the
-            # caller raise a syntax error
-            return yield token, token
-          end
-          tag_name = Regexp.last_match(1)
-          markup   = Regexp.last_match(2)
-          unless (tag = registered_tags[tag_name])
-            # end parsing if we reach an unknown tag and let the caller decide
-            # determine how to proceed
-            return yield tag_name, markup
-          end
-          new_tag = tag.parse(tag_name, markup, tokenizer, parse_context)
-          @blank &&= new_tag.blank?
-          @nodelist << new_tag
-        end
-        parse_context.line_number = tokenizer.line_number
-      end
-
-      yield nil, nil
-    end
-
-    # @api private
-    def self.unknown_tag_in_liquid_tag(tag, parse_context)
-      Block.raise_unknown_tag(tag, 'liquid', '%}', parse_context)
-    end
-
-    # @api private
-    def self.raise_missing_tag_terminator(token, parse_context)
-      raise SyntaxError, parse_context.locale.t("errors.syntax.tag_termination", token: token, tag_end: TagEnd.inspect)
-    end
-
-    # @api private
-    def self.raise_missing_variable_terminator(token, parse_context)
-      raise SyntaxError, parse_context.locale.t("errors.syntax.variable_termination", token: token, tag_end: VariableEnd.inspect)
-    end
-
-    # @api private
-    def self.render_node(context, output, node)
-      node.render_to_output_buffer(context, output)
-    rescue UndefinedVariable, UndefinedDropMethod, UndefinedFilter => e
-      context.handle_error(e, node.line_number)
-    rescue MemoryError
-      raise
-    rescue ::StandardError => e
-      line_number = node.is_a?(String) ? nil : node.line_number
-      output << context.handle_error(e, line_number)
-    end
-
-    private def parse_liquid_tag(markup, parse_context)
-      liquid_tag_tokenizer = Tokenizer.new(markup, line_number: parse_context.line_number, for_liquid_tag: true)
-      parse_for_liquid_tag(liquid_tag_tokenizer, parse_context) do |end_tag_name, _end_tag_markup|
-        if end_tag_name
-          BlockBody.unknown_tag_in_liquid_tag(end_tag_name, parse_context)
-        end
-      end
-    end
-
-    private def parse_for_document(tokenizer, parse_context)
-      while (token = tokenizer.shift)
-        next if token.empty?
-        case
-        when token.start_with?(TAGSTART)
-          whitespace_handler(token, parse_context)
-          unless token =~ FullToken
-            BlockBody.raise_missing_tag_terminator(token, parse_context)
-          end
-          tag_name = Regexp.last_match(2)
-          markup   = Regexp.last_match(4)
-
-          if parse_context.line_number
-            # newlines inside the tag should increase the line number,
-            # particularly important for multiline {% liquid %} tags
-            parse_context.line_number += Regexp.last_match(1).count("\n") + Regexp.last_match(3).count("\n")
-          end
-
-          if tag_name == 'liquid'
-            parse_liquid_tag(markup, parse_context)
-            next
-          end
-
-          unless (tag = registered_tags[tag_name])
-            # end parsing if we reach an unknown tag and let the caller decide
-            # determine how to proceed
-            return yield tag_name, markup
-          end
-          new_tag = tag.parse(tag_name, markup, tokenizer, parse_context)
-          @blank &&= new_tag.blank?
-          @nodelist << new_tag
-        when token.start_with?(VARSTART)
-          whitespace_handler(token, parse_context)
-          @nodelist << create_variable(token, parse_context)
-          @blank = false
-        else
-          if parse_context.trim_whitespace
-            token.lstrip!
-          end
-          parse_context.trim_whitespace = false
-          @nodelist << token
-          @blank &&= !!(token =~ WhitespaceOrNothing)
-        end
-        parse_context.line_number = tokenizer.line_number
-      end
-
-      yield nil, nil
-    end
-
-    def whitespace_handler(token, parse_context)
-      if token[2] == WhitespaceControl
-        previous_token = @nodelist.last
-        if previous_token.is_a?(String)
-          first_byte = previous_token.getbyte(0)
-          previous_token.rstrip!
-          if previous_token.empty? && parse_context[:bug_compatible_whitespace_trimming] && first_byte
-            previous_token << first_byte
-          end
-        end
-      end
-      parse_context.trim_whitespace = (token[-3] == WhitespaceControl)
-    end
-
-    def blank?
-      @blank
-    end
-
-    # Remove blank strings in the block body for a control flow tag (e.g. `if`, `for`, `case`, `unless`)
-    # with a blank body.
-    #
-    # For example, in a conditional assignment like the following
-    #
-    # ```
-    # {% if size > max_size %}
-    #   {% assign size = max_size %}
-    # {% endif %}
-    # ```
-    #
-    # we assume the intention wasn't to output the blank spaces in the `if` tag's block body, so this method
-    # will remove them to reduce the render output size.
-    #
-    # Note that it is now preferred to use the `liquid` tag for this use case.
-    def remove_blank_strings
-      raise "remove_blank_strings only support being called on a blank block body" unless @blank
-      @nodelist.reject! { |node| node.instance_of?(String) }
-    end
-
-    def render(context)
-      render_to_output_buffer(context, +'')
-    end
-
-    def render_to_output_buffer(context, output)
-      context.resource_limits.increment_render_score(@nodelist.length)
-
-      idx = 0
-      while (node = @nodelist[idx])
-        if node.instance_of?(String)
-          output << node
-        else
-          render_node(context, output, node)
-          # If we get an Interrupt that means the block must stop processing. An
-          # Interrupt is any command that stops block execution such as {% break %}
-          # or {% continue %}. These tags may also occur through Block or Include tags.
-          break if context.interrupt? # might have happened in a for-block
-        end
-        idx += 1
-
-        context.resource_limits.increment_write_score(output)
-      end
-
-      output
-    end
-
-    private
-
-    def render_node(context, output, node)
-      BlockBody.render_node(context, output, node)
-    end
-
-    def create_variable(token, parse_context)
-      token.scan(ContentOfVariable) do |content|
-        markup = content.first
-        return Variable.new(markup, parse_context)
-      end
-      BlockBody.raise_missing_variable_terminator(token, parse_context)
-    end
-
-    # @deprecated Use {.raise_missing_tag_terminator} instead
-    def raise_missing_tag_terminator(token, parse_context)
-      BlockBody.raise_missing_tag_terminator(token, parse_context)
-    end
-
-    # @deprecated Use {.raise_missing_variable_terminator} instead
-    def raise_missing_variable_terminator(token, parse_context)
-      BlockBody.raise_missing_variable_terminator(token, parse_context)
-    end
-
-    def registered_tags
-      Template.tags
-    end
-  end
-end
--- a/lib/liquid/condition.rb
+++ b/lib/liquid/condition.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
-
 module Liquid
  # Container for liquid nodes which conveniently wraps decision making logic
  #
@@ -10,65 +8,53 @@ module Liquid
  #
  class Condition #:nodoc:
    @@operators = {
-      '==' => ->(cond, left, right) {  cond.send(:equal_variables, left, right) },
-      '!=' => ->(cond, left, right) { !cond.send(:equal_variables, left, right) },
-      '<>' => ->(cond, left, right) { !cond.send(:equal_variables, left, right) },
-      '<' => :<,
-      '>' => :>,
-      '>=' => :>=,
-      '<=' => :<=,
-      'contains' => lambda do |_cond, left, right|
-        if left && right && left.respond_to?(:include?)
-          right = right.to_s if left.is_a?(String)
-          left.include?(right)
-        else
-          false
-        end
-      end,
+      '=='.freeze => lambda { |cond, left, right|  cond.send(:equal_variables, left, right) },
+      '!='.freeze => lambda { |cond, left, right| !cond.send(:equal_variables, left, right) },
+      '<>'.freeze => lambda { |cond, left, right| !cond.send(:equal_variables, left, right) },
+      '<'.freeze  => :<,
+      '>'.freeze  => :>,
+      '>='.freeze => :>=,
+      '<='.freeze => :<=,
+      'contains'.freeze => lambda { |cond, left, right|
+        left && right && left.respond_to?(:include?) ? left.include?(right) : false
+      }
    }

    def self.operators
      @@operators
    end

-    attr_reader :attachment, :child_condition
+    attr_reader :attachment
    attr_accessor :left, :operator, :right

    def initialize(left = nil, operator = nil, right = nil)
-      @left     = left
+      @left = left
      @operator = operator
-      @right    = right
-
+      @right = right
      @child_relation  = nil
      @child_condition = nil
    end

    def evaluate(context = Context.new)
-      condition = self
-      result = nil
-      loop do
-        result = interpret_condition(condition.left, condition.right, condition.operator, context)
+      result = interpret_condition(left, right, operator, context)

-        case condition.child_relation
-        when :or
-          break if result
-        when :and
-          break unless result
-        else
-          break
-        end
-        condition = condition.child_condition
+      case @child_relation
+      when :or
+        result || @child_condition.evaluate(context)
+      when :and
+        result && @child_condition.evaluate(context)
+      else
+        result
      end
-      result
    end

    def or(condition)
-      @child_relation  = :or
+      @child_relation = :or
      @child_condition = condition
    end

    def and(condition)
-      @child_relation  = :and
+      @child_relation = :and
      @child_condition = condition
    end

@@ -81,27 +67,23 @@ module Liquid
    end

    def inspect
-      "#<Condition #{[@left, @operator, @right].compact.join(' ')}>"
+      "#<Condition #{[@left, @operator, @right].compact.join(' '.freeze)}>"
    end

-    protected
-
-    attr_reader :child_relation
-
    private

    def equal_variables(left, right)
-      if left.is_a?(Liquid::Expression::MethodLiteral)
-        if right.respond_to?(left.method_name)
-          return right.send(left.method_name)
+      if left.is_a?(Symbol)
+        if right.respond_to?(left)
+          return right.send(left.to_s)
        else
          return nil
        end
      end

-      if right.is_a?(Liquid::Expression::MethodLiteral)
-        if left.respond_to?(right.method_name)
-          return left.send(right.method_name)
+      if right.is_a?(Symbol)
+        if left.respond_to?(right)
+          return left.send(right.to_s)
        else
          return nil
        end
@@ -114,41 +96,36 @@ module Liquid
      # If the operator is empty this means that the decision statement is just
      # a single variable. We can just poll this variable from the context and
      # return this as the result.
-      return context.evaluate(left) if op.nil?
+      return context.evaluate(left) if op == nil

-      left  = context.evaluate(left)
+      left = context.evaluate(left)
      right = context.evaluate(right)

-      operation = self.class.operators[op] || raise(Liquid::ArgumentError, "Unknown operator #{op}")
+      operation = self.class.operators[op] || raise(Liquid::ArgumentError.new("Unknown operator #{op}"))

      if operation.respond_to?(:call)
        operation.call(self, left, right)
-      elsif left.respond_to?(operation) && right.respond_to?(operation) && !left.is_a?(Hash) && !right.is_a?(Hash)
+      elsif left.respond_to?(operation) and right.respond_to?(operation)
        begin
          left.send(operation, right)
        rescue ::ArgumentError => e
-          raise Liquid::ArgumentError, e.message
+          raise Liquid::ArgumentError.new(e.message)
        end
-      end
-    end
-
-    class ParseTreeVisitor < Liquid::ParseTreeVisitor
-      def children
-        [
-          @node.left, @node.right,
-          @node.child_condition, @node.attachment
-        ].compact
+      else
+        nil
      end
    end
  end

+
  class ElseCondition < Condition
    def else?
      true
    end

-    def evaluate(_context)
+    def evaluate(context)
      true
    end
  end
+
 end
--- a/lib/liquid/context.rb
+++ b/lib/liquid/context.rb
@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
-
 module Liquid
+
  # Context keeps the variable stack and resolves variables, as well as keywords
  #
  #   context['variable'] = 'testing'
@@ -14,46 +13,45 @@ module Liquid
  #
  #   context['bob']  #=> nil  class Context
  class Context
-    attr_reader :scopes, :errors, :registers, :environments, :resource_limits, :static_registers, :static_environments
-    attr_accessor :exception_renderer, :template_name, :partial, :global_filter, :strict_variables, :strict_filters
+    attr_reader :scopes, :errors, :registers, :environments, :resource_limits
+    attr_accessor :exception_handler

-    # rubocop:disable Metrics/ParameterLists
-    def self.build(environments: {}, outer_scope: {}, registers: {}, rethrow_errors: false, resource_limits: nil, static_environments: {})
-      new(environments, outer_scope, registers, rethrow_errors, resource_limits, static_environments)
-    end
-
-    def initialize(environments = {}, outer_scope = {}, registers = {}, rethrow_errors = false, resource_limits = nil, static_environments = {})
-      @environments = [environments]
-      @environments.flatten!
-
-      @static_environments = [static_environments].flat_map(&:freeze).freeze
-      @scopes              = [(outer_scope || {})]
-      @registers           = registers
-      @errors              = []
-      @partial             = false
-      @strict_variables    = false
-      @resource_limits     = resource_limits || ResourceLimits.new(Template.default_resource_limits)
-      @base_scope_depth    = 0
+    def initialize(environments = {}, outer_scope = {}, registers = {}, rethrow_errors = false, resource_limits = nil)
+      @environments     = [environments].flatten
+      @scopes           = [(outer_scope || {})]
+      @registers        = registers
+      @errors           = []
+      @resource_limits  = resource_limits || Template.default_resource_limits.dup
+      @resource_limits[:render_score_current] = 0
+      @resource_limits[:assign_score_current] = 0
      squash_instance_assigns_with_environments

-      self.exception_renderer = Template.default_exception_renderer
+      @this_stack_used = false
+
      if rethrow_errors
-        self.exception_renderer = ->(_e) { raise }
+        self.exception_handler = ->(e) { true }
      end

-      @interrupts    = []
-      @filters       = []
-      @global_filter = nil
-      @disabled_tags = {}
+      @interrupts = []
+      @filters = []
    end
-    # rubocop:enable Metrics/ParameterLists

-    def warnings
-      @warnings ||= []
+    def increment_used_resources(key, obj)
+      @resource_limits[key] += if obj.kind_of?(String) || obj.kind_of?(Array) || obj.kind_of?(Hash)
+        obj.length
+      else
+        1
+      end
+    end
+
+    def resource_limits_reached?
+      (@resource_limits[:render_length_limit] && @resource_limits[:render_length_current] > @resource_limits[:render_length_limit]) ||
+      (@resource_limits[:render_score_limit]  && @resource_limits[:render_score_current]  > @resource_limits[:render_score_limit] ) ||
+      (@resource_limits[:assign_score_limit]  && @resource_limits[:assign_score_current]  > @resource_limits[:assign_score_limit] )
    end

    def strainer
-      @strainer ||= StrainerFactory.create(self, @filters)
+      @strainer ||= Strainer.create(self, @filters)
    end

    # Adds filters to this context.
@@ -62,16 +60,25 @@ module Liquid
    # for that
    def add_filters(filters)
      filters = [filters].flatten.compact
-      @filters += filters
-      @strainer = nil
-    end
+      filters.each do |f|
+        raise ArgumentError, "Expected module but got: #{f.class}" unless f.is_a?(Module)
+        Strainer.add_known_filter(f)
+      end

-    def apply_global_filter(obj)
-      global_filter.nil? ? obj : global_filter.call(obj)
+      # If strainer is already setup then there's no choice but to use a runtime
+      # extend call. If strainer is not yet created, we can utilize strainers
+      # cached class based API, which avoids busting the method cache.
+      if @strainer
+        filters.each do |f|
+          strainer.extend(f)
+        end
+      else
+        @filters.concat filters
+      end
    end

    # are there any not handled interrupts?
-    def interrupt?
+    def has_interrupt?
      !@interrupts.empty?
    end

@@ -85,12 +92,15 @@ module Liquid
      @interrupts.pop
    end

-    def handle_error(e, line_number = nil)
-      e = internal_error unless e.is_a?(Liquid::Error)
-      e.template_name ||= template_name
-      e.line_number   ||= line_number
+
+    def handle_error(e, token=nil)
+      if e.is_a?(Liquid::Error)
+        e.set_line_number_from_token(token)
+      end
+
      errors.push(e)
-      exception_renderer.call(e).to_s
+      raise if exception_handler && exception_handler.call(e)
+      Liquid::Error.render(e)
    end

    def invoke(method, *args)
@@ -98,9 +108,9 @@ module Liquid
    end

    # Push new local scope on the stack. use <tt>Context#stack</tt> instead
-    def push(new_scope = {})
+    def push(new_scope={})
      @scopes.unshift(new_scope)
-      check_overflow
+      raise StackLevelError, "Nesting too deep".freeze if @scopes.length > 100
    end

    # Merge a hash of variables in the current local scope
@@ -122,31 +132,19 @@ module Liquid
    #   end
    #
    #   context['var]  #=> nil
-    def stack(new_scope = {})
-      push(new_scope)
+    def stack(new_scope=nil)
+      old_stack_used = @this_stack_used
+      if new_scope
+        push(new_scope)
+        @this_stack_used = true
+      else
+        @this_stack_used = false
+      end
+
      yield
    ensure
-      pop
-    end
-
-    # Creates a new context inheriting resource limits, filters, environment etc.,
-    # but with an isolated scope.
-    def new_isolated_subcontext
-      check_overflow
-
-      Context.build(
-        resource_limits: resource_limits,
-        static_environments: static_environments,
-        registers: StaticRegisters.new(registers)
-      ).tap do |subcontext|
-        subcontext.base_scope_depth   = base_scope_depth + 1
-        subcontext.exception_renderer = exception_renderer
-        subcontext.filters  = @filters
-        subcontext.strainer = nil
-        subcontext.errors   = errors
-        subcontext.warnings = warnings
-        subcontext.disabled_tags = @disabled_tags
-      end
+      pop if @this_stack_used
+      @this_stack_used = old_stack_used
    end

    def clear_instance_assigns
@@ -155,6 +153,10 @@ module Liquid

    # Only allow String, Numeric, Hash, Array, Proc, Boolean or <tt>Liquid::Drop</tt>
    def []=(key, value)
+      unless @this_stack_used
+        @this_stack_used = true
+        push({})
+      end
      @scopes[0][key] = value
    end

@@ -170,7 +172,7 @@ module Liquid
      evaluate(Expression.parse(expression))
    end

-    def key?(key)
+    def has_key?(key)
      self[key] != nil
    end

@@ -179,100 +181,52 @@ module Liquid
    end

    # Fetches an object starting at the local scope and then moving up the hierachy
-    def find_variable(key, raise_on_not_found: true)
+    def find_variable(key)
+
      # This was changed from find() to find_index() because this is a very hot
      # path and find_index() is optimized in MRI to reduce object allocation
-      index = @scopes.find_index { |s| s.key?(key) }
+      index = @scopes.find_index { |s| s.has_key?(key) }
+      scope = @scopes[index] if index

-      variable = if index
-        lookup_and_evaluate(@scopes[index], key, raise_on_not_found: raise_on_not_found)
-      else
-        try_variable_find_in_environments(key, raise_on_not_found: raise_on_not_found)
+      variable = nil
+
+      if scope.nil?
+        @environments.each do |e|
+          variable = lookup_and_evaluate(e, key)
+          unless variable.nil?
+            scope = e
+            break
+          end
+        end
      end

-      variable         = variable.to_liquid
+      scope     ||= @environments.last || @scopes.last
+      variable  ||= lookup_and_evaluate(scope, key)
+
+      variable = variable.to_liquid
      variable.context = self if variable.respond_to?(:context=)

-      variable
+      return variable
    end

-    def lookup_and_evaluate(obj, key, raise_on_not_found: true)
-      if @strict_variables && raise_on_not_found && obj.respond_to?(:key?) && !obj.key?(key)
-        raise Liquid::UndefinedVariable, "undefined variable #{key}"
-      end
-
-      value = obj[key]
-
-      if value.is_a?(Proc) && obj.respond_to?(:[]=)
-        obj[key] = value.arity == 0 ? value.call : value.call(self)
+    def lookup_and_evaluate(obj, key)
+      if (value = obj[key]).is_a?(Proc) && obj.respond_to?(:[]=)
+        obj[key] = (value.arity == 0) ? value.call : value.call(self)
      else
        value
      end
    end

-    def with_disabled_tags(tag_names)
-      tag_names.each do |name|
-        @disabled_tags[name] = @disabled_tags.fetch(name, 0) + 1
-      end
-      yield
-    ensure
-      tag_names.each do |name|
-        @disabled_tags[name] -= 1
-      end
-    end
-
-    def tag_disabled?(tag_name)
-      @disabled_tags.fetch(tag_name, 0) > 0
-    end
-
-    protected
-
-    attr_writer :base_scope_depth, :warnings, :errors, :strainer, :filters, :disabled_tags
-
    private
-
-    attr_reader :base_scope_depth
-
-    def try_variable_find_in_environments(key, raise_on_not_found:)
-      @environments.each do |environment|
-        found_variable = lookup_and_evaluate(environment, key, raise_on_not_found: raise_on_not_found)
-        if !found_variable.nil? || @strict_variables && raise_on_not_found
-          return found_variable
-        end
-      end
-      @static_environments.each do |environment|
-        found_variable = lookup_and_evaluate(environment, key, raise_on_not_found: raise_on_not_found)
-        if !found_variable.nil? || @strict_variables && raise_on_not_found
-          return found_variable
-        end
-      end
-      nil
-    end
-
-    def check_overflow
-      raise StackLevelError, "Nesting too deep" if overflow?
-    end
-
-    def overflow?
-      base_scope_depth + @scopes.length > Block::MAX_DEPTH
-    end
-
-    def internal_error
-      # raise and catch to set backtrace and cause on exception
-      raise Liquid::InternalError, 'internal'
-    rescue Liquid::InternalError => exc
-      exc
-    end
-
-    def squash_instance_assigns_with_environments
-      @scopes.last.each_key do |k|
-        @environments.each do |env|
-          if env.key?(k)
-            scopes.last[k] = lookup_and_evaluate(env, k)
-            break
+      def squash_instance_assigns_with_environments
+        @scopes.last.each_key do |k|
+          @environments.each do |env|
+            if env.has_key?(k)
+              scopes.last[k] = lookup_and_evaluate(env, k)
+              break
+            end
          end
        end
-      end
-    end # squash_instance_assigns_with_environments
+      end # squash_instance_assigns_with_environments
  end # Context
 end # Liquid
--- a/lib/liquid/document.rb
+++ b/lib/liquid/document.rb
@@ -1,64 +1,17 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
-
 module Liquid
-  class Document
-    def self.parse(tokens, parse_context)
-      doc = new(parse_context)
-      doc.parse(tokens, parse_context)
-      doc
+  class Document < Block
+    def self.parse(tokens, options={})
+      # we don't need markup to open this block
+      super(nil, nil, tokens, options)
    end

-    attr_reader :parse_context, :body
-
-    def initialize(parse_context)
-      @parse_context = parse_context
-      @body = new_body
+    # There isn't a real delimiter
+    def block_delimiter
+      []
    end

-    def nodelist
-      @body.nodelist
-    end
-
-    def parse(tokenizer, parse_context)
-      while parse_body(tokenizer)
-      end
-    rescue SyntaxError => e
-      e.line_number ||= parse_context.line_number
-      raise
-    end
-
-    def unknown_tag(tag, _markup, _tokenizer)
-      case tag
-      when 'else', 'end'
-        raise SyntaxError, parse_context.locale.t("errors.syntax.unexpected_outer_tag", tag: tag)
-      else
-        raise SyntaxError, parse_context.locale.t("errors.syntax.unknown_tag", tag: tag)
-      end
-    end
-
-    def render_to_output_buffer(context, output)
-      @body.render_to_output_buffer(context, output)
-    end
-
-    def render(context)
-      @body.render(context)
-    end
-
-    private
-
-    def new_body
-      Liquid::BlockBody.new
-    end
-
-    def parse_body(tokenizer)
-      @body.parse(tokenizer, parse_context) do |unknown_tag_name, unknown_tag_markup|
-        if unknown_tag_name
-          unknown_tag(unknown_tag_name, unknown_tag_markup, tokenizer)
-          true
-        else
-          false
-        end
-      end
+    # Document blocks don't need to be terminated since they are not actually opened
+    def assert_missing_delimitation!
    end
  end
 end
--- a/lib/liquid/drop.rb
+++ b/lib/liquid/drop.rb
@@ -1,8 +1,7 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
-
 require 'set'

 module Liquid
+
  # A drop in liquid is a class which allows you to export DOM like things to liquid.
  # Methods of drops are callable.
  # The main use for liquid drops is to implement lazy loaded objects.
@@ -20,27 +19,28 @@ module Liquid
  #   tmpl = Liquid::Template.parse( ' {% for product in product.top_sales %} {{ product.name }} {%endfor%} '  )
  #   tmpl.render('product' => ProductDrop.new ) # will invoke top_sales query.
  #
-  # Your drop can either implement the methods sans any parameters
-  # or implement the liquid_method_missing(name) method which is a catch all.
+  # Your drop can either implement the methods sans any parameters or implement the before_method(name) method which is a
+  # catch all.
  class Drop
    attr_writer :context

+    EMPTY_STRING = ''.freeze
+
    # Catch all for the method
-    def liquid_method_missing(method)
-      return nil unless @context&.strict_variables
-      raise Liquid::UndefinedDropMethod, "undefined method #{method}"
+    def before_method(method)
+      nil
    end

    # called by liquid to invoke a drop
    def invoke_drop(method_or_key)
-      if self.class.invokable?(method_or_key)
+      if method_or_key && method_or_key != EMPTY_STRING && self.class.invokable?(method_or_key)
        send(method_or_key)
      else
-        liquid_method_missing(method_or_key)
+        before_method(method_or_key)
      end
    end

-    def key?(_name)
+    def has_key?(name)
      true
    end

@@ -56,25 +56,22 @@ module Liquid
      self.class.name
    end

-    alias_method :[], :invoke_drop
+    alias :[] :invoke_drop
+
+    private

    # Check for method existence without invoking respond_to?, which creates symbols
    def self.invokable?(method_name)
-      invokable_methods.include?(method_name.to_s)
-    end
-
-    def self.invokable_methods
-      @invokable_methods ||= begin
+      unless @invokable_methods
        blacklist = Liquid::Drop.public_instance_methods + [:each]
-
        if include?(Enumerable)
          blacklist += Enumerable.public_instance_methods
-          blacklist -= [:sort, :count, :first, :min, :max]
+          blacklist -= [:sort, :count, :first, :min, :max, :include?]
        end
-
        whitelist = [:to_liquid] + (public_instance_methods - blacklist)
-        Set.new(whitelist.map(&:to_s))
+        @invokable_methods = Set.new(whitelist.map(&:to_s))
      end
+      @invokable_methods.include?(method_name.to_s)
    end
  end
 end
--- a/lib/liquid/errors.rb
+++ b/lib/liquid/errors.rb
@@ -1,13 +1,10 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
-
 module Liquid
  class Error < ::StandardError
    attr_accessor :line_number
-    attr_accessor :template_name
    attr_accessor :markup_context

-    def to_s(with_prefix = true)
-      str = +""
+    def to_s(with_prefix=true)
+      str = ""
      str << message_prefix if with_prefix
      str << super()

@@ -19,20 +16,32 @@ module Liquid
      str
    end

+    def set_line_number_from_token(token)
+      return unless token.respond_to?(:line_number)
+      return if self.line_number
+      self.line_number = token.line_number
+    end
+
+    def self.render(e)
+      if e.is_a?(Liquid::Error)
+        e.to_s
+      else
+        "Liquid error: #{e.to_s}"
+      end
+    end
+
    private

    def message_prefix
-      str = +""
-      str << if is_a?(SyntaxError)
-        "Liquid syntax error"
+      str = ""
+      if is_a?(SyntaxError)
+        str << "Liquid syntax error"
      else
-        "Liquid error"
+        str << "Liquid error"
      end

      if line_number
-        str << " ("
-        str << template_name << " " if template_name
-        str << "line " << line_number.to_s << ")"
+        str << " (line #{line_number})"
      end

      str << ": "
@@ -40,19 +49,12 @@ module Liquid
    end
  end

-  ArgumentError       = Class.new(Error)
-  ContextError        = Class.new(Error)
-  FileSystemError     = Class.new(Error)
-  StandardError       = Class.new(Error)
-  SyntaxError         = Class.new(Error)
-  StackLevelError     = Class.new(Error)
-  MemoryError         = Class.new(Error)
-  ZeroDivisionError   = Class.new(Error)
-  FloatDomainError    = Class.new(Error)
-  UndefinedVariable   = Class.new(Error)
-  UndefinedDropMethod = Class.new(Error)
-  UndefinedFilter     = Class.new(Error)
-  MethodOverrideError = Class.new(Error)
-  DisabledError       = Class.new(Error)
-  InternalError       = Class.new(Error)
+  class ArgumentError < Error; end
+  class ContextError < Error; end
+  class FileSystemError < Error; end
+  class StandardError < Error; end
+  class SyntaxError < Error; end
+  class StackLevelError < Error; end
+  class TaintedError < Error; end
+  class MemoryError < Error; end
 end
--- a/lib/liquid/expression.rb
+++ b/lib/liquid/expression.rb
@@ -1,51 +1,33 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
-
 module Liquid
  class Expression
-    class MethodLiteral
-      attr_reader :method_name, :to_s
-
-      def initialize(method_name, to_s)
-        @method_name = method_name
-        @to_s = to_s
-      end
-
-      def to_liquid
-        to_s
-      end
-    end
-
    LITERALS = {
-      nil => nil, 'nil' => nil, 'null' => nil, '' => nil,
-      'true' => true,
-      'false' => false,
-      'blank' => MethodLiteral.new(:blank?, '').freeze,
-      'empty' => MethodLiteral.new(:empty?, '').freeze
-    }.freeze
-
-    SINGLE_QUOTED_STRING = /\A'(.*)'\z/m
-    DOUBLE_QUOTED_STRING = /\A"(.*)"\z/m
-    INTEGERS_REGEX       = /\A(-?\d+)\z/
-    FLOATS_REGEX         = /\A(-?\d[\d\.]+)\z/
-    RANGES_REGEX         = /\A\((\S+)\.\.(\S+)\)\z/
+      nil => nil, 'nil'.freeze => nil, 'null'.freeze => nil, ''.freeze => nil,
+      'true'.freeze  => true,
+      'false'.freeze => false,
+      'blank'.freeze => :blank?,
+      'empty'.freeze => :empty?
+    }

    def self.parse(markup)
      if LITERALS.key?(markup)
        LITERALS[markup]
      else
        case markup
-        when SINGLE_QUOTED_STRING, DOUBLE_QUOTED_STRING
-          Regexp.last_match(1)
-        when INTEGERS_REGEX
-          Regexp.last_match(1).to_i
-        when RANGES_REGEX
-          RangeLookup.parse(Regexp.last_match(1), Regexp.last_match(2))
-        when FLOATS_REGEX
-          Regexp.last_match(1).to_f
+        when /\A'(.*)'\z/m # Single quoted strings
+          $1
+        when /\A"(.*)"\z/m # Double quoted strings
+          $1
+        when /\A(-?\d+)\z/ # Integer and floats
+          $1.to_i
+        when /\A\((\S+)\.\.(\S+)\)\z/ # Ranges
+          RangeLookup.parse($1, $2)
+        when /\A(-?\d[\d\.]+)\z/ # Floats
+          $1.to_f
        else
          VariableLookup.parse(markup)
        end
      end
    end
+
  end
 end
--- a/lib/liquid/extensions.rb
+++ b/lib/liquid/extensions.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
-
 require 'time'
 require 'date'

@@ -9,56 +7,44 @@ class String # :nodoc:
  end
 end

-class Symbol # :nodoc:
-  def to_liquid
-    to_s
-  end
-end
-
-class Array # :nodoc:
+class Array  # :nodoc:
  def to_liquid
    self
  end
 end

-class Hash # :nodoc:
+class Hash  # :nodoc:
  def to_liquid
    self
  end
 end

-class Numeric # :nodoc:
+class Numeric  # :nodoc:
  def to_liquid
    self
  end
 end

-class Range # :nodoc:
+class Time  # :nodoc:
  def to_liquid
    self
  end
 end

-class Time # :nodoc:
+class DateTime < Date  # :nodoc:
  def to_liquid
    self
  end
 end

-class DateTime < Date # :nodoc:
-  def to_liquid
-    self
-  end
-end
-
-class Date # :nodoc:
+class Date  # :nodoc:
  def to_liquid
    self
  end
 end

 class TrueClass
-  def to_liquid # :nodoc:
+  def to_liquid  # :nodoc:
    self
  end
 end
--- a/lib/liquid/file_system.rb
+++ b/lib/liquid/file_system.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
-
 module Liquid
  # A Liquid file system is a way to let your templates retrieve other templates for use with the include tag.
  #
@@ -10,13 +8,13 @@ module Liquid
  #
  # Example:
  #
-  #   Liquid::Template.file_system = Liquid::LocalFileSystem.new(template_path)
-  #   liquid = Liquid::Template.parse(template)
+  # Liquid::Template.file_system = Liquid::LocalFileSystem.new(template_path)
+  # liquid = Liquid::Template.parse(template)
  #
  # This will parse the template with a LocalFileSystem implementation rooted at 'template_path'.
  class BlankFileSystem
    # Called by Liquid to retrieve a template file
-    def read_template_file(_template_path)
+    def read_template_file(template_path, context)
      raise FileSystemError, "This liquid context does not allow includes."
    end
  end
@@ -28,10 +26,10 @@ module Liquid
  #
  # Example:
  #
-  #   file_system = Liquid::LocalFileSystem.new("/some/path")
+  # file_system = Liquid::LocalFileSystem.new("/some/path")
  #
-  #   file_system.full_path("mypartial")       # => "/some/path/_mypartial.liquid"
-  #   file_system.full_path("dir/mypartial")   # => "/some/path/dir/_mypartial.liquid"
+  # file_system.full_path("mypartial")       # => "/some/path/_mypartial.liquid"
+  # file_system.full_path("dir/mypartial")   # => "/some/path/dir/_mypartial.liquid"
  #
  # Optionally in the second argument you can specify a custom pattern for template filenames.
  # The Kernel::sprintf format specification is used.
@@ -39,35 +37,35 @@ module Liquid
  #
  # Example:
  #
-  #   file_system = Liquid::LocalFileSystem.new("/some/path", "%s.html")
+  # file_system = Liquid::LocalFileSystem.new("/some/path", "%s.html")
  #
-  #   file_system.full_path("index") # => "/some/path/index.html"
+  # file_system.full_path("index") # => "/some/path/index.html"
  #
  class LocalFileSystem
    attr_accessor :root

-    def initialize(root, pattern = "_%s.liquid")
-      @root    = root
+    def initialize(root, pattern = "_%s.liquid".freeze)
+      @root = root
      @pattern = pattern
    end

-    def read_template_file(template_path)
+    def read_template_file(template_path, context)
      full_path = full_path(template_path)
-      raise FileSystemError, "No such template '#{template_path}'" unless File.exist?(full_path)
+      raise FileSystemError, "No such template '#{template_path}'" unless File.exists?(full_path)

      File.read(full_path)
    end

    def full_path(template_path)
-      raise FileSystemError, "Illegal template name '#{template_path}'" unless %r{\A[^./][a-zA-Z0-9_/]+\z}.match?(template_path)
+      raise FileSystemError, "Illegal template name '#{template_path}'" unless template_path =~ /\A[^.\/][a-zA-Z0-9_\/]+\z/

-      full_path = if template_path.include?('/')
+      full_path = if template_path.include?('/'.freeze)
        File.join(root, File.dirname(template_path), @pattern % File.basename(template_path))
      else
        File.join(root, @pattern % template_path)
      end

-      raise FileSystemError, "Illegal template path '#{File.expand_path(full_path)}'" unless File.expand_path(full_path).start_with?(File.expand_path(root))
+      raise FileSystemError, "Illegal template path '#{File.expand_path(full_path)}'" unless File.expand_path(full_path) =~ /\A#{File.expand_path(root)}/

      full_path
    end
--- a/lib/liquid/forloop_drop.rb
+++ b/lib/liquid/forloop_drop.rb
@@ -1,44 +0,0 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
-
-module Liquid
-  class ForloopDrop < Drop
-    def initialize(name, length, parentloop)
-      @name       = name
-      @length     = length
-      @parentloop = parentloop
-      @index      = 0
-    end
-
-    attr_reader :name, :length, :parentloop
-
-    def index
-      @index + 1
-    end
-
-    def index0
-      @index
-    end
-
-    def rindex
-      @length - @index
-    end
-
-    def rindex0
-      @length - @index - 1
-    end
-
-    def first
-      @index == 0
-    end
-
-    def last
-      @index == @length - 1
-    end
-
-    protected
-
-    def increment!
-      @index += 1
-    end
-  end
-end
--- a/lib/liquid/i18n.rb
+++ b/lib/liquid/i18n.rb
@@ -1,12 +1,11 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
-
 require 'yaml'

 module Liquid
  class I18n
-    DEFAULT_LOCALE = File.join(File.expand_path(__dir__), "locales", "en.yml")
+    DEFAULT_LOCALE = File.join(File.expand_path(File.dirname(__FILE__)), "locales", "en.yml")

-    TranslationError = Class.new(StandardError)
+    class TranslationError < StandardError
+    end

    attr_reader :path

@@ -24,17 +23,16 @@ module Liquid
    end

    private
-
    def interpolate(name, vars)
-      name.gsub(/%\{(\w+)\}/) do
+      name.gsub(/%\{(\w+)\}/) {
        # raise TranslationError, "Undefined key #{$1} for interpolation in translation #{name}"  unless vars[$1.to_sym]
-        (vars[Regexp.last_match(1).to_sym]).to_s
-      end
+        "#{vars[$1.to_sym]}"
+      }
    end

    def deep_fetch_translation(name)
-      name.split('.').reduce(locale) do |level, cur|
-        level[cur] || raise(TranslationError, "Translation for #{name} does not exist in locale #{path}")
+      name.split('.'.freeze).reduce(locale) do |level, cur|
+        level[cur] or raise TranslationError, "Translation for #{name} does not exist in locale #{path}"
      end
    end
  end
--- a/lib/liquid/interrupts.rb
+++ b/lib/liquid/interrupts.rb
@@ -1,12 +1,11 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
-
 module Liquid
+
  # An interrupt is any command that breaks processing of a block (ex: a for loop).
  class Interrupt
    attr_reader :message

-    def initialize(message = nil)
-      @message = message || "interrupt"
+    def initialize(message=nil)
+      @message = message || "interrupt".freeze
    end
  end

--- a/lib/liquid/lexer.rb
+++ b/lib/liquid/lexer.rb
@@ -1,54 +1,45 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
-
 require "strscan"
 module Liquid
  class Lexer
    SPECIALS = {
-      '|' => :pipe,
-      '.' => :dot,
-      ':' => :colon,
-      ',' => :comma,
-      '[' => :open_square,
-      ']' => :close_square,
-      '(' => :open_round,
-      ')' => :close_round,
-      '?' => :question,
-      '-' => :dash,
-    }.freeze
-    IDENTIFIER            = /[a-zA-Z_][\w-]*\??/
+      '|'.freeze => :pipe,
+      '.'.freeze => :dot,
+      ':'.freeze => :colon,
+      ','.freeze => :comma,
+      '['.freeze => :open_square,
+      ']'.freeze => :close_square,
+      '('.freeze => :open_round,
+      ')'.freeze => :close_round,
+      '?'.freeze => :question,
+      '-'.freeze => :dash
+    }
+    IDENTIFIER = /\w+/
    SINGLE_STRING_LITERAL = /'[^\']*'/
    DOUBLE_STRING_LITERAL = /"[^\"]*"/
-    NUMBER_LITERAL        = /-?\d+(\.\d+)?/
-    DOTDOT                = /\.\./
-    COMPARISON_OPERATOR   = /==|!=|<>|<=?|>=?|contains(?=\s)/
-    WHITESPACE_OR_NOTHING = /\s*/
+    NUMBER_LITERAL = /-?\d+(\.\d+)?/
+    DOTDOT = /\.\./
+    COMPARISON_OPERATOR = /==|!=|<>|<=?|>=?|contains/

    def initialize(input)
-      @ss = StringScanner.new(input)
+      @ss = StringScanner.new(input.rstrip)
    end

    def tokenize
      @output = []

-      until @ss.eos?
-        @ss.skip(WHITESPACE_OR_NOTHING)
-        break if @ss.eos?
-        tok      = if (t = @ss.scan(COMPARISON_OPERATOR))
-          [:comparison, t]
-        elsif (t = @ss.scan(SINGLE_STRING_LITERAL))
-          [:string, t]
-        elsif (t = @ss.scan(DOUBLE_STRING_LITERAL))
-          [:string, t]
-        elsif (t = @ss.scan(NUMBER_LITERAL))
-          [:number, t]
-        elsif (t = @ss.scan(IDENTIFIER))
-          [:id, t]
-        elsif (t = @ss.scan(DOTDOT))
-          [:dotdot, t]
+      while !@ss.eos?
+        @ss.skip(/\s*/)
+        tok = case
+        when t = @ss.scan(COMPARISON_OPERATOR) then [:comparison, t]
+        when t = @ss.scan(SINGLE_STRING_LITERAL) then [:string, t]
+        when t = @ss.scan(DOUBLE_STRING_LITERAL) then [:string, t]
+        when t = @ss.scan(NUMBER_LITERAL) then [:number, t]
+        when t = @ss.scan(IDENTIFIER) then [:id, t]
+        when t = @ss.scan(DOTDOT) then [:dotdot, t]
        else
-          c     = @ss.getch
-          if (s = SPECIALS[c])
-            [s, c]
+          c = @ss.getch
+          if s = SPECIALS[c]
+            [s,c]
          else
            raise SyntaxError, "Unexpected character #{c}"
          end
--- a/lib/liquid/locales/en.yml
+++ b/lib/liquid/locales/en.yml
@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 ---
  errors:
    syntax:
-      tag_unexpected_args: "Syntax Error in '%{tag}' - Valid syntax: %{tag}"
      assign: "Syntax Error in 'assign' - Valid syntax: assign [var] = [source]"
      capture: "Syntax Error in 'capture' - Valid syntax: capture [var]"
      case: "Syntax Error in 'case' - Valid syntax: case [condition]"
@@ -14,16 +13,10 @@
      if: "Syntax Error in tag 'if' - Valid syntax: if [expression]"
      include: "Error in tag 'include' - Valid syntax: include '[template]' (with|for) [object|collection]"
      unknown_tag: "Unknown tag '%{tag}'"
-      invalid_delimiter: "'%{tag}' is not a valid delimiter for %{block_name} tags. use %{block_delimiter}"
-      unexpected_else: "%{block_name} tag does not expect 'else' tag"
-      unexpected_outer_tag: "Unexpected outer '%{tag}' tag"
+      invalid_delimiter: "'end' is not a valid delimiter for %{block_name} tags. use %{block_delimiter}"
+      unexpected_else: "%{block_name} tag does not expect else tag"
      tag_termination: "Tag '%{token}' was not properly terminated with regexp: %{tag_end}"
      variable_termination: "Variable '%{token}' was not properly terminated with regexp: %{tag_end}"
      tag_never_closed: "'%{block_name}' tag was never closed"
      meta_syntax_error: "Liquid syntax error: #{e.message}"
      table_row: "Syntax Error in 'table_row loop' - Valid syntax: table_row [item] in [collection] cols=3"
-      render: "Syntax error in tag 'render' - Template name must be a quoted string"
-    argument:
-      include: "Argument error in tag 'include' - Illegal template name"
-    disabled:
-      tag: "usage is not allowed in this context"
--- a/lib/liquid/module_ex.rb
+++ b/lib/liquid/module_ex.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,62 @@
+# Copyright 2007 by Domizio Demichelis
+# This library is free software. It may be used, redistributed and/or modified
+# under the same terms as Ruby itself
+#
+# This extension is used in order to expose the object of the implementing class
+# to liquid as it were a Drop. It also limits the liquid-callable methods of the instance
+# to the allowed method passed with the liquid_methods call
+# Example:
+#
+# class SomeClass
+#   liquid_methods :an_allowed_method
+#
+#   def an_allowed_method
+#     'this comes from an allowed method'
+#   end
+#   def unallowed_method
+#     'this will never be an output'
+#   end
+# end
+#
+# if you want to extend the drop to other methods you can defines more methods
+# in the class <YourClass>::LiquidDropClass
+#
+#   class SomeClass::LiquidDropClass
+#     def another_allowed_method
+#       'and this from another allowed method'
+#     end
+#   end
+# end
+#
+# usage:
+# @something = SomeClass.new
+#
+# template:
+# {{something.an_allowed_method}}{{something.unallowed_method}} {{something.another_allowed_method}}
+#
+# output:
+# 'this comes from an allowed method and this from another allowed method'
+#
+# You can also chain associations, by adding the liquid_method call in the
+# association models.
+#
+class Module
+
+  def liquid_methods(*allowed_methods)
+    drop_class = eval "class #{self.to_s}::LiquidDropClass < Liquid::Drop; self; end"
+    define_method :to_liquid do
+      drop_class.new(self)
+    end
+    drop_class.class_eval do
+      def initialize(object)
+        @object = object
+      end
+      allowed_methods.each do |sym|
+        define_method sym do
+          @object.send sym
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+end
--- a/lib/liquid/parse_context.rb
+++ b/lib/liquid/parse_context.rb
@@ -1,42 +0,0 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
-
-module Liquid
-  class ParseContext
-    attr_accessor :locale, :line_number, :trim_whitespace, :depth
-    attr_reader :partial, :warnings, :error_mode
-
-    def initialize(options = {})
-      @template_options = options ? options.dup : {}
-
-      @locale   = @template_options[:locale] ||= I18n.new
-      @warnings = []
-
-      self.depth   = 0
-      self.partial = false
-    end
-
-    def [](option_key)
-      @options[option_key]
-    end
-
-    def partial=(value)
-      @partial = value
-      @options = value ? partial_options : @template_options
-
-      @error_mode = @options[:error_mode] || Template.error_mode
-    end
-
-    def partial_options
-      @partial_options ||= begin
-        dont_pass = @template_options[:include_options_blacklist]
-        if dont_pass == true
-          { locale: locale }
-        elsif dont_pass.is_a?(Array)
-          @template_options.reject { |k, _v| dont_pass.include?(k) }
-        else
-          @template_options
-        end
-      end
-    end
-  end
-end
--- a/lib/liquid/parse_tree_visitor.rb
+++ b/lib/liquid/parse_tree_visitor.rb
@@ -1,42 +0,0 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
-
-module Liquid
-  class ParseTreeVisitor
-    def self.for(node, callbacks = Hash.new(proc {}))
-      if defined?(node.class::ParseTreeVisitor)
-        node.class::ParseTreeVisitor
-      else
-        self
-      end.new(node, callbacks)
-    end
-
-    def initialize(node, callbacks)
-      @node      = node
-      @callbacks = callbacks
-    end
-
-    def add_callback_for(*classes, &block)
-      callback = block
-      callback = ->(node, _) { yield node } if block.arity.abs == 1
-      callback = ->(_, _) { yield } if block.arity.zero?
-      classes.each { |klass| @callbacks[klass] = callback }
-      self
-    end
-
-    def visit(context = nil)
-      children.map do |node|
-        item, new_context = @callbacks[node.class].call(node, context)
-        [
-          item,
-          ParseTreeVisitor.for(node, @callbacks).visit(new_context || context),
-        ]
-      end
-    end
-
-    protected
-
-    def children
-      @node.respond_to?(:nodelist) ? Array(@node.nodelist) : []
-    end
-  end
-end
--- a/lib/liquid/parser.rb
+++ b/lib/liquid/parser.rb
@@ -1,11 +1,9 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
-
 module Liquid
  class Parser
    def initialize(input)
-      l       = Lexer.new(input)
+      l = Lexer.new(input)
      @tokens = l.tokenize
-      @p      = 0 # pointer to current location
+      @p = 0 # pointer to current location
    end

    def jump(point)
@@ -46,14 +44,11 @@ module Liquid
      tok[0] == type
    end

-    SINGLE_TOKEN_EXPRESSION_TYPES = [:string, :number].freeze
-    private_constant :SINGLE_TOKEN_EXPRESSION_TYPES
-
    def expression
      token = @tokens[@p]
      if token[0] == :id
        variable_signature
-      elsif SINGLE_TOKEN_EXPRESSION_TYPES.include?(token[0])
+      elsif [:string, :number].include? token[0]
        consume
      elsif token.first == :open_round
        consume
@@ -68,10 +63,10 @@ module Liquid
    end

    def argument
-      str = +""
+      str = ""
      # might be a keyword argument (identifier: expression)
      if look(:id) && look(:colon, 1)
-        str << consume << consume << ' '
+        str << consume << consume << ' '.freeze
      end

      str << expression
@@ -80,7 +75,14 @@ module Liquid

    def variable_signature
      str = consume(:id)
-      while look(:open_square)
+      while consume?(:dash)
+        str << "-".freeze
+        str << consume(:id)
+      end
+      if consume?(:question)
+        str << "?".freeze
+      end
+      if look(:open_square)
        str << consume
        str << expression
        str << consume(:close_square)
--- a/lib/liquid/parser_switching.rb
+++ b/lib/liquid/parser_switching.rb
@@ -1,27 +1,25 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
-
 module Liquid
  module ParserSwitching
    def parse_with_selected_parser(markup)
-      case parse_context.error_mode
+      case @options[:error_mode] || Template.error_mode
      when :strict then strict_parse_with_error_context(markup)
      when :lax    then lax_parse(markup)
      when :warn
        begin
-          strict_parse_with_error_context(markup)
+          return strict_parse_with_error_context(markup)
        rescue SyntaxError => e
-          parse_context.warnings << e
-          lax_parse(markup)
+          e.set_line_number_from_token(markup)
+          @warnings ||= []
+          @warnings << e
+          return lax_parse(markup)
        end
      end
    end

    private
-
    def strict_parse_with_error_context(markup)
      strict_parse(markup)
    rescue SyntaxError => e
-      e.line_number    = line_number
      e.markup_context = markup_context(markup)
      raise e
    end
--- a/lib/liquid/partial_cache.rb
+++ b/lib/liquid/partial_cache.rb
@@ -1,24 +0,0 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
-
-module Liquid
-  class PartialCache
-    def self.load(template_name, context:, parse_context:)
-      cached_partials = (context.registers[:cached_partials] ||= {})
-      cached = cached_partials[template_name]
-      return cached if cached
-
-      file_system = (context.registers[:file_system] ||= Liquid::Template.file_system)
-      source      = file_system.read_template_file(template_name)
-
-      parse_context.partial = true
-
-      template_factory = (context.registers[:template_factory] ||= Liquid::TemplateFactory.new)
-      template = template_factory.for(template_name)
-
-      partial = template.parse(source, parse_context)
-      cached_partials[template_name] = partial
-    ensure
-      parse_context.partial = false
-    end
-  end
-end
--- a/lib/liquid/profiler.rb
+++ b/lib/liquid/profiler.rb
@@ -1,13 +1,9 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
-
-require 'liquid/profiler/hooks'
-
 module Liquid
+
  # Profiler enables support for profiling template rendering to help track down performance issues.
  #
-  # To enable profiling, first require 'liquid/profiler'.
-  # Then, to profile a parse/render cycle, pass the <tt>profile: true</tt> option to <tt>Liquid::Template.parse</tt>.
-  # After <tt>Liquid::Template#render</tt> is called, the template object makes available an instance of this
+  # To enable profiling, pass the <tt>profile: true</tt> option to <tt>Liquid::Template.parse</tt>. Then, after
+  # <tt>Liquid::Template#render</tt> is called, the template object makes available an instance of this
  # class via the <tt>Liquid::Template#profiler</tt> method.
  #
  #   template = Liquid::Template.parse(template_content, profile: true)
@@ -21,7 +17,7 @@ module Liquid
  # inside of <tt>{% include %}</tt> tags.
  #
  #   profile.each do |node|
-  #     # Access to the node itself
+  #     # Access to the token itself
  #     node.code
  #
  #     # Which template and line number of this node.
@@ -46,17 +42,19 @@ module Liquid
    include Enumerable

    class Timing
-      attr_reader :code, :partial, :line_number, :children, :total_time, :self_time
+      attr_reader :code, :partial, :line_number, :children

-      def initialize(node, partial)
-        @code        = node.respond_to?(:raw) ? node.raw : node
+      def initialize(token, partial)
+        @code        = token.respond_to?(:raw) ? token.raw : token
        @partial     = partial
-        @line_number = node.respond_to?(:line_number) ? node.line_number : nil
+        @line_number = token.respond_to?(:line_number) ? token.line_number : nil
        @children    = []
      end

-      def self.start(node, partial)
-        new(node, partial).tap(&:start)
+      def self.start(token, partial)
+        new(token, partial).tap do |t|
+          t.start
+        end
      end

      def start
@@ -64,18 +62,7 @@ module Liquid
      end

      def finish
-        @end_time   = Time.now
-        @total_time = @end_time - @start_time
-
-        if @children.empty?
-          @self_time = @total_time
-        else
-          total_children_time = 0
-          @children.each do |child|
-            total_children_time += child.total_time
-          end
-          @self_time = @total_time - total_children_time
-        end
+        @end_time = Time.now
      end

      def render_time
@@ -83,11 +70,11 @@ module Liquid
      end
    end

-    def self.profile_node_render(node)
-      if Profiler.current_profile && node.respond_to?(:render)
-        Profiler.current_profile.start_node(node)
+    def self.profile_token_render(token)
+      if Profiler.current_profile && token.respond_to?(:render)
+        Profiler.current_profile.start_token(token)
        output = yield
-        Profiler.current_profile.end_node(node)
+        Profiler.current_profile.end_token(token)
        output
      else
        yield
@@ -109,14 +96,14 @@ module Liquid
      Thread.current[:liquid_profiler]
    end

-    def initialize(partial_name = "<root>")
-      @partial_stack = [partial_name]
+    def initialize
+      @partial_stack = ["<root>"]

-      @root_timing  = Timing.new("", current_partial)
+      @root_timing = Timing.new("", current_partial)
      @timing_stack = [@root_timing]

      @render_start_at = Time.now
-      @render_end_at   = @render_start_at
+      @render_end_at = @render_start_at
    end

    def start
@@ -145,11 +132,11 @@ module Liquid
      @root_timing.children.length
    end

-    def start_node(node)
-      @timing_stack.push(Timing.start(node, current_partial))
+    def start_token(token)
+      @timing_stack.push(Timing.start(token, current_partial))
    end

-    def end_node(_node)
+    def end_token(token)
      timing = @timing_stack.pop
      timing.finish

@@ -167,5 +154,6 @@ module Liquid
    def pop_partial
      @partial_stack.pop
    end
+
  end
 end
--- a/lib/liquid/profiler/hooks.rb
+++ b/lib/liquid/profiler/hooks.rb
@@ -1,21 +1,23 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
-
 module Liquid
-  module BlockBodyProfilingHook
-    def render_node(context, output, node)
-      Profiler.profile_node_render(node) do
-        super
+  class Block < Tag
+    def render_token_with_profiling(token, context)
+      Profiler.profile_token_render(token) do
+        render_token_without_profiling(token, context)
      end
    end
-  end
-  BlockBody.prepend(BlockBodyProfilingHook)

-  module IncludeProfilingHook
-    def render_to_output_buffer(context, output)
-      Profiler.profile_children(context.evaluate(@template_name_expr).to_s) do
-        super
+    alias_method :render_token_without_profiling, :render_token
+    alias_method :render_token, :render_token_with_profiling
+  end
+
+  class Include < Tag
+    def render_with_profiling(context)
+      Profiler.profile_children(context.evaluate(@template_name).to_s) do
+        render_without_profiling(context)
      end
    end
+
+    alias_method :render_without_profiling, :render
+    alias_method :render, :render_with_profiling
  end
-  Include.prepend(IncludeProfilingHook)
 end
--- a/lib/liquid/range_lookup.rb
+++ b/lib/liquid/range_lookup.rb
@@ -1,10 +1,8 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
-
 module Liquid
  class RangeLookup
    def self.parse(start_markup, end_markup)
      start_obj = Expression.parse(start_markup)
-      end_obj   = Expression.parse(end_markup)
+      end_obj = Expression.parse(end_markup)
      if start_obj.respond_to?(:evaluate) || end_obj.respond_to?(:evaluate)
        new(start_obj, end_obj)
      else
@@ -14,26 +12,11 @@ module Liquid

    def initialize(start_obj, end_obj)
      @start_obj = start_obj
-      @end_obj   = end_obj
+      @end_obj = end_obj
    end

    def evaluate(context)
-      start_int = to_integer(context.evaluate(@start_obj))
-      end_int   = to_integer(context.evaluate(@end_obj))
-      start_int..end_int
-    end
-
-    private
-
-    def to_integer(input)
-      case input
-      when Integer
-        input
-      when NilClass, String
-        input.to_i
-      else
-        Utils.to_integer(input)
-      end
+      context.evaluate(@start_obj).to_i..context.evaluate(@end_obj).to_i
    end
  end
 end
--- a/lib/liquid/register.rb
+++ b/lib/liquid/register.rb
@@ -1,6 +0,0 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
-
-module Liquid
-  class Register
-  end
-end
--- a/lib/liquid/resource_limits.rb
+++ b/lib/liquid/resource_limits.rb
@@ -1,62 +0,0 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
-
-module Liquid
-  class ResourceLimits
-    attr_accessor :render_length_limit, :render_score_limit, :assign_score_limit
-    attr_reader :render_score, :assign_score
-
-    def initialize(limits)
-      @render_length_limit = limits[:render_length_limit]
-      @render_score_limit  = limits[:render_score_limit]
-      @assign_score_limit  = limits[:assign_score_limit]
-      reset
-    end
-
-    def increment_render_score(amount)
-      @render_score += amount
-      raise_limits_reached if @render_score_limit && @render_score > @render_score_limit
-    end
-
-    def increment_assign_score(amount)
-      @assign_score += amount
-      raise_limits_reached if @assign_score_limit && @assign_score > @assign_score_limit
-    end
-
-    # update either render_length or assign_score based on whether or not the writes are captured
-    def increment_write_score(output)
-      if (last_captured = @last_capture_length)
-        captured = output.bytesize
-        increment = captured - last_captured
-        @last_capture_length = captured
-        increment_assign_score(increment)
-      elsif @render_length_limit && output.bytesize > @render_length_limit
-        raise_limits_reached
-      end
-    end
-
-    def raise_limits_reached
-      @reached_limit = true
-      raise MemoryError, "Memory limits exceeded"
-    end
-
-    def reached?
-      @reached_limit
-    end
-
-    def reset
-      @reached_limit = false
-      @last_capture_length = nil
-      @render_score = @assign_score = 0
-    end
-
-    def with_capture
-      old_capture_length = @last_capture_length
-      begin
-        @last_capture_length = 0
-        yield
-      ensure
-        @last_capture_length = old_capture_length
-      end
-    end
-  end
-end
--- a/lib/liquid/standardfilters.rb
+++ b/lib/liquid/standardfilters.rb
@@ -1,24 +1,17 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
-
 require 'cgi'
 require 'bigdecimal'

 module Liquid
+
  module StandardFilters
    HTML_ESCAPE = {
-      '&' => '&amp;',
-      '>' => '&gt;',
-      '<' => '&lt;',
-      '"' => '&quot;',
-      "'" => '&#39;',
-    }.freeze
+      '&'.freeze => '&amp;'.freeze,
+      '>'.freeze => '&gt;'.freeze,
+      '<'.freeze => '&lt;'.freeze,
+      '"'.freeze => '&quot;'.freeze,
+      "'".freeze => '&#39;'.freeze
+    }
    HTML_ESCAPE_ONCE_REGEXP = /["><']|&(?!([a-zA-Z]+|(#\d+));)/
-    STRIP_HTML_BLOCKS       = Regexp.union(
-      %r{<script.*?</script>}m,
-      /<!--.*?-->/m,
-      %r{<style.*?</style>}m
-    )
-    STRIP_HTML_TAGS = /<.*?>/m

    # Return the size of an array or of an string
    def size(input)
@@ -41,7 +34,7 @@ module Liquid
    end

    def escape(input)
-      CGI.escapeHTML(input.to_s) unless input.nil?
+      CGI.escapeHTML(input).untaint rescue input
    end
    alias_method :h, :escape

@@ -50,21 +43,12 @@ module Liquid
    end

    def url_encode(input)
-      CGI.escape(input.to_s) unless input.nil?
+      CGI.escape(input) rescue input
    end

-    def url_decode(input)
-      return if input.nil?
-
-      result = CGI.unescape(input.to_s)
-      raise Liquid::ArgumentError, "invalid byte sequence in #{result.encoding}" unless result.valid_encoding?
-
-      result
-    end
-
-    def slice(input, offset, length = nil)
-      offset = Utils.to_integer(offset)
-      length = length ? Utils.to_integer(length) : 1
+    def slice(input, offset, length=nil)
+      offset = Integer(offset)
+      length = length ? Integer(length) : 1

      if input.is_a?(Array)
        input.slice(offset, length) || []
@@ -74,28 +58,19 @@ module Liquid
    end

    # Truncate a string down to x characters
-    def truncate(input, length = 50, truncate_string = "...")
-      return if input.nil?
-      input_str = input.to_s
-      length    = Utils.to_integer(length)
-
-      truncate_string_str = truncate_string.to_s
-
-      l = length - truncate_string_str.length
+    def truncate(input, length = 50, truncate_string = "...".freeze)
+      if input.nil? then return end
+      l = length.to_i - truncate_string.length
      l = 0 if l < 0
-
-      input_str.length > length ? input_str[0...l].concat(truncate_string_str) : input_str
+      input.length > length.to_i ? input[0...l] + truncate_string : input
    end

-    def truncatewords(input, words = 15, truncate_string = "...")
-      return if input.nil?
+    def truncatewords(input, words = 15, truncate_string = "...".freeze)
+      if input.nil? then return end
      wordlist = input.to_s.split
-      words    = Utils.to_integer(words)
-
-      l = words - 1
+      l = words.to_i - 1
      l = 0 if l < 0
-
-      wordlist.length > l ? wordlist[0..l].join(" ").concat(truncate_string.to_s) : input
+      wordlist.length > l ? wordlist[0..l].join(" ".freeze) + truncate_string : input
    end

    # Split input string into an array of substrings separated by given pattern.
@@ -104,7 +79,7 @@ module Liquid
    #   <div class="summary">{{ post | split '//' | first }}</div>
    #
    def split(input, pattern)
-      input.to_s.split(pattern.to_s)
+      input.to_s.split(pattern)
    end

    def strip(input)
@@ -120,160 +95,81 @@ module Liquid
    end

    def strip_html(input)
-      empty  = ''
-      result = input.to_s.gsub(STRIP_HTML_BLOCKS, empty)
-      result.gsub!(STRIP_HTML_TAGS, empty)
-      result
+      empty = ''.freeze
+      input.to_s.gsub(/<script.*?<\/script>/m, empty).gsub(/<!--.*?-->/m, empty).gsub(/<style.*?<\/style>/m, empty).gsub(/<.*?>/m, empty)
    end

    # Remove all newlines from the string
    def strip_newlines(input)
-      input.to_s.gsub(/\r?\n/, '')
+      input.to_s.gsub(/\r?\n/, ''.freeze)
    end

    # Join elements of the array with certain character between them
-    def join(input, glue = ' ')
-      InputIterator.new(input, context).join(glue)
+    def join(input, glue = ' '.freeze)
+      InputIterator.new(input).join(glue)
    end

    # Sort elements of the array
    # provide optional property with which to sort an array of hashes or drops
    def sort(input, property = nil)
-      ary = InputIterator.new(input, context)
-
-      return [] if ary.empty?
-
+      ary = InputIterator.new(input)
      if property.nil?
-        ary.sort do |a, b|
-          nil_safe_compare(a, b)
-        end
-      elsif ary.all? { |el| el.respond_to?(:[]) }
-        begin
-          ary.sort { |a, b| nil_safe_compare(a[property], b[property]) }
-        rescue TypeError
-          raise_property_error(property)
-        end
-      end
-    end
-
-    # Sort elements of an array ignoring case if strings
-    # provide optional property with which to sort an array of hashes or drops
-    def sort_natural(input, property = nil)
-      ary = InputIterator.new(input, context)
-
-      return [] if ary.empty?
-
-      if property.nil?
-        ary.sort do |a, b|
-          nil_safe_casecmp(a, b)
-        end
-      elsif ary.all? { |el| el.respond_to?(:[]) }
-        begin
-          ary.sort { |a, b| nil_safe_casecmp(a[property], b[property]) }
-        rescue TypeError
-          raise_property_error(property)
-        end
-      end
-    end
-
-    # Filter the elements of an array to those with a certain property value.
-    # By default the target is any truthy value.
-    def where(input, property, target_value = nil)
-      ary = InputIterator.new(input, context)
-
-      if ary.empty?
-        []
-      elsif ary.first.respond_to?(:[]) && target_value.nil?
-        begin
-          ary.select { |item| item[property] }
-        rescue TypeError
-          raise_property_error(property)
-        end
-      elsif ary.first.respond_to?(:[])
-        begin
-          ary.select { |item| item[property] == target_value }
-        rescue TypeError
-          raise_property_error(property)
-        end
+        ary.sort
+      elsif ary.first.respond_to?(:[]) && !ary.first[property].nil?
+        ary.sort {|a,b| a[property] <=> b[property] }
+      elsif ary.first.respond_to?(property)
+        ary.sort {|a,b| a.send(property) <=> b.send(property) }
      end
    end

    # Remove duplicate elements from an array
    # provide optional property with which to determine uniqueness
    def uniq(input, property = nil)
-      ary = InputIterator.new(input, context)
-
+      ary = InputIterator.new(input)
      if property.nil?
-        ary.uniq
-      elsif ary.empty? # The next two cases assume a non-empty array.
-        []
-      elsif ary.first.respond_to?(:[])
-        begin
-          ary.uniq { |a| a[property] }
-        rescue TypeError
-          raise_property_error(property)
-        end
+        input.uniq
+      elsif input.first.respond_to?(:[])
+        input.uniq{ |a| a[property] }
      end
    end

    # Reverse the elements of an array
    def reverse(input)
-      ary = InputIterator.new(input, context)
+      ary = InputIterator.new(input)
      ary.reverse
    end

    # map/collect on a given property
    def map(input, property)
-      InputIterator.new(input, context).map do |e|
+      InputIterator.new(input).map do |e|
        e = e.call if e.is_a?(Proc)

-        if property == "to_liquid"
+        if property == "to_liquid".freeze
          e
        elsif e.respond_to?(:[])
-          r = e[property]
-          r.is_a?(Proc) ? r.call : r
-        end
-      end
-    rescue TypeError
-      raise_property_error(property)
-    end
-
-    # Remove nils within an array
-    # provide optional property with which to check for nil
-    def compact(input, property = nil)
-      ary = InputIterator.new(input, context)
-
-      if property.nil?
-        ary.compact
-      elsif ary.empty? # The next two cases assume a non-empty array.
-        []
-      elsif ary.first.respond_to?(:[])
-        begin
-          ary.reject { |a| a[property].nil? }
-        rescue TypeError
-          raise_property_error(property)
+          e[property]
        end
      end
    end

    # Replace occurrences of a string with another
-    def replace(input, string, replacement = '')
-      input.to_s.gsub(string.to_s, replacement.to_s)
+    def replace(input, string, replacement = ''.freeze)
+      input.to_s.gsub(string, replacement.to_s)
    end

    # Replace the first occurrences of a string with another
-    def replace_first(input, string, replacement = '')
-      input.to_s.sub(string.to_s, replacement.to_s)
+    def replace_first(input, string, replacement = ''.freeze)
+      input.to_s.sub(string, replacement.to_s)
    end

    # remove a substring
    def remove(input, string)
-      input.to_s.gsub(string.to_s, '')
+      input.to_s.gsub(string, ''.freeze)
    end

    # remove the first occurrences of a substring
    def remove_first(input, string)
-      input.to_s.sub(string.to_s, '')
+      input.to_s.sub(string, ''.freeze)
    end

    # add one string to another
@@ -281,13 +177,6 @@ module Liquid
      input.to_s + string.to_s
    end

-    def concat(input, array)
-      unless array.respond_to?(:to_ary)
-        raise ArgumentError, "concat filter requires an array argument"
-      end
-      InputIterator.new(input, context).concat(array)
-    end
-
    # prepend a string to another
    def prepend(input, string)
      string.to_s + input.to_s
@@ -295,7 +184,7 @@ module Liquid

    # Add <br /> tags in front of all newlines in input string
    def newline_to_br(input)
-      input.to_s.gsub(/\n/, "<br />\n")
+      input.to_s.gsub(/\n/, "<br />\n".freeze)
    end

    # Reformat a date using Ruby's core Time#strftime( string ) -> string
@@ -332,7 +221,7 @@ module Liquid
    def date(input, format)
      return input if format.to_s.empty?

-      return input unless (date = Utils.to_date(input))
+      return input unless date = to_date(input)

      date.strftime(format.to_s)
    end
@@ -355,12 +244,6 @@ module Liquid
      array.last if array.respond_to?(:last)
    end

-    # absolute value
-    def abs(input)
-      result = Utils.to_number(input).abs
-      result.is_a?(BigDecimal) ? result.to_f : result
-    end
-
    # addition
    def plus(input, operand)
      apply_operation(input, operand, :+)
@@ -379,104 +262,74 @@ module Liquid
    # division
    def divided_by(input, operand)
      apply_operation(input, operand, :/)
-    rescue ::ZeroDivisionError => e
-      raise Liquid::ZeroDivisionError, e.message
    end

    def modulo(input, operand)
      apply_operation(input, operand, :%)
-    rescue ::ZeroDivisionError => e
-      raise Liquid::ZeroDivisionError, e.message
    end

    def round(input, n = 0)
-      result = Utils.to_number(input).round(Utils.to_number(n))
+      result = to_number(input).round(to_number(n))
      result = result.to_f if result.is_a?(BigDecimal)
      result = result.to_i if n == 0
      result
-    rescue ::FloatDomainError => e
-      raise Liquid::FloatDomainError, e.message
    end

    def ceil(input)
-      Utils.to_number(input).ceil.to_i
-    rescue ::FloatDomainError => e
-      raise Liquid::FloatDomainError, e.message
+      to_number(input).ceil.to_i
    end

    def floor(input)
-      Utils.to_number(input).floor.to_i
-    rescue ::FloatDomainError => e
-      raise Liquid::FloatDomainError, e.message
+      to_number(input).floor.to_i
    end

-    def at_least(input, n)
-      min_value = Utils.to_number(n)
-
-      result = Utils.to_number(input)
-      result = min_value if min_value > result
-      result.is_a?(BigDecimal) ? result.to_f : result
-    end
-
-    def at_most(input, n)
-      max_value = Utils.to_number(n)
-
-      result = Utils.to_number(input)
-      result = max_value if max_value < result
-      result.is_a?(BigDecimal) ? result.to_f : result
-    end
-
-    # Set a default value when the input is nil, false or empty
-    #
-    # Example:
-    #    {{ product.title | default: "No Title" }}
-    #
-    # Use `allow_false` when an input should only be tested against nil or empty and not false.
-    #
-    # Example:
-    #    {{ product.title | default: "No Title", allow_false: true }}
-    #
-    def default(input, default_value = '', options = {})
-      options = {} unless options.is_a?(Hash)
-      false_check = options['allow_false'] ? input.nil? : !input
-      false_check || (input.respond_to?(:empty?) && input.empty?) ? default_value : input
+    def default(input, default_value = "".freeze)
+      is_blank = input.respond_to?(:empty?) ? input.empty? : !input
+      is_blank ? default_value : input
    end

    private

-    attr_reader :context
+    def to_number(obj)
+      case obj
+      when Float
+        BigDecimal.new(obj.to_s)
+      when Numeric
+        obj
+      when String
+        (obj.strip =~ /\A\d+\.\d+\z/) ? BigDecimal.new(obj) : obj.to_i
+      else
+        0
+      end
+    end

-    def raise_property_error(property)
-      raise Liquid::ArgumentError, "cannot select the property '#{property}'"
+    def to_date(obj)
+      return obj if obj.respond_to?(:strftime)
+
+      case obj
+      when 'now'.freeze, 'today'.freeze
+        Time.now
+      when /\A\d+\z/, Integer
+        Time.at(obj.to_i)
+      when String
+        Time.parse(obj)
+      else
+        nil
+      end
+    rescue ArgumentError
+      nil
    end

    def apply_operation(input, operand, operation)
-      result = Utils.to_number(input).send(operation, Utils.to_number(operand))
+      result = to_number(input).send(operation, to_number(operand))
      result.is_a?(BigDecimal) ? result.to_f : result
    end

-    def nil_safe_compare(a, b)
-      if !a.nil? && !b.nil?
-        a <=> b
-      else
-        a.nil? ? 1 : -1
-      end
-    end
-
-    def nil_safe_casecmp(a, b)
-      if !a.nil? && !b.nil?
-        a.to_s.casecmp(b.to_s)
-      else
-        a.nil? ? 1 : -1
-      end
-    end
-
    class InputIterator
      include Enumerable

-      def initialize(input, context)
-        @context = context
-        @input   = if input.is_a?(Array)
+      def initialize(input)
+        @input = if input.is_a?(Array)
          input.flatten
        elsif input.is_a?(Hash)
          [input]
@@ -488,33 +341,15 @@ module Liquid
      end

      def join(glue)
-        to_a.join(glue.to_s)
-      end
-
-      def concat(args)
-        to_a.concat(args)
+        to_a.join(glue)
      end

      def reverse
        reverse_each.to_a
      end

-      def uniq(&block)
-        to_a.uniq(&block)
-      end
-
-      def compact
-        to_a.compact
-      end
-
-      def empty?
-        @input.each { return false }
-        true
-      end
-
      def each
        @input.each do |e|
-          e.context = @context if e.respond_to?(:context=)
          yield(e.respond_to?(:to_liquid) ? e.to_liquid : e)
        end
      end
--- a/lib/liquid/static_registers.rb
+++ b/lib/liquid/static_registers.rb
@@ -1,44 +0,0 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
-
-module Liquid
-  class StaticRegisters
-    attr_reader :static
-
-    def initialize(registers = {})
-      @static    = registers.is_a?(StaticRegisters) ? registers.static : registers
-      @registers = {}
-    end
-
-    def []=(key, value)
-      @registers[key] = value
-    end
-
-    def [](key)
-      if @registers.key?(key)
-        @registers[key]
-      else
-        @static[key]
-      end
-    end
-
-    def delete(key)
-      @registers.delete(key)
-    end
-
-    UNDEFINED = Object.new
-
-    def fetch(key, default = UNDEFINED, &block)
-      if @registers.key?(key)
-        @registers.fetch(key)
-      elsif default != UNDEFINED
-        @static.fetch(key, default, &block)
-      else
-        @static.fetch(key, &block)
-      end
-    end
-
-    def key?(key)
-      @registers.key?(key) || @static.key?(key)
-    end
-  end
-end
--- a/lib/liquid/strainer.rb
+++ b/lib/liquid/strainer.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,63 @@
+require 'set'
+
+module Liquid
+
+  # Strainer is the parent class for the filters system.
+  # New filters are mixed into the strainer class which is then instantiated for each liquid template render run.
+  #
+  # The Strainer only allows method calls defined in filters given to it via Strainer.global_filter,
+  # Context#add_filters or Template.register_filter
+  class Strainer #:nodoc:
+    @@filters = []
+    @@known_filters = Set.new
+    @@known_methods = Set.new
+    @@strainer_class_cache = Hash.new do |hash, filters|
+      hash[filters] = Class.new(Strainer) do
+        filters.each { |f| include f }
+      end
+    end
+
+    def initialize(context)
+      @context = context
+    end
+
+    def self.global_filter(filter)
+      raise ArgumentError, "Passed filter is not a module" unless filter.is_a?(Module)
+      add_known_filter(filter)
+      @@filters << filter unless @@filters.include?(filter)
+    end
+
+    def self.add_known_filter(filter)
+      unless @@known_filters.include?(filter)
+        @@method_blacklist ||= Set.new(Strainer.instance_methods.map(&:to_s))
+        new_methods = filter.instance_methods.map(&:to_s)
+        new_methods.reject!{ |m| @@method_blacklist.include?(m) }
+        @@known_methods.merge(new_methods)
+        @@known_filters.add(filter)
+      end
+    end
+
+    def self.strainer_class_cache
+      @@strainer_class_cache
+    end
+
+    def self.create(context, filters = [])
+      filters = @@filters + filters
+      strainer_class_cache[filters].new(context)
+    end
+
+    def invoke(method, *args)
+      if invokable?(method)
+        send(method, *args)
+      else
+        args.first
+      end
+    rescue ::ArgumentError => e
+      raise Liquid::ArgumentError.new(e.message)
+    end
+
+    def invokable?(method)
+      @@known_methods.include?(method.to_s) && respond_to?(method)
+    end
+  end
+end
--- a/lib/liquid/strainer_factory.rb
+++ b/lib/liquid/strainer_factory.rb
@@ -1,36 +0,0 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
-
-module Liquid
-  # StrainerFactory is the factory for the filters system.
-  module StrainerFactory
-    extend self
-
-    def add_global_filter(filter)
-      strainer_class_cache.clear
-      global_filters << filter
-    end
-
-    def create(context, filters = [])
-      strainer_from_cache(filters).new(context)
-    end
-
-    private
-
-    def global_filters
-      @global_filters ||= []
-    end
-
-    def strainer_from_cache(filters)
-      strainer_class_cache[filters] ||= begin
-        klass = Class.new(StrainerTemplate)
-        global_filters.each { |f| klass.add_filter(f) }
-        filters.each { |f| klass.add_filter(f) }
-        klass
-      end
-    end
-
-    def strainer_class_cache
-      @strainer_class_cache ||= {}
-    end
-  end
-end
--- a/lib/liquid/strainer_template.rb
+++ b/lib/liquid/strainer_template.rb
@@ -1,53 +0,0 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
-
-require 'set'
-
-module Liquid
-  # StrainerTemplate is the computed class for the filters system.
-  # New filters are mixed into the strainer class which is then instantiated for each liquid template render run.
-  #
-  # The Strainer only allows method calls defined in filters given to it via StrainerFactory.add_global_filter,
-  # Context#add_filters or Template.register_filter
-  class StrainerTemplate
-    def initialize(context)
-      @context = context
-    end
-
-    class << self
-      def add_filter(filter)
-        return if include?(filter)
-
-        invokable_non_public_methods = (filter.private_instance_methods + filter.protected_instance_methods).select { |m| invokable?(m) }
-        if invokable_non_public_methods.any?
-          raise MethodOverrideError, "Filter overrides registered public methods as non public: #{invokable_non_public_methods.join(', ')}"
-        end
-
-        include(filter)
-
-        filter_methods.merge(filter.public_instance_methods.map(&:to_s))
-      end
-
-      def invokable?(method)
-        filter_methods.include?(method.to_s)
-      end
-
-      private
-
-      def filter_methods
-        @filter_methods ||= Set.new
-      end
-    end
-
-    def invoke(method, *args)
-      if self.class.invokable?(method)
-        send(method, *args)
-      elsif @context.strict_filters
-        raise Liquid::UndefinedFilter, "undefined filter #{method}"
-      else
-        args.first
-      end
-    rescue ::ArgumentError => e
-      raise Liquid::ArgumentError, e.message, e.backtrace
-    end
-  end
-end
--- a/lib/liquid/tablerowloop_drop.rb
+++ b/lib/liquid/tablerowloop_drop.rb
@@ -1,64 +0,0 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
-
-module Liquid
-  class TablerowloopDrop < Drop
-    def initialize(length, cols)
-      @length = length
-      @row    = 1
-      @col    = 1
-      @cols   = cols
-      @index  = 0
-    end
-
-    attr_reader :length, :col, :row
-
-    def index
-      @index + 1
-    end
-
-    def index0
-      @index
-    end
-
-    def col0
-      @col - 1
-    end
-
-    def rindex
-      @length - @index
-    end
-
-    def rindex0
-      @length - @index - 1
-    end
-
-    def first
-      @index == 0
-    end
-
-    def last
-      @index == @length - 1
-    end
-
-    def col_first
-      @col == 1
-    end
-
-    def col_last
-      @col == @cols
-    end
-
-    protected
-
-    def increment!
-      @index += 1
-
-      if @col == @cols
-        @col = 1
-        @row += 1
-      else
-        @col += 1
-      end
-    end
-  end
-end
--- a/lib/liquid/tag.rb
+++ b/lib/liquid/tag.rb
@@ -1,35 +1,26 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
-
 module Liquid
  class Tag
-    attr_reader :nodelist, :tag_name, :line_number, :parse_context
-    alias_method :options, :parse_context
+    attr_accessor :options, :line_number
+    attr_reader :nodelist, :warnings
    include ParserSwitching

    class << self
-      def parse(tag_name, markup, tokenizer, parse_context)
-        tag = new(tag_name, markup, parse_context)
-        tag.parse(tokenizer)
+      def parse(tag_name, markup, tokens, options)
+        tag = new(tag_name, markup, options)
+        tag.parse(tokens)
        tag
      end

-      def disable_tags(*tag_names)
-        @disabled_tags ||= []
-        @disabled_tags.concat(tag_names)
-        prepend(Disabler)
-      end
-
      private :new
    end

-    def initialize(tag_name, markup, parse_context)
-      @tag_name      = tag_name
-      @markup        = markup
-      @parse_context = parse_context
-      @line_number   = parse_context.line_number
+    def initialize(tag_name, markup, options)
+      @tag_name   = tag_name
+      @markup     = markup
+      @options    = options
    end

-    def parse(_tokens)
+    def parse(tokens)
    end

    def raw
@@ -40,16 +31,8 @@ module Liquid
      self.class.name.downcase
    end

-    def render(_context)
-      ''
-    end
-
-    # For backwards compatibility with custom tags. In a future release, the semantics
-    # of the `render_to_output_buffer` method will become the default and the `render`
-    # method will be removed.
-    def render_to_output_buffer(context, output)
-      output << render(context)
-      output
+    def render(context)
+      ''.freeze
    end

    def blank?
--- a/lib/liquid/tag/disableable.rb
+++ b/lib/liquid/tag/disableable.rb
@@ -1,22 +0,0 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
-
-module Liquid
-  class Tag
-    module Disableable
-      def render_to_output_buffer(context, output)
-        if context.tag_disabled?(tag_name)
-          output << disabled_error(context)
-          return
-        end
-        super
-      end
-
-      def disabled_error(context)
-        # raise then rescue the exception so that the Context#exception_renderer can re-raise it
-        raise DisabledError, "#{tag_name} #{parse_context[:locale].t('errors.disabled.tag')}"
-      rescue DisabledError => exc
-        context.handle_error(exc, line_number)
-      end
-    end
-  end
-end
--- a/lib/liquid/tag/disabler.rb
+++ b/lib/liquid/tag/disabler.rb
@@ -1,21 +0,0 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
-
-module Liquid
-  class Tag
-    module Disabler
-      module ClassMethods
-        attr_reader :disabled_tags
-      end
-
-      def self.prepended(base)
-        base.extend(ClassMethods)
-      end
-
-      def render_to_output_buffer(context, output)
-        context.with_disabled_tags(self.class.disabled_tags) do
-          super
-        end
-      end
-    end
-  end
-end
--- a/lib/liquid/tags/assign.rb
+++ b/lib/liquid/tags/assign.rb
@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
-
 module Liquid
+
  # Assign sets a variable in your template.
  #
  #   {% assign foo = 'monkey' %}
@@ -12,50 +11,28 @@ module Liquid
  class Assign < Tag
    Syntax = /(#{VariableSignature}+)\s*=\s*(.*)\s*/om

-    attr_reader :to, :from
-
    def initialize(tag_name, markup, options)
      super
      if markup =~ Syntax
-        @to   = Regexp.last_match(1)
-        @from = Variable.new(Regexp.last_match(2), options)
+        @to = $1
+        @from = Variable.new($2,options)
+        @from.line_number = line_number
      else
-        raise SyntaxError, options[:locale].t('errors.syntax.assign')
+        raise SyntaxError.new options[:locale].t("errors.syntax.assign".freeze)
      end
    end

-    def render_to_output_buffer(context, output)
+    def render(context)
      val = @from.render(context)
      context.scopes.last[@to] = val
-      context.resource_limits.increment_assign_score(assign_score_of(val))
-      output
+      context.increment_used_resources(:assign_score_current, val)
+      ''.freeze
    end

    def blank?
      true
    end
-
-    private
-
-    def assign_score_of(val)
-      if val.instance_of?(String)
-        val.bytesize
-      elsif val.instance_of?(Array) || val.instance_of?(Hash)
-        sum = 1
-        # Uses #each to avoid extra allocations.
-        val.each { |child| sum += assign_score_of(child) }
-        sum
-      else
-        1
-      end
-    end
-
-    class ParseTreeVisitor < Liquid::ParseTreeVisitor
-      def children
-        [@node.from]
-      end
-    end
  end

-  Template.register_tag('assign', Assign)
+  Template.register_tag('assign'.freeze, Assign)
 end
--- a/lib/liquid/tags/break.rb
+++ b/lib/liquid/tags/break.rb
@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
-
 module Liquid
+
  # Break tag to be used to break out of a for loop.
  #
  # == Basic Usage:
@@ -11,13 +10,12 @@ module Liquid
  #    {% endfor %}
  #
  class Break < Tag
-    INTERRUPT = BreakInterrupt.new.freeze

-    def render_to_output_buffer(context, output)
-      context.push_interrupt(INTERRUPT)
-      output
+    def interrupt
+      BreakInterrupt.new
    end
+
  end

-  Template.register_tag('break', Break)
+  Template.register_tag('break'.freeze, Break)
 end
--- a/lib/liquid/tags/capture.rb
+++ b/lib/liquid/tags/capture.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
-
 module Liquid
  # Capture stores the result of a block into a variable without rendering it inplace.
  #
@@ -13,23 +11,22 @@ module Liquid
  # in a sidebar or footer.
  #
  class Capture < Block
-    Syntax = /(#{VariableSignature}+)/o
+    Syntax = /(\w+)/

    def initialize(tag_name, markup, options)
      super
      if markup =~ Syntax
-        @to = Regexp.last_match(1)
+        @to = $1
      else
-        raise SyntaxError, options[:locale].t("errors.syntax.capture")
+        raise SyntaxError.new(options[:locale].t("errors.syntax.capture"))
      end
    end

-    def render_to_output_buffer(context, output)
-      context.resource_limits.with_capture do
-        capture_output = render(context)
-        context.scopes.last[@to] = capture_output
-      end
-      output
+    def render(context)
+      output = super
+      context.scopes.last[@to] = output
+      context.increment_used_resources(:assign_score_current, output)
+      ''.freeze
    end

    def blank?
@@ -37,5 +34,5 @@ module Liquid
    end
  end

-  Template.register_tag('capture', Capture)
+  Template.register_tag('capture'.freeze, Capture)
 end
--- a/lib/liquid/tags/case.rb
+++ b/lib/liquid/tags/case.rb
@@ -1,95 +1,79 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
-
 module Liquid
  class Case < Block
    Syntax     = /(#{QuotedFragment})/o
    WhenSyntax = /(#{QuotedFragment})(?:(?:\s+or\s+|\s*\,\s*)(#{QuotedFragment}.*))?/om

-    attr_reader :blocks, :left
-
    def initialize(tag_name, markup, options)
      super
      @blocks = []

      if markup =~ Syntax
-        @left = Expression.parse(Regexp.last_match(1))
+        @left = Expression.parse($1)
      else
-        raise SyntaxError, options[:locale].t("errors.syntax.case")
-      end
-    end
-
-    def parse(tokens)
-      body = new_body
-      body = @blocks.last.attachment while parse_body(body, tokens)
-      if blank?
-        @blocks.each { |condition| condition.attachment.remove_blank_strings }
+        raise SyntaxError.new(options[:locale].t("errors.syntax.case".freeze))
      end
    end

    def nodelist
-      @blocks.map(&:attachment)
+      @blocks.flat_map(&:attachment)
    end

    def unknown_tag(tag, markup, tokens)
+      @nodelist = []
      case tag
-      when 'when'
+      when 'when'.freeze
        record_when_condition(markup)
-      when 'else'
+      when 'else'.freeze
        record_else_condition(markup)
      else
        super
      end
    end

-    def render_to_output_buffer(context, output)
-      execute_else_block = true
+    def render(context)
+      context.stack do
+        execute_else_block = true

-      @blocks.each do |block|
-        if block.else?
-          block.attachment.render_to_output_buffer(context, output) if execute_else_block
-        elsif block.evaluate(context)
-          execute_else_block = false
-          block.attachment.render_to_output_buffer(context, output)
+        output = ''
+        @blocks.each do |block|
+          if block.else?
+            return render_all(block.attachment, context) if execute_else_block
+          elsif block.evaluate(context)
+            execute_else_block = false
+            output << render_all(block.attachment, context)
+          end
        end
+        output
      end
-
-      output
    end

    private

    def record_when_condition(markup)
-      body = new_body
-
      while markup
-        unless markup =~ WhenSyntax
-          raise SyntaxError, options[:locale].t("errors.syntax.case_invalid_when")
+        # Create a new nodelist and assign it to the new block
+        if not markup =~ WhenSyntax
+          raise SyntaxError.new(options[:locale].t("errors.syntax.case_invalid_when".freeze))
        end

-        markup = Regexp.last_match(2)
+        markup = $2

-        block = Condition.new(@left, '==', Expression.parse(Regexp.last_match(1)))
-        block.attach(body)
-        @blocks << block
+        block = Condition.new(@left, '=='.freeze, Expression.parse($1))
+        block.attach(@nodelist)
+        @blocks.push(block)
      end
    end

    def record_else_condition(markup)
-      unless markup.strip.empty?
-        raise SyntaxError, options[:locale].t("errors.syntax.case_invalid_else")
+      if not markup.strip.empty?
+        raise SyntaxError.new(options[:locale].t("errors.syntax.case_invalid_else".freeze))
      end

      block = ElseCondition.new
-      block.attach(new_body)
+      block.attach(@nodelist)
      @blocks << block
    end
-
-    class ParseTreeVisitor < Liquid::ParseTreeVisitor
-      def children
-        [@node.left] + @node.blocks
-      end
-    end
  end

-  Template.register_tag('case', Case)
+  Template.register_tag('case'.freeze, Case)
 end
--- a/lib/liquid/tags/comment.rb
+++ b/lib/liquid/tags/comment.rb
@@ -1,12 +1,10 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
-
 module Liquid
  class Comment < Block
-    def render_to_output_buffer(_context, output)
-      output
+    def render(context)
+      ''.freeze
    end

-    def unknown_tag(_tag, _markup, _tokens)
+    def unknown_tag(tag, markup, tokens)
    end

    def blank?
@@ -14,5 +12,5 @@ module Liquid
    end
  end

-  Template.register_tag('comment', Comment)
+  Template.register_tag('comment'.freeze, Comment)
 end
--- a/lib/liquid/tags/continue.rb
+++ b/lib/liquid/tags/continue.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
-
 module Liquid
  # Continue tag to be used to break out of a for loop.
  #
@@ -11,13 +9,10 @@ module Liquid
  #    {% endfor %}
  #
  class Continue < Tag
-    INTERRUPT = ContinueInterrupt.new.freeze
-
-    def render_to_output_buffer(context, output)
-      context.push_interrupt(INTERRUPT)
-      output
+    def interrupt
+      ContinueInterrupt.new
    end
  end

-  Template.register_tag('continue', Continue)
+  Template.register_tag('continue'.freeze, Continue)
 end
--- a/lib/liquid/tags/cycle.rb
+++ b/lib/liquid/tags/cycle.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
-
 module Liquid
  # Cycle is usually used within a loop to alternate between values, like colors or DOM classes.
  #
@@ -17,43 +15,32 @@ module Liquid
    SimpleSyntax = /\A#{QuotedFragment}+/o
    NamedSyntax  = /\A(#{QuotedFragment})\s*\:\s*(.*)/om

-    attr_reader :variables
-
    def initialize(tag_name, markup, options)
      super
      case markup
      when NamedSyntax
-        @variables = variables_from_string(Regexp.last_match(2))
-        @name      = Expression.parse(Regexp.last_match(1))
+        @variables = variables_from_string($2)
+        @name = Expression.parse($1)
      when SimpleSyntax
        @variables = variables_from_string(markup)
-        @name      = @variables.to_s
+        @name = @variables.to_s
      else
-        raise SyntaxError, options[:locale].t("errors.syntax.cycle")
+        raise SyntaxError.new(options[:locale].t("errors.syntax.cycle".freeze))
      end
    end

-    def render_to_output_buffer(context, output)
-      context.registers[:cycle] ||= {}
+    def render(context)
+      context.registers[:cycle] ||= Hash.new(0)

-      key       = context.evaluate(@name)
-      iteration = context.registers[:cycle][key].to_i
-
-      val = context.evaluate(@variables[iteration])
-
-      if val.is_a?(Array)
-        val = val.join
-      elsif !val.is_a?(String)
-        val = val.to_s
+      context.stack do
+        key = context.evaluate(@name)
+        iteration = context.registers[:cycle][key]
+        result = context.evaluate(@variables[iteration])
+        iteration += 1
+        iteration  = 0  if iteration >= @variables.size
+        context.registers[:cycle][key] = iteration
+        result
      end
-
-      output << val
-
-      iteration += 1
-      iteration = 0 if iteration >= @variables.size
-
-      context.registers[:cycle][key] = iteration
-      output
    end

    private
@@ -61,15 +48,9 @@ module Liquid
    def variables_from_string(markup)
      markup.split(',').collect do |var|
        var =~ /\s*(#{QuotedFragment})\s*/o
-        Regexp.last_match(1) ? Expression.parse(Regexp.last_match(1)) : nil
+        $1 ? Expression.parse($1) : nil
      end.compact
    end
-
-    class ParseTreeVisitor < Liquid::ParseTreeVisitor
-      def children
-        Array(@node.variables)
-      end
-    end
  end

  Template.register_tag('cycle', Cycle)
--- a/lib/liquid/tags/decrement.rb
+++ b/lib/liquid/tags/decrement.rb
@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
-
 module Liquid
+
  # decrement is used in a place where one needs to insert a counter
  #     into a template, and needs the counter to survive across
  #     multiple instantiations of the template.
@@ -25,14 +24,15 @@ module Liquid
      @variable = markup.strip
    end

-    def render_to_output_buffer(context, output)
+    def render(context)
      value = context.environments.first[@variable] ||= 0
-      value -= 1
+      value = value - 1
      context.environments.first[@variable] = value
-      output << value.to_s
-      output
+      value.to_s
    end
+
+    private
  end

-  Template.register_tag('decrement', Decrement)
+  Template.register_tag('decrement'.freeze, Decrement)
 end
--- a/lib/liquid/tags/echo.rb
+++ b/lib/liquid/tags/echo.rb
@@ -1,26 +0,0 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
-
-module Liquid
-  # Echo outputs an expression
-  #
-  #   {% echo monkey %}
-  #   {% echo user.name %}
-  #
-  # This is identical to variable output syntax, like {{ foo }}, but works
-  # inside {% liquid %} tags. The full syntax is supported, including filters:
-  #
-  #   {% echo user | link %}
-  #
-  class Echo < Tag
-    def initialize(tag_name, markup, parse_context)
-      super
-      @variable = Variable.new(markup, parse_context)
-    end
-
-    def render(context)
-      @variable.render_to_output_buffer(context, +'')
-    end
-  end
-
-  Template.register_tag('echo', Echo)
-end
--- a/lib/liquid/tags/for.rb
+++ b/lib/liquid/tags/for.rb
@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
-
 module Liquid
+
  # "For" iterates over an array or collection.
  # Several useful variables are available to you within the loop.
  #
@@ -25,7 +24,7 @@ module Liquid
  #      {{ item.name }}
  #    {% end %}
  #
-  #  To reverse the for loop simply use {% for item in collection reversed %} (note that the flag's spelling is different to the filter `reverse`)
+  #  To reverse the for loop simply use {% for item in collection reversed %}
  #
  # == Available variables:
  #
@@ -43,83 +42,116 @@ module Liquid
  #                   where 0 is the last item.
  # forloop.first:: Returns true if the item is the first item.
  # forloop.last:: Returns true if the item is the last item.
-  # forloop.parentloop:: Provides access to the parent loop, if present.
  #
  class For < Block
    Syntax = /\A(#{VariableSegment}+)\s+in\s+(#{QuotedFragment}+)\s*(reversed)?/o

-    attr_reader :collection_name, :variable_name, :limit, :from
-
    def initialize(tag_name, markup, options)
      super
-      @from = @limit = nil
      parse_with_selected_parser(markup)
-      @for_block = new_body
-      @else_block = nil
-    end
-
-    def parse(tokens)
-      if parse_body(@for_block, tokens)
-        parse_body(@else_block, tokens)
-      end
-      if blank?
-        @for_block.remove_blank_strings
-        @else_block&.remove_blank_strings
-      end
+      @nodelist = @for_block = []
    end

    def nodelist
-      @else_block ? [@for_block, @else_block] : [@for_block]
+      if @else_block
+        @for_block + @else_block
+      else
+        @for_block
+      end
    end

    def unknown_tag(tag, markup, tokens)
-      return super unless tag == 'else'
-      @else_block = new_body
+      return super unless tag == 'else'.freeze
+      @nodelist = @else_block = []
    end

-    def render_to_output_buffer(context, output)
-      segment = collection_segment(context)
+    def render(context)
+      context.registers[:for] ||= Hash.new(0)

-      if segment.empty?
-        render_else(context, output)
+      collection = context.evaluate(@collection_name)
+      collection = collection.to_a if collection.is_a?(Range)
+
+      # Maintains Ruby 1.8.7 String#each behaviour on 1.9
+      return render_else(context) unless iterable?(collection)
+
+      from = if @from == :continue
+        context.registers[:for][@name].to_i
      else
-        render_segment(context, output, segment)
+        context.evaluate(@from).to_i
      end

-      output
+      limit = context.evaluate(@limit)
+      to    = limit ? limit.to_i + from : nil
+
+      segment = Utils.slice_collection(collection, from, to)
+
+      return render_else(context) if segment.empty?
+
+      segment.reverse! if @reversed
+
+      result = ''
+
+      length = segment.length
+
+      # Store our progress through the collection for the continue flag
+      context.registers[:for][@name] = from + segment.length
+
+      context.stack do
+        segment.each_with_index do |item, index|
+          context[@variable_name] = item
+          context['forloop'.freeze] = {
+            'name'.freeze    => @name,
+            'length'.freeze  => length,
+            'index'.freeze   => index + 1,
+            'index0'.freeze  => index,
+            'rindex'.freeze  => length - index,
+            'rindex0'.freeze => length - index - 1,
+            'first'.freeze   => (index == 0),
+            'last'.freeze    => (index == length - 1)
+          }
+
+          result << render_all(@for_block, context)
+
+          # Handle any interrupts if they exist.
+          if context.has_interrupt?
+            interrupt = context.pop_interrupt
+            break if interrupt.is_a? BreakInterrupt
+            next if interrupt.is_a? ContinueInterrupt
+          end
+        end
+      end
+      result
    end

    protected

    def lax_parse(markup)
      if markup =~ Syntax
-        @variable_name   = Regexp.last_match(1)
-        collection_name  = Regexp.last_match(2)
-        @reversed        = !!Regexp.last_match(3)
-        @name            = "#{@variable_name}-#{collection_name}"
+        @variable_name = $1
+        collection_name = $2
+        @reversed = $3
+        @name = "#{@variable_name}-#{collection_name}"
        @collection_name = Expression.parse(collection_name)
        markup.scan(TagAttributes) do |key, value|
          set_attribute(key, value)
        end
      else
-        raise SyntaxError, options[:locale].t("errors.syntax.for")
+        raise SyntaxError.new(options[:locale].t("errors.syntax.for".freeze))
      end
    end

    def strict_parse(markup)
      p = Parser.new(markup)
      @variable_name = p.consume(:id)
-      raise SyntaxError, options[:locale].t("errors.syntax.for_invalid_in") unless p.id?('in')
-
-      collection_name  = p.expression
+      raise SyntaxError.new(options[:locale].t("errors.syntax.for_invalid_in".freeze))  unless p.id?('in'.freeze)
+      collection_name = p.expression
+      @name = "#{@variable_name}-#{collection_name}"
      @collection_name = Expression.parse(collection_name)
-
-      @name     = "#{@variable_name}-#{collection_name}"
-      @reversed = p.id?('reversed')
+      @reversed = p.id?('reversed'.freeze)

      while p.look(:id) && p.look(:colon, 1)
-        unless (attribute = p.id?('limit') || p.id?('offset'))
-          raise SyntaxError, options[:locale].t("errors.syntax.for_invalid_attribute")
+        unless attribute = p.id?('limit'.freeze) || p.id?('offset'.freeze)
+          raise SyntaxError.new(options[:locale].t("errors.syntax.for_invalid_attribute".freeze))
        end
        p.consume
        set_attribute(attribute, p.expression)
@@ -129,96 +161,27 @@ module Liquid

    private

-    def collection_segment(context)
-      offsets = context.registers[:for] ||= {}
-
-      from = if @from == :continue
-        offsets[@name].to_i
-      else
-        from_value = context.evaluate(@from)
-        if from_value.nil?
-          0
-        else
-          Utils.to_integer(from_value)
-        end
-      end
-
-      collection = context.evaluate(@collection_name)
-      collection = collection.to_a if collection.is_a?(Range)
-
-      limit_value = context.evaluate(@limit)
-      to = if limit_value.nil?
-        nil
-      else
-        Utils.to_integer(limit_value) + from
-      end
-
-      segment = Utils.slice_collection(collection, from, to)
-      segment.reverse! if @reversed
-
-      offsets[@name] = from + segment.length
-
-      segment
-    end
-
-    def render_segment(context, output, segment)
-      for_stack = context.registers[:for_stack] ||= []
-      length    = segment.length
-
-      context.stack do
-        loop_vars = Liquid::ForloopDrop.new(@name, length, for_stack[-1])
-
-        for_stack.push(loop_vars)
-
-        begin
-          context['forloop'] = loop_vars
-
-          segment.each do |item|
-            context[@variable_name] = item
-            @for_block.render_to_output_buffer(context, output)
-            loop_vars.send(:increment!)
-
-            # Handle any interrupts if they exist.
-            next unless context.interrupt?
-            interrupt = context.pop_interrupt
-            break if interrupt.is_a?(BreakInterrupt)
-            next if interrupt.is_a?(ContinueInterrupt)
-          end
-        ensure
-          for_stack.pop
-        end
-      end
-
-      output
-    end
-
    def set_attribute(key, expr)
      case key
-      when 'offset'
-        @from = if expr == 'continue'
+      when 'offset'.freeze
+        @from = if expr == 'continue'.freeze
          :continue
        else
          Expression.parse(expr)
        end
-      when 'limit'
+      when 'limit'.freeze
        @limit = Expression.parse(expr)
      end
    end

-    def render_else(context, output)
-      if @else_block
-        @else_block.render_to_output_buffer(context, output)
-      else
-        output
-      end
+    def render_else(context)
+      return @else_block ? [render_all(@else_block, context)] : ''.freeze
    end

-    class ParseTreeVisitor < Liquid::ParseTreeVisitor
-      def children
-        (super + [@node.limit, @node.from, @node.collection_name]).compact
-      end
+    def iterable?(collection)
+      collection.respond_to?(:each) || Utils.non_blank_string?(collection)
    end
  end

-  Template.register_tag('for', For)
+  Template.register_tag('for'.freeze, For)
 end
--- a/lib/liquid/tags/if.rb
+++ b/lib/liquid/tags/if.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
-
 module Liquid
  # If is the conditional block
  #
@@ -12,115 +10,97 @@ module Liquid
  #    There are {% if count < 5 %} less {% else %} more {% endif %} items than you need.
  #
  class If < Block
-    Syntax                  = /(#{QuotedFragment})\s*([=!<>a-z_]+)?\s*(#{QuotedFragment})?/o
+    Syntax = /(#{QuotedFragment})\s*([=!<>a-z_]+)?\s*(#{QuotedFragment})?/o
    ExpressionsAndOperators = /(?:\b(?:\s?and\s?|\s?or\s?)\b|(?:\s*(?!\b(?:\s?and\s?|\s?or\s?)\b)(?:#{QuotedFragment}|\S+)\s*)+)/o
-    BOOLEAN_OPERATORS       = %w(and or).freeze
-
-    attr_reader :blocks
+    BOOLEAN_OPERATORS = %w(and or)

    def initialize(tag_name, markup, options)
      super
      @blocks = []
-      push_block('if', markup)
+      push_block('if'.freeze, markup)
    end

    def nodelist
-      @blocks.map(&:attachment)
-    end
-
-    def parse(tokens)
-      while parse_body(@blocks.last.attachment, tokens)
-      end
-      if blank?
-        @blocks.each { |condition| condition.attachment.remove_blank_strings }
-      end
+      @blocks.flat_map(&:attachment)
    end

    def unknown_tag(tag, markup, tokens)
-      if ['elsif', 'else'].include?(tag)
+      if ['elsif'.freeze, 'else'.freeze].include?(tag)
        push_block(tag, markup)
      else
        super
      end
    end

-    def render_to_output_buffer(context, output)
-      @blocks.each do |block|
-        if block.evaluate(context)
-          return block.attachment.render_to_output_buffer(context, output)
+    def render(context)
+      context.stack do
+        @blocks.each do |block|
+          if block.evaluate(context)
+            return render_all(block.attachment, context)
+          end
        end
+        ''.freeze
      end
-
-      output
    end

    private

-    def push_block(tag, markup)
-      block = if tag == 'else'
-        ElseCondition.new
-      else
-        parse_with_selected_parser(markup)
+      def push_block(tag, markup)
+        block = if tag == 'else'.freeze
+          ElseCondition.new
+        else
+          parse_with_selected_parser(markup)
+        end
+
+        @blocks.push(block)
+        @nodelist = block.attach(Array.new)
      end

-      @blocks.push(block)
-      block.attach(new_body)
-    end
+      def lax_parse(markup)
+        expressions = markup.scan(ExpressionsAndOperators)
+        raise(SyntaxError.new(options[:locale].t("errors.syntax.if".freeze))) unless expressions.pop =~ Syntax

-    def lax_parse(markup)
-      expressions = markup.scan(ExpressionsAndOperators)
-      raise SyntaxError, options[:locale].t("errors.syntax.if") unless expressions.pop =~ Syntax
+        condition = Condition.new(Expression.parse($1), $2, Expression.parse($3))

-      condition = Condition.new(Expression.parse(Regexp.last_match(1)), Regexp.last_match(2), Expression.parse(Regexp.last_match(3)))
+        while not expressions.empty?
+          operator = expressions.pop.to_s.strip

-      until expressions.empty?
-        operator = expressions.pop.to_s.strip
+          raise(SyntaxError.new(options[:locale].t("errors.syntax.if".freeze))) unless expressions.pop.to_s =~ Syntax

-        raise SyntaxError, options[:locale].t("errors.syntax.if") unless expressions.pop.to_s =~ Syntax
+          new_condition = Condition.new(Expression.parse($1), $2, Expression.parse($3))
+          raise(SyntaxError.new(options[:locale].t("errors.syntax.if".freeze))) unless BOOLEAN_OPERATORS.include?(operator)
+          new_condition.send(operator, condition)
+          condition = new_condition
+        end

-        new_condition = Condition.new(Expression.parse(Regexp.last_match(1)), Regexp.last_match(2), Expression.parse(Regexp.last_match(3)))
-        raise SyntaxError, options[:locale].t("errors.syntax.if") unless BOOLEAN_OPERATORS.include?(operator)
-        new_condition.send(operator, condition)
-        condition = new_condition
+        condition
      end

-      condition
-    end
+      def strict_parse(markup)
+        p = Parser.new(markup)

-    def strict_parse(markup)
-      p = Parser.new(markup)
-      condition = parse_binary_comparisons(p)
-      p.consume(:end_of_string)
-      condition
-    end
+        condition = parse_comparison(p)

-    def parse_binary_comparisons(p)
-      condition = parse_comparison(p)
-      first_condition = condition
-      while (op = (p.id?('and') || p.id?('or')))
-        child_condition = parse_comparison(p)
-        condition.send(op, child_condition)
-        condition = child_condition
+        while op = (p.id?('and'.freeze) || p.id?('or'.freeze))
+          new_cond = parse_comparison(p)
+          new_cond.send(op, condition)
+          condition = new_cond
+        end
+        p.consume(:end_of_string)
+
+        condition
      end
-      first_condition
-    end

-    def parse_comparison(p)
-      a = Expression.parse(p.expression)
-      if (op = p.consume?(:comparison))
-        b = Expression.parse(p.expression)
-        Condition.new(a, op, b)
-      else
-        Condition.new(a)
+      def parse_comparison(p)
+        a = Expression.parse(p.expression)
+        if op = p.consume?(:comparison)
+          b = Expression.parse(p.expression)
+          Condition.new(a, op, b)
+        else
+          Condition.new(a)
+        end
      end
-    end
-
-    class ParseTreeVisitor < Liquid::ParseTreeVisitor
-      def children
-        @node.blocks
-      end
-    end
  end

-  Template.register_tag('if', If)
+  Template.register_tag('if'.freeze, If)
 end
--- a/lib/liquid/tags/ifchanged.rb
+++ b/lib/liquid/tags/ifchanged.rb
@@ -1,19 +1,20 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
-
 module Liquid
  class Ifchanged < Block
-    def render_to_output_buffer(context, output)
-      block_output = +''
-      super(context, block_output)

-      if block_output != context.registers[:ifchanged]
-        context.registers[:ifchanged] = block_output
-        output << block_output
+    def render(context)
+      context.stack do
+
+        output = super
+
+        if output != context.registers[:ifchanged]
+          context.registers[:ifchanged] = output
+          output
+        else
+          ''.freeze
+        end
      end
-
-      output
    end
  end

-  Template.register_tag('ifchanged', Ifchanged)
+  Template.register_tag('ifchanged'.freeze, Ifchanged)
 end
--- a/lib/liquid/tags/include.rb
+++ b/lib/liquid/tags/include.rb
@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
-
 module Liquid
+
  # Include allows templates to relate with other templates
  #
  # Simply include another template:
@@ -16,96 +15,93 @@ module Liquid
  #   {% include 'product' for products %}
  #
  class Include < Tag
-    prepend Tag::Disableable
-
-    SYNTAX = /(#{QuotedFragment}+)(\s+(?:with|for)\s+(#{QuotedFragment}+))?(\s+(?:as)\s+(#{VariableSegment}+))?/o
-    Syntax = SYNTAX
-
-    attr_reader :template_name_expr, :variable_name_expr, :attributes
+    Syntax = /(#{QuotedFragment}+)(\s+(?:with|for)\s+(#{QuotedFragment}+))?/o

    def initialize(tag_name, markup, options)
      super

-      if markup =~ SYNTAX
+      if markup =~ Syntax

-        template_name = Regexp.last_match(1)
-        variable_name = Regexp.last_match(3)
+        template_name = $1
+        variable_name = $3

-        @alias_name         = Regexp.last_match(5)
-        @variable_name_expr = variable_name ? Expression.parse(variable_name) : nil
-        @template_name_expr = Expression.parse(template_name)
-        @attributes         = {}
+        @variable_name = Expression.parse(variable_name || template_name[1..-2])
+        @context_variable_name = template_name[1..-2].split('/'.freeze).last
+        @template_name = Expression.parse(template_name)
+        @attributes    = {}

        markup.scan(TagAttributes) do |key, value|
          @attributes[key] = Expression.parse(value)
        end

      else
-        raise SyntaxError, options[:locale].t("errors.syntax.include")
+        raise SyntaxError.new(options[:locale].t("errors.syntax.include".freeze))
      end
    end

-    def parse(_tokens)
+    def parse(tokens)
    end

-    def render_to_output_buffer(context, output)
-      template_name = context.evaluate(@template_name_expr)
-      raise ArgumentError, options[:locale].t("errors.argument.include") unless template_name
+    def render(context)
+      partial = load_cached_partial(context)
+      variable = context.evaluate(@variable_name)

-      partial = PartialCache.load(
-        template_name,
-        context: context,
-        parse_context: parse_context
-      )
-
-      context_variable_name = @alias_name || template_name.split('/').last
-
-      variable = if @variable_name_expr
-        context.evaluate(@variable_name_expr)
-      else
-        context.find_variable(template_name, raise_on_not_found: false)
-      end
-
-      old_template_name = context.template_name
-      old_partial       = context.partial
-      begin
-        context.template_name = template_name
-        context.partial       = true
-        context.stack do
-          @attributes.each do |key, value|
-            context[key] = context.evaluate(value)
-          end
-
-          if variable.is_a?(Array)
-            variable.each do |var|
-              context[context_variable_name] = var
-              partial.render_to_output_buffer(context, output)
-            end
-          else
-            context[context_variable_name] = variable
-            partial.render_to_output_buffer(context, output)
-          end
+      context.stack do
+        @attributes.each do |key, value|
+          context[key] = context.evaluate(value)
        end
-      ensure
-        context.template_name = old_template_name
-        context.partial       = old_partial
-      end

-      output
-    end
-
-    alias_method :parse_context, :options
-    private :parse_context
-
-    class ParseTreeVisitor < Liquid::ParseTreeVisitor
-      def children
-        [
-          @node.template_name_expr,
-          @node.variable_name_expr,
-        ] + @node.attributes.values
+        if variable.is_a?(Array)
+          variable.collect do |var|
+            context[@context_variable_name] = var
+            partial.render(context)
+          end
+        else
+          context[@context_variable_name] = variable
+          partial.render(context)
+        end
      end
    end
+
+    private
+      def load_cached_partial(context)
+        cached_partials = context.registers[:cached_partials] || {}
+        template_name = context.evaluate(@template_name)
+
+        if cached = cached_partials[template_name]
+          return cached
+        end
+        source = read_template_from_file_system(context)
+        partial = Liquid::Template.parse(source, pass_options)
+        cached_partials[template_name] = partial
+        context.registers[:cached_partials] = cached_partials
+        partial
+      end
+
+      def read_template_from_file_system(context)
+        file_system = context.registers[:file_system] || Liquid::Template.file_system
+
+        # make read_template_file call backwards-compatible.
+        case file_system.method(:read_template_file).arity
+        when 1
+          file_system.read_template_file(context.evaluate(@template_name))
+        when 2
+          file_system.read_template_file(context.evaluate(@template_name), context)
+        else
+          raise ArgumentError, "file_system.read_template_file expects two parameters: (template_name, context)"
+        end
+      end
+
+      def pass_options
+        dont_pass = @options[:include_options_blacklist]
+        return {locale: @options[:locale]} if dont_pass == true
+        opts = @options.merge(included: true, include_options_blacklist: false)
+        if dont_pass.is_a?(Array)
+          dont_pass.each {|o| opts.delete(o)}
+        end
+        opts
+      end
  end

-  Template.register_tag('include', Include)
+  Template.register_tag('include'.freeze, Include)
 end
--- a/lib/liquid/tags/increment.rb
+++ b/lib/liquid/tags/increment.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
-
 module Liquid
  # increment is used in a place where one needs to insert a counter
  #     into a template, and needs the counter to survive across
@@ -22,14 +20,12 @@ module Liquid
      @variable = markup.strip
    end

-    def render_to_output_buffer(context, output)
+    def render(context)
      value = context.environments.first[@variable] ||= 0
      context.environments.first[@variable] = value + 1
-
-      output << value.to_s
-      output
+      value.to_s
    end
  end

-  Template.register_tag('increment', Increment)
+  Template.register_tag('increment'.freeze, Increment)
 end
--- a/lib/liquid/tags/raw.rb
+++ b/lib/liquid/tags/raw.rb
@@ -1,50 +1,19 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
-
 module Liquid
  class Raw < Block
-    Syntax = /\A\s*\z/
    FullTokenPossiblyInvalid = /\A(.*)#{TagStart}\s*(\w+)\s*(.*)?#{TagEnd}\z/om

-    def initialize(tag_name, markup, parse_context)
-      super
-
-      ensure_valid_markup(tag_name, markup, parse_context)
-    end
-
    def parse(tokens)
-      @body = +''
-      while (token = tokens.shift)
+      @nodelist ||= []
+      @nodelist.clear
+      while token = tokens.shift
        if token =~ FullTokenPossiblyInvalid
-          @body << Regexp.last_match(1) if Regexp.last_match(1) != ""
-          return if block_delimiter == Regexp.last_match(2)
+          @nodelist << $1 if $1 != "".freeze
+          return if block_delimiter == $2
        end
-        @body << token unless token.empty?
-      end
-
-      raise SyntaxError, parse_context.locale.t("errors.syntax.tag_never_closed", block_name: block_name)
-    end
-
-    def render_to_output_buffer(_context, output)
-      output << @body
-      output
-    end
-
-    def nodelist
-      [@body]
-    end
-
-    def blank?
-      @body.empty?
-    end
-
-    protected
-
-    def ensure_valid_markup(tag_name, markup, parse_context)
-      unless Syntax.match?(markup)
-        raise SyntaxError, parse_context.locale.t("errors.syntax.tag_unexpected_args", tag: tag_name)
+        @nodelist << token if not token.empty?
      end
    end
  end

-  Template.register_tag('raw', Raw)
+  Template.register_tag('raw'.freeze, Raw)
 end
--- a/lib/liquid/tags/render.rb
+++ b/lib/liquid/tags/render.rb
@@ -1,84 +0,0 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
-
-module Liquid
-  class Render < Tag
-    FOR = 'for'
-    SYNTAX = /(#{QuotedString}+)(\s+(with|#{FOR})\s+(#{QuotedFragment}+))?(\s+(?:as)\s+(#{VariableSegment}+))?/o
-
-    disable_tags "include"
-
-    attr_reader :template_name_expr, :attributes
-
-    def initialize(tag_name, markup, options)
-      super
-
-      raise SyntaxError, options[:locale].t("errors.syntax.render") unless markup =~ SYNTAX
-
-      template_name = Regexp.last_match(1)
-      with_or_for = Regexp.last_match(3)
-      variable_name = Regexp.last_match(4)
-
-      @alias_name = Regexp.last_match(6)
-      @variable_name_expr = variable_name ? Expression.parse(variable_name) : nil
-      @template_name_expr = Expression.parse(template_name)
-      @for = (with_or_for == FOR)
-
-      @attributes = {}
-      markup.scan(TagAttributes) do |key, value|
-        @attributes[key] = Expression.parse(value)
-      end
-    end
-
-    def render_to_output_buffer(context, output)
-      render_tag(context, output)
-    end
-
-    def render_tag(context, output)
-      # Though we evaluate this here we will only ever parse it as a string literal.
-      template_name = context.evaluate(@template_name_expr)
-      raise ArgumentError, options[:locale].t("errors.argument.include") unless template_name
-
-      partial = PartialCache.load(
-        template_name,
-        context: context,
-        parse_context: parse_context
-      )
-
-      context_variable_name = @alias_name || template_name.split('/').last
-
-      render_partial_func = ->(var, forloop) {
-        inner_context               = context.new_isolated_subcontext
-        inner_context.template_name = template_name
-        inner_context.partial       = true
-        inner_context['forloop']    = forloop if forloop
-
-        @attributes.each do |key, value|
-          inner_context[key] = context.evaluate(value)
-        end
-        inner_context[context_variable_name] = var unless var.nil?
-        partial.render_to_output_buffer(inner_context, output)
-        forloop&.send(:increment!)
-      }
-
-      variable = @variable_name_expr ? context.evaluate(@variable_name_expr) : nil
-      if @for && variable.respond_to?(:each) && variable.respond_to?(:count)
-        forloop = Liquid::ForloopDrop.new(template_name, variable.count, nil)
-        variable.each { |var| render_partial_func.call(var, forloop) }
-      else
-        render_partial_func.call(variable, nil)
-      end
-
-      output
-    end
-
-    class ParseTreeVisitor < Liquid::ParseTreeVisitor
-      def children
-        [
-          @node.template_name_expr,
-        ] + @node.attributes.values
-      end
-    end
-  end
-
-  Template.register_tag('render', Render)
-end
--- a/lib/liquid/tags/table_row.rb
+++ b/lib/liquid/tags/table_row.rb
@@ -1,66 +1,73 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
-
 module Liquid
  class TableRow < Block
    Syntax = /(\w+)\s+in\s+(#{QuotedFragment}+)/o

-    attr_reader :variable_name, :collection_name, :attributes
-
    def initialize(tag_name, markup, options)
      super
      if markup =~ Syntax
-        @variable_name   = Regexp.last_match(1)
-        @collection_name = Expression.parse(Regexp.last_match(2))
-        @attributes      = {}
+        @variable_name = $1
+        @collection_name = Expression.parse($2)
+        @attributes = {}
        markup.scan(TagAttributes) do |key, value|
          @attributes[key] = Expression.parse(value)
        end
      else
-        raise SyntaxError, options[:locale].t("errors.syntax.table_row")
+        raise SyntaxError.new(options[:locale].t("errors.syntax.table_row".freeze))
      end
    end

-    def render_to_output_buffer(context, output)
-      (collection = context.evaluate(@collection_name)) || (return '')
+    def render(context)
+      collection = context.evaluate(@collection_name) or return ''.freeze

-      from = @attributes.key?('offset') ? context.evaluate(@attributes['offset']).to_i : 0
-      to   = @attributes.key?('limit')  ? from + context.evaluate(@attributes['limit']).to_i : nil
+      from = @attributes.key?('offset'.freeze) ? context.evaluate(@attributes['offset'.freeze]).to_i : 0
+      to = @attributes.key?('limit'.freeze) ? from + context.evaluate(@attributes['limit'.freeze]).to_i : nil

      collection = Utils.slice_collection(collection, from, to)
-      length     = collection.length

-      cols = context.evaluate(@attributes['cols']).to_i
+      length = collection.length

-      output << "<tr class=\"row1\">\n"
+      cols = context.evaluate(@attributes['cols'.freeze]).to_i
+
+      row = 1
+      col = 0
+
+      result = "<tr class=\"row1\">\n"
      context.stack do
-        tablerowloop = Liquid::TablerowloopDrop.new(length, cols)
-        context['tablerowloop'] = tablerowloop

-        collection.each do |item|
+        collection.each_with_index do |item, index|
          context[@variable_name] = item
+          context['tablerowloop'.freeze] = {
+            'length'.freeze    => length,
+            'index'.freeze     => index + 1,
+            'index0'.freeze    => index,
+            'col'.freeze       => col + 1,
+            'col0'.freeze      => col,
+            'index0'.freeze    => index,
+            'rindex'.freeze    => length - index,
+            'rindex0'.freeze   => length - index - 1,
+            'first'.freeze     => (index == 0),
+            'last'.freeze      => (index == length - 1),
+            'col_first'.freeze => (col == 0),
+            'col_last'.freeze  => (col == cols - 1)
+          }

-          output << "<td class=\"col#{tablerowloop.col}\">"
-          super
-          output << '</td>'

-          if tablerowloop.col_last && !tablerowloop.last
-            output << "</tr>\n<tr class=\"row#{tablerowloop.row + 1}\">"
+          col += 1
+
+          result << "<td class=\"col#{col}\">" << super << '</td>'
+
+          if col == cols and (index != length - 1)
+            col  = 0
+            row += 1
+            result << "</tr>\n<tr class=\"row#{row}\">"
          end

-          tablerowloop.send(:increment!)
        end
      end
-
-      output << "</tr>\n"
-      output
-    end
-
-    class ParseTreeVisitor < Liquid::ParseTreeVisitor
-      def children
-        super + @node.attributes.values + [@node.collection_name]
-      end
+      result << "</tr>\n"
+      result
    end
  end

-  Template.register_tag('tablerow', TableRow)
+  Template.register_tag('tablerow'.freeze, TableRow)
 end
--- a/lib/liquid/tags/unless.rb
+++ b/lib/liquid/tags/unless.rb
@@ -1,30 +1,31 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
-
-require_relative 'if'
+require File.dirname(__FILE__) + '/if'

 module Liquid
  # Unless is a conditional just like 'if' but works on the inverse logic.
  #
-  #   {% unless x < 0 %} x is greater than zero {% endunless %}
+  #   {% unless x < 0 %} x is greater than zero {% end %}
  #
  class Unless < If
-    def render_to_output_buffer(context, output)
-      # First condition is interpreted backwards ( if not )
-      first_block = @blocks.first
-      unless first_block.evaluate(context)
-        return first_block.attachment.render_to_output_buffer(context, output)
-      end
+    def render(context)
+      context.stack do

-      # After the first condition unless works just like if
-      @blocks[1..-1].each do |block|
-        if block.evaluate(context)
-          return block.attachment.render_to_output_buffer(context, output)
+        # First condition is interpreted backwards ( if not )
+        first_block = @blocks.first
+        unless first_block.evaluate(context)
+          return render_all(first_block.attachment, context)
        end
-      end

-      output
+        # After the first condition unless works just like if
+        @blocks[1..-1].each do |block|
+          if block.evaluate(context)
+            return render_all(block.attachment, context)
+          end
+        end
+
+        ''.freeze
+      end
    end
  end

-  Template.register_tag('unless', Unless)
+  Template.register_tag('unless'.freeze, Unless)
 end
--- a/lib/liquid/template.rb
+++ b/lib/liquid/template.rb
@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
-
 module Liquid
+
  # Templates are central to liquid.
  # Interpretating templates is a two step process. First you compile the
  # source code you got. During compile time some extensive error checking is performed.
@@ -15,19 +14,21 @@ module Liquid
  #   template.render('user_name' => 'bob')
  #
  class Template
-    attr_accessor :root
-    attr_reader :resource_limits, :warnings
+    DEFAULT_OPTIONS = {
+      :locale => I18n.new
+    }
+
+    attr_accessor :root, :resource_limits
+    @@file_system = BlankFileSystem.new

    class TagRegistry
-      include Enumerable
-
      def initialize
        @tags  = {}
        @cache = {}
      end

      def [](tag_name)
-        return nil unless @tags.key?(tag_name)
+        return nil unless @tags.has_key?(tag_name)
        return @cache[tag_name] if Liquid.cache_classes

        lookup_class(@tags[tag_name]).tap { |o| @cache[tag_name] = o }
@@ -43,14 +44,10 @@ module Liquid
        @cache.delete(tag_name)
      end

-      def each(&block)
-        @tags.each(&block)
-      end
-
      private

      def lookup_class(name)
-        Object.const_get(name)
+        name.split("::").reject(&:empty?).reduce(Object) { |scope, const| scope.const_get(const) }
      end
    end

@@ -61,60 +58,77 @@ module Liquid
      # :lax acts like liquid 2.5 and silently ignores malformed tags in most cases.
      # :warn is the default and will give deprecation warnings when invalid syntax is used.
      # :strict will enforce correct syntax.
-      attr_accessor :error_mode
-      Template.error_mode = :lax
+      attr_writer :error_mode

-      attr_accessor :default_exception_renderer
-      Template.default_exception_renderer = lambda do |exception|
-        exception
+      # Sets how strict the taint checker should be.
+      # :lax is the default, and ignores the taint flag completely
+      # :warn adds a warning, but does not interrupt the rendering
+      # :error raises an error when tainted output is used
+      attr_writer :taint_mode
+
+      def file_system
+        @@file_system
      end

-      attr_accessor :file_system
-      Template.file_system = BlankFileSystem.new
-
-      attr_accessor :tags
-      Template.tags = TagRegistry.new
-      private :tags=
+      def file_system=(obj)
+        @@file_system = obj
+      end

      def register_tag(name, klass)
        tags[name.to_s] = klass
      end

+      def tags
+        @tags ||= TagRegistry.new
+      end
+
+      def error_mode
+        @error_mode || :lax
+      end
+
+      def taint_mode
+        @taint_mode || :lax
+      end
+
      # Pass a module with filter methods which should be available
      # to all liquid views. Good for registering the standard library
      def register_filter(mod)
-        StrainerFactory.add_global_filter(mod)
+        Strainer.global_filter(mod)
      end

-      attr_accessor :default_resource_limits
-      Template.default_resource_limits = {}
-      private :default_resource_limits=
+      def default_resource_limits
+        @default_resource_limits ||= {}
+      end

      # creates a new <tt>Template</tt> object from liquid source code
      # To enable profiling, pass in <tt>profile: true</tt> as an option.
      # See Liquid::Profiler for more information
      def parse(source, options = {})
-        new.parse(source, options)
+        template = Template.new
+        template.parse(source, options)
      end
    end

    def initialize
-      @rethrow_errors  = false
-      @resource_limits = ResourceLimits.new(Template.default_resource_limits)
+      @resource_limits = self.class.default_resource_limits.dup
    end

    # Parse source code.
    # Returns self for easy chaining
    def parse(source, options = {})
-      @options      = options
-      @profiling    = options[:profile]
+      @options = options
+      @profiling = options[:profile]
      @line_numbers = options[:line_numbers] || @profiling
-      parse_context = options.is_a?(ParseContext) ? options : ParseContext.new(options)
-      @root         = Document.parse(tokenize(source), parse_context)
-      @warnings     = parse_context.warnings
+      @root = Document.parse(tokenize(source), DEFAULT_OPTIONS.merge(options))
+      @warnings = nil
      self
    end

+    def warnings
+      return [] unless @root
+      @warnings ||= @root.warnings
+    end
+
    def registers
      @registers ||= {}
    end
@@ -146,19 +160,19 @@ module Liquid
    #    filters and tags and might be useful to integrate liquid more with its host application
    #
    def render(*args)
-      return '' if @root.nil?
+      return ''.freeze if @root.nil?

      context = case args.first
      when Liquid::Context
        c = args.shift

        if @rethrow_errors
-          c.exception_renderer = ->(_e) { raise }
+          c.exception_handler = ->(e) { true }
        end

        c
      when Liquid::Drop
-        drop         = args.shift
+        drop = args.shift
        drop.context = Context.new([drop, assigns], instance_assigns, registers, @rethrow_errors, @resource_limits)
      when Hash
        Context.new([args.shift, assigns], instance_assigns, registers, @rethrow_errors, @resource_limits)
@@ -168,33 +182,34 @@ module Liquid
        raise ArgumentError, "Expected Hash or Liquid::Context as parameter"
      end

-      output = nil
-
-      context_register = context.registers.is_a?(StaticRegisters) ? context.registers.static : context.registers
-
      case args.last
      when Hash
        options = args.pop
-        output  = options[:output] if options[:output]

-        options[:registers]&.each do |key, register|
-          context_register[key] = register
+        if options[:registers].is_a?(Hash)
+          self.registers.merge!(options[:registers])
        end

-        apply_options_to_context(context, options)
-      when Module, Array
+        if options[:filters]
+          context.add_filters(options[:filters])
+        end
+
+        if options[:exception_handler]
+          context.exception_handler = options[:exception_handler]
+        end
+      when Module
+        context.add_filters(args.pop)
+      when Array
        context.add_filters(args.pop)
      end

-      # Retrying a render resets resource usage
-      context.resource_limits.reset
-
      begin
        # render the nodelist.
        # for performance reasons we get an array back here. join will make a string out of it.
-        with_profiling(context) do
-          @root.render_to_output_buffer(context, output || +'')
+        result = with_profiling do
+          @root.render(context)
        end
+        result.respond_to?(:join) ? result.join : result
      rescue Liquid::MemoryError => e
        context.handle_error(e)
      ensure
@@ -207,21 +222,35 @@ module Liquid
      render(*args)
    end

-    def render_to_output_buffer(context, output)
-      render(context, output: output)
-    end
-
    private

+    # Uses the <tt>Liquid::TemplateParser</tt> regexp to tokenize the passed source
    def tokenize(source)
-      Tokenizer.new(source, @line_numbers)
+      source = source.source if source.respond_to?(:source)
+      return [] if source.to_s.empty?
+
+      tokens = calculate_line_numbers(source.split(TemplateParser))
+
+      # removes the rogue empty element at the beginning of the array
+      tokens.shift if tokens[0] and tokens[0].empty?
+
+      tokens
    end

-    def with_profiling(context)
-      if @profiling && !context.partial
-        raise "Profiler not loaded, require 'liquid/profiler' first" unless defined?(Liquid::Profiler)
+    def calculate_line_numbers(raw_tokens)
+      return raw_tokens unless @line_numbers

-        @profiler = Profiler.new(context.template_name)
+      current_line = 1
+      raw_tokens.map do |token|
+        Token.new(token, current_line).tap do
+          current_line += token.count("\n")
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    def with_profiling
+      if @profiling && !@options[:included]
+        @profiler = Profiler.new
        @profiler.start

        begin
@@ -233,13 +262,5 @@ module Liquid
        yield
      end
    end
-
-    def apply_options_to_context(context, options)
-      context.add_filters(options[:filters]) if options[:filters]
-      context.global_filter      = options[:global_filter] if options[:global_filter]
-      context.exception_renderer = options[:exception_renderer] if options[:exception_renderer]
-      context.strict_variables   = options[:strict_variables] if options[:strict_variables]
-      context.strict_filters     = options[:strict_filters] if options[:strict_filters]
-    end
  end
 end
--- a/lib/liquid/template_factory.rb
+++ b/lib/liquid/template_factory.rb
@@ -1,9 +0,0 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
-
-module Liquid
-  class TemplateFactory
-    def for(_template_name)
-      Liquid::Template.new
-    end
-  end
-end
--- a/lib/liquid/token.rb
+++ b/lib/liquid/token.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+module Liquid
+  class Token < String
+    attr_reader :line_number
+
+    def initialize(content, line_number)
+      super(content)
+      @line_number = line_number
+    end
+
+    def raw
+      "<raw>"
+    end
+
+    def child(string)
+      Token.new(string, @line_number)
+    end
+  end
+end
--- a/lib/liquid/tokenizer.rb
+++ b/lib/liquid/tokenizer.rb
@@ -1,39 +0,0 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
-
-module Liquid
-  class Tokenizer
-    attr_reader :line_number, :for_liquid_tag
-
-    def initialize(source, line_numbers = false, line_number: nil, for_liquid_tag: false)
-      @source         = source
-      @line_number    = line_number || (line_numbers ? 1 : nil)
-      @for_liquid_tag = for_liquid_tag
-      @tokens         = tokenize
-    end
-
-    def shift
-      (token = @tokens.shift) || return
-
-      if @line_number
-        @line_number += @for_liquid_tag ? 1 : token.count("\n")
-      end
-
-      token
-    end
-
-    private
-
-    def tokenize
-      return [] if @source.to_s.empty?
-
-      return @source.split("\n") if @for_liquid_tag
-
-      tokens = @source.split(TemplateParser)
-
-      # removes the rogue empty element at the beginning of the array
-      tokens.shift if tokens[0]&.empty?
-
-      tokens
-    end
-  end
-end
--- a/lib/liquid/usage.rb
+++ b/lib/liquid/usage.rb
@@ -1,8 +0,0 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
-
-module Liquid
-  module Usage
-    def self.increment(name)
-    end
-  end
-end
--- a/lib/liquid/utils.rb
+++ b/lib/liquid/utils.rb
@@ -1,26 +1,27 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
-
 module Liquid
  module Utils
+
    def self.slice_collection(collection, from, to)
-      if (from != 0 || !to.nil?) && collection.respond_to?(:load_slice)
+      if (from != 0 || to != nil) && collection.respond_to?(:load_slice)
        collection.load_slice(from, to)
      else
        slice_collection_using_each(collection, from, to)
      end
    end

+    def self.non_blank_string?(collection)
+      collection.is_a?(String) && collection != ''.freeze
+    end
+
    def self.slice_collection_using_each(collection, from, to)
      segments = []
-      index    = 0
+      index = 0

      # Maintains Ruby 1.8.7 String#each behaviour on 1.9
-      if collection.is_a?(String)
-        return collection.empty? ? [] : [collection]
-      end
-      return [] unless collection.respond_to?(:each)
+      return [collection] if non_blank_string?(collection)

      collection.each do |item|
+
        if to && to <= index
          break
        end
@@ -34,52 +35,5 @@ module Liquid

      segments
    end
-
-    def self.to_integer(num)
-      return num if num.is_a?(Integer)
-      num = num.to_s
-      begin
-        Integer(num)
-      rescue ::ArgumentError
-        raise Liquid::ArgumentError, "invalid integer"
-      end
-    end
-
-    def self.to_number(obj)
-      case obj
-      when Float
-        BigDecimal(obj.to_s)
-      when Numeric
-        obj
-      when String
-        /\A-?\d+\.\d+\z/.match?(obj.strip) ? BigDecimal(obj) : obj.to_i
-      else
-        if obj.respond_to?(:to_number)
-          obj.to_number
-        else
-          0
-        end
-      end
-    end
-
-    def self.to_date(obj)
-      return obj if obj.respond_to?(:strftime)
-
-      if obj.is_a?(String)
-        return nil if obj.empty?
-        obj = obj.downcase
-      end
-
-      case obj
-      when 'now', 'today'
-        Time.now
-      when /\A\d+\z/, Integer
-        Time.at(obj.to_i)
-      when String
-        Time.parse(obj)
-      end
-    rescue ::ArgumentError
-      nil
-    end
  end
 end
--- a/lib/liquid/variable.rb
+++ b/lib/liquid/variable.rb
@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
-
 module Liquid
+
  # Holds variables. Variables are only loaded "just in time"
  # and are not evaluated as part of the render stage
  #
@@ -12,23 +11,16 @@ module Liquid
  #   {{ user | link }}
  #
  class Variable
-    FilterMarkupRegex        = /#{FilterSeparator}\s*(.*)/om
-    FilterParser             = /(?:\s+|#{QuotedFragment}|#{ArgumentSeparator})+/o
-    FilterArgsRegex          = /(?:#{FilterArgumentSeparator}|#{ArgumentSeparator})\s*((?:\w+\s*\:\s*)?#{QuotedFragment})/o
-    JustTagAttributes        = /\A#{TagAttributes}\z/o
-    MarkupWithQuotedFragment = /(#{QuotedFragment})(.*)/om
-
-    attr_accessor :filters, :name, :line_number
-    attr_reader :parse_context
-    alias_method :options, :parse_context
-
+    FilterParser = /(?:\s+|#{QuotedFragment}|#{ArgumentSeparator})+/o
+    EasyParse = /\A *(\w+(?:\.\w+)*) *\z/
+    attr_accessor :filters, :name, :warnings
+    attr_accessor :line_number
    include ParserSwitching

-    def initialize(markup, parse_context)
-      @markup        = markup
-      @name          = nil
-      @parse_context = parse_context
-      @line_number   = parse_context.line_number
+    def initialize(markup, options = {})
+      @markup  = markup
+      @name    = nil
+      @options = options || {}

      parse_with_selected_parser(markup)
    end
@@ -43,27 +35,35 @@ module Liquid

    def lax_parse(markup)
      @filters = []
-      return unless markup =~ MarkupWithQuotedFragment
-
-      name_markup   = Regexp.last_match(1)
-      filter_markup = Regexp.last_match(2)
-      @name         = Expression.parse(name_markup)
-      if filter_markup =~ FilterMarkupRegex
-        filters = Regexp.last_match(1).scan(FilterParser)
-        filters.each do |f|
-          next unless f =~ /\w+/
-          filtername = Regexp.last_match(0)
-          filterargs = f.scan(FilterArgsRegex).flatten
-          @filters << parse_filter_expressions(filtername, filterargs)
+      if markup =~ /(#{QuotedFragment})(.*)/om
+        name_markup = $1
+        filter_markup = $2
+        @name = Expression.parse(name_markup)
+        if filter_markup =~ /#{FilterSeparator}\s*(.*)/om
+          filters = $1.scan(FilterParser)
+          filters.each do |f|
+            if f =~ /\w+/
+              filtername = Regexp.last_match(0)
+              filterargs = f.scan(/(?:#{FilterArgumentSeparator}|#{ArgumentSeparator})\s*((?:\w+\s*\:\s*)?#{QuotedFragment})/o).flatten
+              @filters << parse_filter_expressions(filtername, filterargs)
+            end
+          end
        end
      end
    end

    def strict_parse(markup)
+      # Very simple valid cases
+      if markup =~ EasyParse
+        @name = Expression.parse($1)
+        @filters = []
+        return
+      end
+
      @filters = []
      p = Parser.new(markup)
-
-      @name = Expression.parse(p.expression)
+      # Could be just filters with no input
+      @name = p.look(:pipe) ? nil : Expression.parse(p.expression)
      while p.consume?(:pipe)
        filtername = p.consume(:id)
        filterargs = p.consume?(:colon) ? parse_filterargs(p) : []
@@ -76,60 +76,38 @@ module Liquid
      # first argument
      filterargs = [p.argument]
      # followed by comma separated others
-      filterargs << p.argument while p.consume?(:comma)
+      while p.consume?(:comma)
+        filterargs << p.argument
+      end
      filterargs
    end

    def render(context)
-      obj = @filters.inject(context.evaluate(@name)) do |output, (filter_name, filter_args, filter_kwargs)|
+      @filters.inject(context.evaluate(@name)) do |output, (filter_name, filter_args, filter_kwargs)|
        filter_args = evaluate_filter_expressions(context, filter_args, filter_kwargs)
-        context.invoke(filter_name, output, *filter_args)
-      end
-
-      context.apply_global_filter(obj)
-    end
-
-    def render_to_output_buffer(context, output)
-      obj = render(context)
-
-      if obj.is_a?(Array)
-        output << obj.join
-      elsif obj.nil?
-      else
-        output << obj.to_s
-      end
-
-      output
-    end
-
-    def disabled?(_context)
-      false
-    end
-
-    def disabled_tags
-      []
+        output = context.invoke(filter_name, output, *filter_args)
+      end.tap{ |obj| taint_check(obj) }
    end

    private

    def parse_filter_expressions(filter_name, unparsed_args)
-      filter_args  = []
-      keyword_args = nil
+      filter_args = []
+      keyword_args = {}
      unparsed_args.each do |a|
-        if (matches = a.match(JustTagAttributes))
-          keyword_args           ||= {}
+        if matches = a.match(/\A#{TagAttributes}\z/o)
          keyword_args[matches[1]] = Expression.parse(matches[2])
        else
          filter_args << Expression.parse(a)
        end
      end
      result = [filter_name, filter_args]
-      result << keyword_args if keyword_args
+      result << keyword_args unless keyword_args.empty?
      result
    end

    def evaluate_filter_expressions(context, filter_args, filter_kwargs)
-      parsed_args = filter_args.map { |expr| context.evaluate(expr) }
+      parsed_args = filter_args.map{ |expr| context.evaluate(expr) }
      if filter_kwargs
        parsed_kwargs = {}
        filter_kwargs.each do |key, expr|
@@ -140,9 +118,17 @@ module Liquid
      parsed_args
    end

-    class ParseTreeVisitor < Liquid::ParseTreeVisitor
-      def children
-        [@node.name] + @node.filters.flatten
+    def taint_check(obj)
+      if obj.tainted?
+        @markup =~ QuotedFragment
+        name = Regexp.last_match(0)
+        case Template.taint_mode
+        when :warn
+          @warnings ||= []
+          @warnings << "variable '#{name}' is tainted and was not escaped"
+        when :error
+          raise TaintedError, "Error - variable '#{name}' is tainted and was not escaped"
+        end
      end
    end
  end
--- a/lib/liquid/variable_lookup.rb
+++ b/lib/liquid/variable_lookup.rb
@@ -1,11 +1,7 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
-
 module Liquid
  class VariableLookup
    SQUARE_BRACKETED = /\A\[(.*)\]\z/m
-    COMMAND_METHODS  = ['size', 'first', 'last'].freeze
-
-    attr_reader :name, :lookups
+    COMMAND_METHODS = ['size'.freeze, 'first'.freeze, 'last'.freeze]

    def self.parse(markup)
      new(markup)
@@ -16,17 +12,17 @@ module Liquid

      name = lookups.shift
      if name =~ SQUARE_BRACKETED
-        name = Expression.parse(Regexp.last_match(1))
+        name = Expression.parse($1)
      end
      @name = name

-      @lookups       = lookups
+      @lookups = lookups
      @command_flags = 0

      @lookups.each_index do |i|
        lookup = lookups[i]
        if lookup =~ SQUARE_BRACKETED
-          lookups[i] = Expression.parse(Regexp.last_match(1))
+          lookups[i] = Expression.parse($1)
        elsif COMMAND_METHODS.include?(lookup)
          @command_flags |= 1 << i
        end
@@ -34,7 +30,7 @@ module Liquid
    end

    def evaluate(context)
-      name   = context.evaluate(@name)
+      name = context.evaluate(@name)
      object = context.find_variable(name)

      @lookups.each_index do |i|
@@ -43,11 +39,11 @@ module Liquid
        # If object is a hash- or array-like object we look for the
        # presence of the key and if its available we return it
        if object.respond_to?(:[]) &&
-            ((object.respond_to?(:key?) && object.key?(key)) ||
-             (object.respond_to?(:fetch) && key.is_a?(Integer)))
+          ((object.respond_to?(:has_key?) && object.has_key?(key)) ||
+           (object.respond_to?(:fetch) && key.is_a?(Integer)))

          # if its a proc we will replace the entry with the proc
-          res    = context.lookup_and_evaluate(object, key)
+          res = context.lookup_and_evaluate(object, key)
          object = res.to_liquid

          # Some special cases. If the part wasn't in square brackets and
@@ -57,11 +53,9 @@ module Liquid
          object = object.send(key).to_liquid

          # No key was present with the desired value and it wasn't one of the directly supported
-          # keywords either. The only thing we got left is to return nil or
-          # raise an exception if `strict_variables` option is set to true
+          # keywords either. The only thing we got left is to return nil
        else
-          return nil unless context.strict_variables
-          raise Liquid::UndefinedVariable, "undefined variable #{key}"
+          return nil
        end

        # If we are dealing with a drop here we have to
@@ -72,7 +66,7 @@ module Liquid
    end

    def ==(other)
-      self.class == other.class && state == other.state
+      self.class == other.class && self.state == other.state
    end

    protected
@@ -80,11 +74,5 @@ module Liquid
    def state
      [@name, @lookups, @command_flags]
    end
-
-    class ParseTreeVisitor < Liquid::ParseTreeVisitor
-      def children
-        @node.lookups
-      end
-    end
  end
 end
--- a/lib/liquid/version.rb
+++ b/lib/liquid/version.rb
@@ -1,6 +1,4 @@
 # encoding: utf-8
-# frozen_string_literal: true
-
 module Liquid
-  VERSION = "4.0.3"
+  VERSION = "3.0.0"
 end
--- a/liquid.gemspec
+++ b/liquid.gemspec
@@ -1,8 +1,6 @@
 # encoding: utf-8
-# frozen_string_literal: true
-
 lib = File.expand_path('../lib/', __FILE__)
-$LOAD_PATH.unshift(lib) unless $LOAD_PATH.include?(lib)
+$:.unshift lib unless $:.include?(lib)

 require "liquid/version"

@@ -11,22 +9,21 @@ Gem::Specification.new do |s|
  s.version     = Liquid::VERSION
  s.platform    = Gem::Platform::RUBY
  s.summary     = "A secure, non-evaling end user template engine with aesthetic markup."
-  s.authors     = ["Tobias Lütke"]
+  s.authors     = ["Tobias Luetke"]
  s.email       = ["tobi@leetsoft.com"]
  s.homepage    = "http://www.liquidmarkup.org"
  s.license     = "MIT"
-  # s.description = "A secure, non-evaling end user template engine with aesthetic markup."
+  #s.description = "A secure, non-evaling end user template engine with aesthetic markup."

-  s.required_ruby_version     = ">= 2.4.0"
  s.required_rubygems_version = ">= 1.3.7"

  s.test_files  = Dir.glob("{test}/**/*")
-  s.files       = Dir.glob("{lib}/**/*") + %w(LICENSE README.md)
+  s.files       = Dir.glob("{lib}/**/*") + %w(MIT-LICENSE README.md)

-  s.extra_rdoc_files = ["History.md", "README.md"]
+  s.extra_rdoc_files  = ["History.md", "README.md"]

  s.require_path = "lib"

-  s.add_development_dependency('rake', '~> 13.0')
-  s.add_development_dependency('minitest')
+  s.add_development_dependency 'rake'
+  s.add_development_dependency 'minitest'
 end
--- a/performance/benchmark.rb
+++ b/performance/benchmark.rb
@@ -1,13 +1,11 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
-
 require 'benchmark/ips'
-require_relative 'theme_runner'
+require File.dirname(__FILE__) + '/theme_runner'

 Liquid::Template.error_mode = ARGV.first.to_sym if ARGV.first
 profiler = ThemeRunner.new

 Benchmark.ips do |x|
-  x.time   = 10
+  x.time = 60
  x.warmup = 5

  puts
@@ -15,6 +13,5 @@ Benchmark.ips do |x|
  puts

  x.report("parse:") { profiler.compile }
-  x.report("render:") { profiler.render }
-  x.report("parse & render:") { profiler.run }
+  x.report("parse & run:") { profiler.run }
 end
--- a/performance/memory_profile.rb
+++ b/performance/memory_profile.rb
@@ -1,63 +0,0 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
-
-require 'benchmark/ips'
-require 'memory_profiler'
-require 'terminal-table'
-require_relative 'theme_runner'
-
-class Profiler
-  LOG_LABEL   = "Profiling: ".rjust(14).freeze
-  REPORTS_DIR = File.expand_path('.memprof', __dir__).freeze
-
-  def self.run
-    puts
-    yield new
-  end
-
-  def initialize
-    @allocated = []
-    @retained  = []
-    @headings  = []
-  end
-
-  def profile(phase, &block)
-    print(LOG_LABEL)
-    print("#{phase}.. ".ljust(10))
-    report = MemoryProfiler.report(&block)
-    puts 'Done.'
-    @headings  << phase.capitalize
-    @allocated << "#{report.scale_bytes(report.total_allocated_memsize)} (#{report.total_allocated} objects)"
-    @retained  << "#{report.scale_bytes(report.total_retained_memsize)} (#{report.total_retained} objects)"
-
-    return if ENV['CI']
-
-    require 'fileutils'
-    report_file = File.join(REPORTS_DIR, "#{sanitize(phase)}.txt")
-    FileUtils.mkdir_p(REPORTS_DIR)
-    report.pretty_print(to_file: report_file, scale_bytes: true)
-  end
-
-  def tabulate
-    table = Terminal::Table.new(headings: @headings.unshift('Phase')) do |t|
-      t << @allocated.unshift('Total allocated')
-      t << @retained.unshift('Total retained')
-    end
-
-    puts
-    puts table
-    puts "\nDetailed report(s) saved to #{REPORTS_DIR}/" unless ENV['CI']
-  end
-
-  def sanitize(string)
-    string.downcase.gsub(/[\W]/, '-').squeeze('-')
-  end
-end
-
-Liquid::Template.error_mode = ARGV.first.to_sym if ARGV.first
-
-runner = ThemeRunner.new
-Profiler.run do |x|
-  x.profile('parse') { runner.compile }
-  x.profile('render') { runner.render }
-  x.tabulate
-end
--- a/performance/profile.rb
+++ b/performance/profile.rb
@@ -1,26 +1,17 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
-
-require 'stackprof'
-require_relative 'theme_runner'
+require 'stackprof' rescue fail("install stackprof extension/gem")
+require File.dirname(__FILE__) + '/theme_runner'

 Liquid::Template.error_mode = ARGV.first.to_sym if ARGV.first
 profiler = ThemeRunner.new
 profiler.run

 [:cpu, :object].each do |profile_type|
-  puts "Profiling in #{profile_type} mode..."
+  puts "Profiling in #{profile_type.to_s} mode..."
  results = StackProf.run(mode: profile_type) do
-    200.times do
+    100.times do
      profiler.run
    end
  end
-
-  if profile_type == :cpu && (graph_filename = ENV['GRAPH_FILENAME'])
-    File.open(graph_filename, 'w') do |f|
-      StackProf::Report.new(results).print_graphviz(nil, f)
-    end
-  end
-
  StackProf::Report.new(results).print_text(false, 20)
  File.write(ENV['FILENAME'] + "." + profile_type.to_s, Marshal.dump(results)) if ENV['FILENAME']
 end
--- a/performance/shopify/comment_form.rb
+++ b/performance/shopify/comment_form.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
-
 class CommentForm < Liquid::Block
  Syntax = /(#{Liquid::VariableSignature}+)/

@@ -7,14 +5,14 @@ class CommentForm < Liquid::Block
    super

    if markup =~ Syntax
-      @variable_name = Regexp.last_match(1)
-      @attributes    = {}
+      @variable_name = $1
+      @attributes = {}
    else
-      raise SyntaxError, "Syntax Error in 'comment_form' - Valid syntax: comment_form [article]"
+      raise SyntaxError.new("Syntax Error in 'comment_form' - Valid syntax: comment_form [article]")
    end
  end

-  def render_to_output_buffer(context, output)
+  def render(context)
    article = context[@variable_name]

    context.stack do
@@ -22,16 +20,14 @@ class CommentForm < Liquid::Block
        'posted_successfully?' => context.registers[:posted_successfully],
        'errors' => context['comment.errors'],
        'author' => context['comment.author'],
-        'email' => context['comment.email'],
-        'body' => context['comment.body'],
+        'email'  => context['comment.email'],
+        'body'   => context['comment.body']
      }
-
-      output << wrap_in_form(article, render_all(@nodelist, context, output))
-      output
+      wrap_in_form(article, render_all(@nodelist, context))
    end
  end

  def wrap_in_form(article, input)
-    %(<form id="article-#{article.id}-comment-form" class="comment-form" method="post" action="">\n#{input}\n</form>)
+    %Q{<form id="article-#{article.id}-comment-form" class="comment-form" method="post" action="">\n#{input}\n</form>}
  end
 end
--- a/performance/shopify/database.rb
+++ b/performance/shopify/database.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
-
 require 'yaml'

 module Database
@@ -7,7 +5,7 @@ module Database
  # to liquid as assigns. All this is based on Shopify
  def self.tables
    @tables ||= begin
-      db = YAML.load_file("#{__dir__}/vision.database.yml")
+      db = YAML.load_file(File.dirname(__FILE__) + '/vision.database.yml')

      # From vision source
      db['products'].each do |product|
@@ -18,10 +16,9 @@ module Database
      end

      # key the tables by handles, as this is how liquid expects it.
-      db = db.each_with_object({}) do |(key, values), assigns|
-        assigns[key] = values.each_with_object({}) do |v, h|
-          h[v['handle']] = v
-        end
+      db = db.inject({}) do |assigns, (key, values)|
+        assigns[key] = values.inject({}) { |h, v| h[v['handle']] = v; h; }
+        assigns
      end

      # Some standard direct accessors so that the specialized templates
@@ -32,9 +29,9 @@ module Database
      db['article']    = db['blog']['articles'].first

      db['cart']       = {
-        'total_price' => db['line_items'].values.inject(0) { |sum, item| sum + item['line_price'] * item['quantity'] },
-        'item_count' => db['line_items'].values.inject(0) { |sum, item| sum + item['quantity'] },
-        'items' => db['line_items'].values,
+        'total_price' => db['line_items'].values.inject(0) { |sum, item| sum += item['line_price'] * item['quantity'] },
+        'item_count'  => db['line_items'].values.inject(0) { |sum, item| sum += item['quantity'] },
+        'items'       => db['line_items'].values
      }

      db
@@ -42,7 +39,7 @@ module Database
  end
 end

-if __FILE__ == $PROGRAM_NAME
-  p(Database.tables['collections']['frontpage'].keys)
-  # p Database.tables['blog']['articles']
+if __FILE__ == $0
+  p Database.tables['collections']['frontpage'].keys
+  #p Database.tables['blog']['articles']
 end
--- a/performance/shopify/json_filter.rb
+++ b/performance/shopify/json_filter.rb
@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
-
 require 'json'

 module JsonFilter
+
  def json(object)
-    JSON.dump(object.reject { |k, _v| k == "collections" })
+    JSON.dump(object.reject {|k,v| k == "collections" })
  end
+
 end
--- a/performance/shopify/liquid.rb
+++ b/performance/shopify/liquid.rb
@@ -1,21 +1,19 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
+$:.unshift File.dirname(__FILE__) + '/../../lib'
+require File.dirname(__FILE__) + '/../../lib/liquid'

-$LOAD_PATH.unshift(__dir__ + '/../../lib')
-require_relative '../../lib/liquid'
+require File.dirname(__FILE__) + '/comment_form'
+require File.dirname(__FILE__) + '/paginate'
+require File.dirname(__FILE__) + '/json_filter'
+require File.dirname(__FILE__) + '/money_filter'
+require File.dirname(__FILE__) + '/shop_filter'
+require File.dirname(__FILE__) + '/tag_filter'
+require File.dirname(__FILE__) + '/weight_filter'

-require_relative 'comment_form'
-require_relative 'paginate'
-require_relative 'json_filter'
-require_relative 'money_filter'
-require_relative 'shop_filter'
-require_relative 'tag_filter'
-require_relative 'weight_filter'
+Liquid::Template.register_tag 'paginate', Paginate
+Liquid::Template.register_tag 'form', CommentForm

-Liquid::Template.register_tag('paginate', Paginate)
-Liquid::Template.register_tag('form', CommentForm)
-
-Liquid::Template.register_filter(JsonFilter)
-Liquid::Template.register_filter(MoneyFilter)
-Liquid::Template.register_filter(WeightFilter)
-Liquid::Template.register_filter(ShopFilter)
-Liquid::Template.register_filter(TagFilter)
+Liquid::Template.register_filter JsonFilter
+Liquid::Template.register_filter MoneyFilter
+Liquid::Template.register_filter WeightFilter
+Liquid::Template.register_filter ShopFilter
+Liquid::Template.register_filter TagFilter
--- a/performance/shopify/money_filter.rb
+++ b/performance/shopify/money_filter.rb
@@ -1,14 +1,13 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
-
 module MoneyFilter
+
  def money_with_currency(money)
    return '' if money.nil?
-    format("$ %.2f USD", money / 100.0)
+    sprintf("$ %.2f USD", money/100.0)
  end

  def money(money)
    return '' if money.nil?
-    format("$ %.2f", money / 100.0)
+    sprintf("$ %.2f", money/100.0)
  end

  private
--- a/performance/shopify/paginate.rb
+++ b/performance/shopify/paginate.rb
@@ -1,15 +1,13 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
-
 class Paginate < Liquid::Block
-  Syntax = /(#{Liquid::QuotedFragment})\s*(by\s*(\d+))?/
+  Syntax     = /(#{Liquid::QuotedFragment})\s*(by\s*(\d+))?/

  def initialize(tag_name, markup, options)
    super

    if markup =~ Syntax
-      @collection_name = Regexp.last_match(1)
-      @page_size       = if Regexp.last_match(2)
-        Regexp.last_match(3).to_i
+      @collection_name = $1
+      @page_size = if $2
+        $3.to_i
      else
        20
      end
@@ -19,47 +17,48 @@ class Paginate < Liquid::Block
        @attributes[key] = value
      end
    else
-      raise SyntaxError, "Syntax Error in tag 'paginate' - Valid syntax: paginate [collection] by number"
+      raise SyntaxError.new("Syntax Error in tag 'paginate' - Valid syntax: paginate [collection] by number")
    end
  end

-  def render_to_output_buffer(context, output)
+  def render(context)
    @context = context

    context.stack do
-      current_page = context['current_page'].to_i
+      current_page  = context['current_page'].to_i

      pagination = {
-        'page_size' => @page_size,
-        'current_page' => 5,
-        'current_offset' => @page_size * 5,
+        'page_size'      => @page_size,
+        'current_page'   => 5,
+        'current_offset' => @page_size * 5
      }

      context['paginate'] = pagination

-      collection_size = context[@collection_name].size
+      collection_size  = context[@collection_name].size

-      raise ArgumentError, "Cannot paginate array '#{@collection_name}'. Not found." if collection_size.nil?
+      raise ArgumentError.new("Cannot paginate array '#{@collection_name}'. Not found.") if collection_size.nil?

      page_count = (collection_size.to_f / @page_size.to_f).to_f.ceil + 1

      pagination['items']      = collection_size
-      pagination['pages']      = page_count - 1
-      pagination['previous']   = link('&laquo; Previous', current_page - 1)  unless 1 >= current_page
-      pagination['next']       = link('Next &raquo;', current_page + 1)      unless page_count <= current_page + 1
+      pagination['pages']      = page_count -1
+      pagination['previous']   = link('&laquo; Previous', current_page-1 )  unless 1 >= current_page
+      pagination['next']       = link('Next &raquo;', current_page+1 )      unless page_count <= current_page+1
      pagination['parts']      = []

      hellip_break = false

      if page_count > 2
-        1.upto(page_count - 1) do |page|
+        1.upto(page_count-1) do |page|
+
          if current_page == page
            pagination['parts'] << no_link(page)
          elsif page == 1
            pagination['parts'] << link(page, page)
-          elsif page == page_count - 1
+          elsif page == page_count -1
            pagination['parts'] << link(page, page)
-          elsif page <= current_page - @attributes['window_size'] || page >= current_page + @attributes['window_size']
+          elsif page <= current_page - @attributes['window_size'] or page >= current_page + @attributes['window_size']
            next if hellip_break
            pagination['parts'] << no_link('&hellip;')
            hellip_break = true
@@ -79,11 +78,11 @@ class Paginate < Liquid::Block
  private

  def no_link(title)
-    { 'title' => title, 'is_link' => false }
+    { 'title' => title, 'is_link' => false}
  end

  def link(title, page)
-    { 'title' => title, 'url' => current_url + "?page=#{page}", 'is_link' => true }
+    { 'title' => title, 'url' => current_url + "?page=#{page}", 'is_link' => true}
  end

  def current_url
--- a/performance/shopify/shop_filter.rb
+++ b/performance/shopify/shop_filter.rb
@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
-
 module ShopFilter
+
  def asset_url(input)
    "/files/1/[shop_id]/[shop_id]/assets/#{input}"
  end
@@ -17,21 +16,21 @@ module ShopFilter
    %(<script src="#{url}" type="text/javascript"></script>)
  end

-  def stylesheet_tag(url, media = "all")
+  def stylesheet_tag(url, media="all")
    %(<link href="#{url}" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css"  media="#{media}"  />)
  end

-  def link_to(link, url, title = "")
-    %(<a href="#{url}" title="#{title}">#{link}</a>)
+  def link_to(link, url, title="")
+    %|<a href="#{url}" title="#{title}">#{link}</a>|
  end

-  def img_tag(url, alt = "")
-    %(<img src="#{url}" alt="#{alt}" />)
+  def img_tag(url, alt="")
+    %|<img src="#{url}" alt="#{alt}" />|
  end

  def link_to_vendor(vendor)
    if vendor
-      link_to(vendor, url_for_vendor(vendor), vendor)
+      link_to vendor, url_for_vendor(vendor), vendor
    else
      'Unknown Vendor'
    end
@@ -39,7 +38,7 @@ module ShopFilter

  def link_to_type(type)
    if type
-      link_to(type, url_for_type(type), type)
+      link_to type, url_for_type(type), type
    else
      'Unknown Vendor'
    end
@@ -54,32 +53,36 @@ module ShopFilter
  end

  def product_img_url(url, style = 'small')
-    unless url =~ %r{\Aproducts/([\w\-\_]+)\.(\w{2,4})}
+
+    unless url =~ /\Aproducts\/([\w\-\_]+)\.(\w{2,4})/
      raise ArgumentError, 'filter "size" can only be called on product images'
    end

    case style
    when 'original'
-      '/files/shops/random_number/' + url
+      return '/files/shops/random_number/' + url
    when 'grande', 'large', 'medium', 'compact', 'small', 'thumb', 'icon'
-      "/files/shops/random_number/products/#{Regexp.last_match(1)}_#{style}.#{Regexp.last_match(2)}"
+      "/files/shops/random_number/products/#{$1}_#{style}.#{$2}"
    else
      raise ArgumentError, 'valid parameters for filter "size" are: original, grande, large, medium, compact, small, thumb and icon '
    end
  end

  def default_pagination(paginate)
+
    html = []
    html << %(<span class="prev">#{link_to(paginate['previous']['title'], paginate['previous']['url'])}</span>) if paginate['previous']

-    paginate['parts'].each do |part|
-      html << if part['is_link']
-        %(<span class="page">#{link_to(part['title'], part['url'])}</span>)
+    for part in paginate['parts']
+
+      if part['is_link']
+        html << %(<span class="page">#{link_to(part['title'], part['url'])}</span>)
      elsif part['title'].to_i == paginate['current_page'].to_i
-        %(<span class="page current">#{part['title']}</span>)
+        html << %(<span class="page current">#{part['title']}</span>)
      else
-        %(<span class="deco">#{part['title']}</span>)
+        html << %(<span class="deco">#{part['title']}</span>)
      end
+
    end

    html << %(<span class="next">#{link_to(paginate['next']['title'], paginate['next']['url'])}</span>) if paginate['next']
@@ -103,4 +106,5 @@ module ShopFilter
    result.gsub!(/\A-+/, '') if result[0] == '-'
    result
  end
+
 end
--- a/performance/shopify/tag_filter.rb
+++ b/performance/shopify/tag_filter.rb
@@ -1,11 +1,10 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
-
 module TagFilter
+
  def link_to_tag(label, tag)
    "<a title=\"Show tag #{tag}\" href=\"/collections/#{@context['handle']}/#{tag}\">#{label}</a>"
  end

-  def highlight_active_tag(tag, css_class = 'active')
+  def highlight_active_tag(tag, css_class='active')
    if @context['current_tags'].include?(tag)
      "<span class=\"#{css_class}\">#{tag}</span>"
    else
@@ -15,11 +14,12 @@ module TagFilter

  def link_to_add_tag(label, tag)
    tags = (@context['current_tags'] + [tag]).uniq
-    "<a title=\"Show tag #{tag}\" href=\"/collections/#{@context['handle']}/#{tags.join('+')}\">#{label}</a>"
+    "<a title=\"Show tag #{tag}\" href=\"/collections/#{@context['handle']}/#{tags.join("+")}\">#{label}</a>"
  end

  def link_to_remove_tag(label, tag)
    tags = (@context['current_tags'] - [tag]).uniq
-    "<a title=\"Show tag #{tag}\" href=\"/collections/#{@context['handle']}/#{tags.join('+')}\">#{label}</a>"
+    "<a title=\"Show tag #{tag}\" href=\"/collections/#{@context['handle']}/#{tags.join("+")}\">#{label}</a>"
  end
+
 end
--- a/performance/shopify/weight_filter.rb
+++ b/performance/shopify/weight_filter.rb
@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
-
 module WeightFilter
+
  def weight(grams)
-    format("%.2f", grams / 1000)
+    sprintf("%.2f", grams / 1000)
  end

  def weight_with_unit(grams)
    "#{weight(grams)} kg"
  end
+
 end
--- a/performance/theme_runner.rb
+++ b/performance/theme_runner.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
-
 # This profiler run simulates Shopify.
 # We are looking in the tests directory for liquid files and render them within the designated layout file.
 # We will also export a substantial database to liquid which the templates can render values of.
@@ -8,115 +6,73 @@
 # Shopify which is likely the biggest user of liquid in the world which something to the tune of several
 # million Template#render calls a day.

-require_relative 'shopify/liquid'
-require_relative 'shopify/database'
+require File.dirname(__FILE__) + '/shopify/liquid'
+require File.dirname(__FILE__) + '/shopify/database.rb'

 class ThemeRunner
  class FileSystem
+
    def initialize(path)
      @path = path
    end

    # Called by Liquid to retrieve a template file
-    def read_template_file(template_path)
+    def read_template_file(template_path, context)
      File.read(@path + '/' + template_path + '.liquid')
    end
  end

-  # Initialize a new liquid ThemeRunner instance
-  # Will load all templates into memory, do this now so that we don't profile IO.
+  # Load all templates into memory, do this now so that
+  # we don't profile IO.
  def initialize
-    @tests = Dir[__dir__ + '/tests/**/*.liquid'].collect do |test|
+    @tests = Dir[File.dirname(__FILE__) + '/tests/**/*.liquid'].collect do |test|
      next if File.basename(test) == 'theme.liquid'

      theme_path = File.dirname(test) + '/theme.liquid'
-      {
-        liquid: File.read(test),
-        layout: (File.file?(theme_path) ? File.read(theme_path) : nil),
-        template_name: test,
-      }
+
+      [File.read(test), (File.file?(theme_path) ? File.read(theme_path) : nil), test]
    end.compact
-
-    compile_all_tests
  end

-  # `compile` will test just the compilation portion of liquid without any templates
  def compile
-    @tests.each do |test_hash|
-      Liquid::Template.new.parse(test_hash[:liquid])
-      Liquid::Template.new.parse(test_hash[:layout])
+    # Dup assigns because will make some changes to them
+
+    @tests.each do |liquid, layout, template_name|
+
+      tmpl = Liquid::Template.new
+      tmpl.parse(liquid)
+      tmpl = Liquid::Template.new
+      tmpl.parse(layout)
    end
  end

-  # `run` is called to benchmark rendering and compiling at the same time
-  def run
-    each_test do |liquid, layout, assigns, page_template, template_name|
-      compile_and_render(liquid, layout, assigns, page_template, template_name)
-    end
-  end
-
-  # `render` is called to benchmark just the render portion of liquid
-  def render
-    @compiled_tests.each do |test|
-      tmpl    = test[:tmpl]
-      assigns = test[:assigns]
-      layout  = test[:layout]
-
-      if layout
-        assigns['content_for_layout'] = tmpl.render!(assigns)
-        layout.render!(assigns)
-      else
-        tmpl.render!(assigns)
-      end
-    end
-  end
-
-  private
-
-  def compile_and_render(template, layout, assigns, page_template, template_file)
-    compiled_test                 = compile_test(template, layout, assigns, page_template, template_file)
-    assigns['content_for_layout'] = compiled_test[:tmpl].render!(assigns)
-    compiled_test[:layout].render!(assigns) if layout
-  end
-
-  def compile_all_tests
-    @compiled_tests = []
-    each_test do |liquid, layout, assigns, page_template, template_name|
-      @compiled_tests << compile_test(liquid, layout, assigns, page_template, template_name)
-    end
-    @compiled_tests
-  end
-
-  def compile_test(template, layout, assigns, page_template, template_file)
-    tmpl            = init_template(page_template, template_file)
-    parsed_template = tmpl.parse(template).dup
-
-    if layout
-      parsed_layout = tmpl.parse(layout)
-      { tmpl: parsed_template, assigns: assigns, layout: parsed_layout }
-    else
-      { tmpl: parsed_template, assigns: assigns }
-    end
-  end
-
-  # utility method with similar functionality needed in `compile_all_tests` and `run`
-  def each_test
+   def run
    # Dup assigns because will make some changes to them
    assigns = Database.tables.dup

-    @tests.each do |test_hash|
-      # Compute page_template outside of profiler run, uninteresting to profiler
-      page_template = File.basename(test_hash[:template_name], File.extname(test_hash[:template_name]))
-      yield(test_hash[:liquid], test_hash[:layout], assigns, page_template, test_hash[:template_name])
+    @tests.each do |liquid, layout, template_name|
+
+      # Compute page_tempalte outside of profiler run, uninteresting to profiler
+      page_template = File.basename(template_name, File.extname(template_name))
+      compile_and_render(liquid, layout, assigns, page_template, template_name)
+
    end
  end

-  # set up a new Liquid::Template object for use in `compile_and_render` and `compile_test`
-  def init_template(page_template, template_file)
-    tmpl                         = Liquid::Template.new
-    tmpl.assigns['page_title']   = 'Page title'
-    tmpl.assigns['template']     = page_template
+
+  def compile_and_render(template, layout, assigns, page_template, template_file)
+    tmpl = Liquid::Template.new
+    tmpl.assigns['page_title'] = 'Page title'
+    tmpl.assigns['template'] = page_template
    tmpl.registers[:file_system] = ThemeRunner::FileSystem.new(File.dirname(template_file))
-    tmpl
+
+    content_for_layout = tmpl.parse(template).render!(assigns)
+
+    if layout
+      assigns['content_for_layout'] = content_for_layout
+      tmpl.parse(layout).render!(assigns)
+    else
+      content_for_layout
+    end
  end
 end
--- a/test/integration/assign_test.rb
+++ b/test/integration/assign_test.rb
@@ -1,40 +1,28 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
-
 require 'test_helper'

 class AssignTest < Minitest::Test
  include Liquid

-  def test_assign_with_hyphen_in_variable_name
-    template_source = <<-END_TEMPLATE
-    {% assign this-thing = 'Print this-thing' %}
-    {{ this-thing }}
-    END_TEMPLATE
-    template        = Template.parse(template_source)
-    rendered        = template.render!
-    assert_equal("Print this-thing", rendered.strip)
-  end
-
  def test_assigned_variable
    assert_template_result('.foo.',
-      '{% assign foo = values %}.{{ foo[0] }}.',
-      'values' => %w(foo bar baz))
+                           '{% assign foo = values %}.{{ foo[0] }}.',
+                           'values' => %w{foo bar baz})

    assert_template_result('.bar.',
-      '{% assign foo = values %}.{{ foo[1] }}.',
-      'values' => %w(foo bar baz))
+                           '{% assign foo = values %}.{{ foo[1] }}.',
+                           'values' => %w{foo bar baz})
  end

  def test_assign_with_filter
    assert_template_result('.bar.',
-      '{% assign foo = values | split: "," %}.{{ foo[1] }}.',
-      'values' => "foo,bar,baz")
+                           '{% assign foo = values | split: "," %}.{{ foo[1] }}.',
+                           'values' => "foo,bar,baz")
  end

  def test_assign_syntax_error
    assert_match_syntax_error(/assign/,
-      '{% assign foo not values %}.',
-      'values' => "foo,bar,baz")
+                       '{% assign foo not values %}.',
+                       'values' => "foo,bar,baz")
  end

  def test_assign_uses_error_mode
--- a/test/integration/blank_test.rb
+++ b/test/integration/blank_test.rb
@@ -1,16 +1,15 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
-
 require 'test_helper'

 class FoobarTag < Liquid::Tag
-  def render_to_output_buffer(_context, output)
-    output << ' '
-    output
+  def render(*args)
+    " "
  end
+
+  Liquid::Template.register_tag('foobar', FoobarTag)
 end

 class BlankTestFileSystem
-  def read_template_file(template_path)
+  def read_template_file(template_path, context)
    template_path
  end
 end
@@ -32,9 +31,7 @@ class BlankTest < Minitest::Test
  end

  def test_new_tags_are_not_blank_by_default
-    with_custom_tag('foobar', FoobarTag) do
-      assert_template_result(" " * N, wrap_in_for("{% foobar %}"))
-    end
+    assert_template_result(" "*N, wrap_in_for("{% foobar %}"))
  end

  def test_loops_are_blank
@@ -50,7 +47,7 @@ class BlankTest < Minitest::Test
  end

  def test_mark_as_blank_only_during_parsing
-    assert_template_result(" " * (N + 1), wrap(" {% if false %} this never happens, but still, this block is not blank {% endif %}"))
+    assert_template_result(" "*(N+1), wrap(" {% if false %} this never happens, but still, this block is not blank {% endif %}"))
  end

  def test_comments_are_blank
@@ -63,9 +60,9 @@ class BlankTest < Minitest::Test

  def test_nested_blocks_are_blank_but_only_if_all_children_are
    assert_template_result("", wrap(wrap(" ")))
-    assert_template_result("\n       but this is not " * (N + 1),
-      wrap('{% if true %} {% comment %} this is blank {% endcomment %} {% endif %}
-      {% if true %} but this is not {% endif %}'))
+    assert_template_result("\n       but this is not "*(N+1),
+      wrap(%q{{% if true %} {% comment %} this is blank {% endcomment %} {% endif %}
+      {% if true %} but this is not {% endif %}}))
  end

  def test_assigns_are_blank
@@ -79,31 +76,31 @@ class BlankTest < Minitest::Test

  def test_whitespace_is_not_blank_if_other_stuff_is_present
    body = "     x "
-    assert_template_result(body * (N + 1), wrap(body))
+    assert_template_result(body*(N+1), wrap(body))
  end

  def test_increment_is_not_blank
-    assert_template_result(" 0" * 2 * (N + 1), wrap("{% assign foo = 0 %} {% increment foo %} {% decrement foo %}"))
+    assert_template_result(" 0"*2*(N+1), wrap("{% assign foo = 0 %} {% increment foo %} {% decrement foo %}"))
  end

  def test_cycle_is_not_blank
-    assert_template_result("  " * ((N + 1) / 2) + " ", wrap("{% cycle ' ', ' ' %}"))
+    assert_template_result("  "*((N+1)/2)+" ", wrap("{% cycle ' ', ' ' %}"))
  end

  def test_raw_is_not_blank
-    assert_template_result("  " * (N + 1), wrap(" {% raw %} {% endraw %}"))
+    assert_template_result("  "*(N+1), wrap(" {% raw %} {% endraw %}"))
  end

  def test_include_is_blank
    Liquid::Template.file_system = BlankTestFileSystem.new
-    assert_template_result("foobar" * (N + 1), wrap("{% include 'foobar' %}"))
-    assert_template_result(" foobar " * (N + 1), wrap("{% include ' foobar ' %}"))
-    assert_template_result("   " * (N + 1), wrap(" {% include ' ' %} "))
+    assert_template_result "foobar"*(N+1), wrap("{% include 'foobar' %}")
+    assert_template_result " foobar "*(N+1), wrap("{% include ' foobar ' %}")
+    assert_template_result "   "*(N+1), wrap(" {% include ' ' %} ")
  end

  def test_case_is_blank
    assert_template_result("", wrap(" {% assign foo = 'bar' %} {% case foo %} {% when 'bar' %} {% when 'whatever' %} {% else %} {% endcase %} "))
    assert_template_result("", wrap(" {% assign foo = 'else' %} {% case foo %} {% when 'bar' %} {% when 'whatever' %} {% else %} {% endcase %} "))
-    assert_template_result("   x  " * (N + 1), wrap(" {% assign foo = 'else' %} {% case foo %} {% when 'bar' %} {% when 'whatever' %} {% else %} x {% endcase %} "))
+    assert_template_result("   x  "*(N+1), wrap(" {% assign foo = 'else' %} {% case foo %} {% when 'bar' %} {% when 'whatever' %} {% else %} x {% endcase %} "))
  end
 end
--- a/test/integration/block_test.rb
+++ b/test/integration/block_test.rb
@@ -1,14 +0,0 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
-
-require 'test_helper'
-
-class BlockTest < Minitest::Test
-  include Liquid
-
-  def test_unexpected_end_tag
-    exc = assert_raises(SyntaxError) do
-      Template.parse("{% if true %}{% endunless %}")
-    end
-    assert_equal(exc.message, "Liquid syntax error: 'endunless' is not a valid delimiter for if tags. use endif")
-  end
-end
--- a/test/integration/capture_test.rb
+++ b/test/integration/capture_test.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
-
 require 'test_helper'

 class CaptureTest < Minitest::Test
@@ -9,16 +7,6 @@ class CaptureTest < Minitest::Test
    assert_template_result("test string", "{% capture 'var' %}test string{% endcapture %}{{var}}", {})
  end

-  def test_capture_with_hyphen_in_variable_name
-    template_source = <<-END_TEMPLATE
-    {% capture this-thing %}Print this-thing{% endcapture %}
-    {{ this-thing }}
-    END_TEMPLATE
-    template        = Template.parse(template_source)
-    rendered        = template.render!
-    assert_equal("Print this-thing", rendered.strip)
-  end
-
  def test_capture_to_variable_from_outer_scope_if_existing
    template_source = <<-END_TEMPLATE
    {% assign var = '' %}
@@ -30,9 +18,9 @@ class CaptureTest < Minitest::Test
    {% endif %}
    {{var}}
    END_TEMPLATE
-    template        = Template.parse(template_source)
-    rendered        = template.render!
-    assert_equal("test-string", rendered.gsub(/\s/, ''))
+    template = Template.parse(template_source)
+    rendered = template.render!
+    assert_equal "test-string", rendered.gsub(/\s/, '')
  end

  def test_assigning_from_capture
@@ -45,8 +33,8 @@ class CaptureTest < Minitest::Test
    {% endfor %}
    {{ first }}-{{ second }}
    END_TEMPLATE
-    template        = Template.parse(template_source)
-    rendered        = template.render!
-    assert_equal("3-3", rendered.gsub(/\s/, ''))
+    template = Template.parse(template_source)
+    rendered = template.render!
+    assert_equal "3-3", rendered.gsub(/\s/, '')
  end
 end # CaptureTest
--- a/test/integration/context_test.rb
+++ b/test/integration/context_test.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
-
 require 'test_helper'

 class ContextTest < Minitest::Test
@@ -20,14 +18,14 @@ class ContextTest < Minitest::Test

    with_global_filter(global) do
      assert_equal 'Global test', Template.parse("{{'test' | notice }}").render!
-      assert_equal 'Local test', Template.parse("{{'test' | notice }}").render!({}, filters: [local])
+      assert_equal 'Local test', Template.parse("{{'test' | notice }}").render!({}, :filters => [local])
    end
  end

  def test_has_key_will_not_add_an_error_for_missing_keys
    with_error_mode :strict do
      context = Context.new
-      context.key?('unknown')
+      context.has_key?('unknown')
      assert_empty context.errors
    end
  end
--- a/test/integration/document_test.rb
+++ b/test/integration/document_test.rb
@@ -1,21 +0,0 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
-
-require 'test_helper'
-
-class DocumentTest < Minitest::Test
-  include Liquid
-
-  def test_unexpected_outer_tag
-    exc = assert_raises(SyntaxError) do
-      Template.parse("{% else %}")
-    end
-    assert_equal(exc.message, "Liquid syntax error: Unexpected outer 'else' tag")
-  end
-
-  def test_unknown_tag
-    exc = assert_raises(SyntaxError) do
-      Template.parse("{% foo %}")
-    end
-    assert_equal(exc.message, "Liquid syntax error: Unknown tag 'foo'")
-  end
-end
--- a/test/integration/drop_test.rb
+++ b/test/integration/drop_test.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
-
 require 'test_helper'

 class ContextDrop < Liquid::Drop
@@ -15,12 +13,13 @@ class ContextDrop < Liquid::Drop
    @context['forloop.index']
  end

-  def liquid_method_missing(method)
-    @context[method]
+  def before_method(method)
+    return @context[method]
  end
 end

 class ProductDrop < Liquid::Drop
+
  class TextDrop < Liquid::Drop
    def array
      ['text1', 'text2']
@@ -32,8 +31,8 @@ class ProductDrop < Liquid::Drop
  end

  class CatchallDrop < Liquid::Drop
-    def liquid_method_missing(method)
-      "catchall_method: #{method}"
+    def before_method(method)
+      return 'method: ' << method.to_s
    end
  end

@@ -49,15 +48,18 @@ class ProductDrop < Liquid::Drop
    ContextDrop.new
  end

-  protected
-
-  def callmenot
-    "protected"
+  def user_input
+    "foo".taint
  end
+
+  protected
+    def callmenot
+      "protected"
+    end
 end

 class EnumerableDrop < Liquid::Drop
-  def liquid_method_missing(method)
+  def before_method(method)
    method
  end

@@ -91,7 +93,7 @@ end
 class RealEnumerableDrop < Liquid::Drop
  include Enumerable

-  def liquid_method_missing(method)
+  def before_method(method)
    method
  end

@@ -107,61 +109,80 @@ class DropsTest < Minitest::Test

  def test_product_drop
    tpl = Liquid::Template.parse('  ')
-    assert_equal('  ', tpl.render!('product' => ProductDrop.new))
+    assert_equal '  ', tpl.render!('product' => ProductDrop.new)
+  end
+
+  def test_rendering_raises_on_tainted_attr
+    with_taint_mode(:error) do
+      tpl = Liquid::Template.parse('{{ product.user_input }}')
+      assert_raises TaintedError do
+        tpl.render!('product' => ProductDrop.new)
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_rendering_warns_on_tainted_attr
+    with_taint_mode(:warn) do
+      tpl = Liquid::Template.parse('{{ product.user_input }}')
+      tpl.render!('product' => ProductDrop.new)
+      assert_match /tainted/, tpl.warnings.first
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_rendering_doesnt_raise_on_escaped_tainted_attr
+    with_taint_mode(:error) do
+      tpl = Liquid::Template.parse('{{ product.user_input | escape }}')
+      tpl.render!('product' => ProductDrop.new)
+    end
  end

  def test_drop_does_only_respond_to_whitelisted_methods
-    assert_equal("", Liquid::Template.parse("{{ product.inspect }}").render!('product' => ProductDrop.new))
-    assert_equal("", Liquid::Template.parse("{{ product.pretty_inspect }}").render!('product' => ProductDrop.new))
-    assert_equal("", Liquid::Template.parse("{{ product.whatever }}").render!('product' => ProductDrop.new))
-    assert_equal("", Liquid::Template.parse('{{ product | map: "inspect" }}').render!('product' => ProductDrop.new))
-    assert_equal("", Liquid::Template.parse('{{ product | map: "pretty_inspect" }}').render!('product' => ProductDrop.new))
-    assert_equal("", Liquid::Template.parse('{{ product | map: "whatever" }}').render!('product' => ProductDrop.new))
+    assert_equal "", Liquid::Template.parse("{{ product.inspect }}").render!('product' => ProductDrop.new)
+    assert_equal "", Liquid::Template.parse("{{ product.pretty_inspect }}").render!('product' => ProductDrop.new)
+    assert_equal "", Liquid::Template.parse("{{ product.whatever }}").render!('product' => ProductDrop.new)
+    assert_equal "", Liquid::Template.parse('{{ product | map: "inspect" }}').render!('product' => ProductDrop.new)
+    assert_equal "", Liquid::Template.parse('{{ product | map: "pretty_inspect" }}').render!('product' => ProductDrop.new)
+    assert_equal "", Liquid::Template.parse('{{ product | map: "whatever" }}').render!('product' => ProductDrop.new)
  end

  def test_drops_respond_to_to_liquid
-    assert_equal("text1", Liquid::Template.parse("{{ product.to_liquid.texts.text }}").render!('product' => ProductDrop.new))
-    assert_equal("text1", Liquid::Template.parse('{{ product | map: "to_liquid" | map: "texts" | map: "text" }}').render!('product' => ProductDrop.new))
+    assert_equal "text1", Liquid::Template.parse("{{ product.to_liquid.texts.text }}").render!('product' => ProductDrop.new)
+    assert_equal "text1", Liquid::Template.parse('{{ product | map: "to_liquid" | map: "texts" | map: "text" }}').render!('product' => ProductDrop.new)
  end

  def test_text_drop
-    output = Liquid::Template.parse(' {{ product.texts.text }} ').render!('product' => ProductDrop.new)
-    assert_equal(' text1 ', output)
+    output = Liquid::Template.parse( ' {{ product.texts.text }} '  ).render!('product' => ProductDrop.new)
+    assert_equal ' text1 ', output
  end

-  def test_catchall_unknown_method
-    output = Liquid::Template.parse(' {{ product.catchall.unknown }} ').render!('product' => ProductDrop.new)
-    assert_equal(' catchall_method: unknown ', output)
+  def test_unknown_method
+    output = Liquid::Template.parse( ' {{ product.catchall.unknown }} '  ).render!('product' => ProductDrop.new)
+    assert_equal ' method: unknown ', output
  end

-  def test_catchall_integer_argument_drop
-    output = Liquid::Template.parse(' {{ product.catchall[8] }} ').render!('product' => ProductDrop.new)
-    assert_equal(' catchall_method: 8 ', output)
+  def test_integer_argument_drop
+    output = Liquid::Template.parse( ' {{ product.catchall[8] }} '  ).render!('product' => ProductDrop.new)
+    assert_equal ' method: 8 ', output
  end

  def test_text_array_drop
-    output = Liquid::Template.parse('{% for text in product.texts.array %} {{text}} {% endfor %}').render!('product' => ProductDrop.new)
-    assert_equal(' text1  text2 ', output)
+    output = Liquid::Template.parse( '{% for text in product.texts.array %} {{text}} {% endfor %}'  ).render!('product' => ProductDrop.new)
+    assert_equal ' text1  text2 ', output
  end

  def test_context_drop
-    output = Liquid::Template.parse(' {{ context.bar }} ').render!('context' => ContextDrop.new, 'bar' => "carrot")
-    assert_equal(' carrot ', output)
-  end
-
-  def test_context_drop_array_with_map
-    output = Liquid::Template.parse(' {{ contexts | map: "bar" }} ').render!('contexts' => [ContextDrop.new, ContextDrop.new], 'bar' => "carrot")
-    assert_equal(' carrotcarrot ', output)
+    output = Liquid::Template.parse( ' {{ context.bar }} '  ).render!('context' => ContextDrop.new, 'bar' => "carrot")
+    assert_equal ' carrot ', output
  end

  def test_nested_context_drop
-    output = Liquid::Template.parse(' {{ product.context.foo }} ').render!('product' => ProductDrop.new, 'foo' => "monkey")
-    assert_equal(' monkey ', output)
+    output = Liquid::Template.parse( ' {{ product.context.foo }} '  ).render!('product' => ProductDrop.new, 'foo' => "monkey")
+    assert_equal ' monkey ', output
  end

  def test_protected
-    output = Liquid::Template.parse(' {{ product.callmenot }} ').render!('product' => ProductDrop.new)
-    assert_equal('  ', output)
+    output = Liquid::Template.parse( ' {{ product.callmenot }} '  ).render!('product' => ProductDrop.new)
+    assert_equal '  ', output
  end

  def test_object_methods_not_allowed
@@ -172,43 +193,43 @@ class DropsTest < Minitest::Test
  end

  def test_scope
-    assert_equal('1', Liquid::Template.parse('{{ context.scopes }}').render!('context' => ContextDrop.new))
-    assert_equal('2', Liquid::Template.parse('{%for i in dummy%}{{ context.scopes }}{%endfor%}').render!('context' => ContextDrop.new, 'dummy' => [1]))
-    assert_equal('3', Liquid::Template.parse('{%for i in dummy%}{%for i in dummy%}{{ context.scopes }}{%endfor%}{%endfor%}').render!('context' => ContextDrop.new, 'dummy' => [1]))
+    assert_equal '1', Liquid::Template.parse( '{{ context.scopes }}'  ).render!('context' => ContextDrop.new)
+    assert_equal '2', Liquid::Template.parse( '{%for i in dummy%}{{ context.scopes }}{%endfor%}'  ).render!('context' => ContextDrop.new, 'dummy' => [1])
+    assert_equal '3', Liquid::Template.parse( '{%for i in dummy%}{%for i in dummy%}{{ context.scopes }}{%endfor%}{%endfor%}'  ).render!('context' => ContextDrop.new, 'dummy' => [1])
  end

  def test_scope_though_proc
-    assert_equal('1', Liquid::Template.parse('{{ s }}').render!('context' => ContextDrop.new, 's' => proc { |c| c['context.scopes'] }))
-    assert_equal('2', Liquid::Template.parse('{%for i in dummy%}{{ s }}{%endfor%}').render!('context' => ContextDrop.new, 's' => proc { |c| c['context.scopes'] }, 'dummy' => [1]))
-    assert_equal('3', Liquid::Template.parse('{%for i in dummy%}{%for i in dummy%}{{ s }}{%endfor%}{%endfor%}').render!('context' => ContextDrop.new, 's' => proc { |c| c['context.scopes'] }, 'dummy' => [1]))
+    assert_equal '1', Liquid::Template.parse( '{{ s }}'  ).render!('context' => ContextDrop.new, 's' => Proc.new{|c| c['context.scopes'] })
+    assert_equal '2', Liquid::Template.parse( '{%for i in dummy%}{{ s }}{%endfor%}'  ).render!('context' => ContextDrop.new, 's' => Proc.new{|c| c['context.scopes'] }, 'dummy' => [1])
+    assert_equal '3', Liquid::Template.parse( '{%for i in dummy%}{%for i in dummy%}{{ s }}{%endfor%}{%endfor%}'  ).render!('context' => ContextDrop.new, 's' => Proc.new{|c| c['context.scopes'] }, 'dummy' => [1])
  end

  def test_scope_with_assigns
-    assert_equal('variable', Liquid::Template.parse('{% assign a = "variable"%}{{a}}').render!('context' => ContextDrop.new))
-    assert_equal('variable', Liquid::Template.parse('{% assign a = "variable"%}{%for i in dummy%}{{a}}{%endfor%}').render!('context' => ContextDrop.new, 'dummy' => [1]))
-    assert_equal('test', Liquid::Template.parse('{% assign header_gif = "test"%}{{header_gif}}').render!('context' => ContextDrop.new))
-    assert_equal('test', Liquid::Template.parse("{% assign header_gif = 'test'%}{{header_gif}}").render!('context' => ContextDrop.new))
+    assert_equal 'variable', Liquid::Template.parse( '{% assign a = "variable"%}{{a}}'  ).render!('context' => ContextDrop.new)
+    assert_equal 'variable', Liquid::Template.parse( '{% assign a = "variable"%}{%for i in dummy%}{{a}}{%endfor%}'  ).render!('context' => ContextDrop.new, 'dummy' => [1])
+    assert_equal 'test', Liquid::Template.parse( '{% assign header_gif = "test"%}{{header_gif}}'  ).render!('context' => ContextDrop.new)
+    assert_equal 'test', Liquid::Template.parse( "{% assign header_gif = 'test'%}{{header_gif}}"  ).render!('context' => ContextDrop.new)
  end

  def test_scope_from_tags
-    assert_equal('1', Liquid::Template.parse('{% for i in context.scopes_as_array %}{{i}}{% endfor %}').render!('context' => ContextDrop.new, 'dummy' => [1]))
-    assert_equal('12', Liquid::Template.parse('{%for a in dummy%}{% for i in context.scopes_as_array %}{{i}}{% endfor %}{% endfor %}').render!('context' => ContextDrop.new, 'dummy' => [1]))
-    assert_equal('123', Liquid::Template.parse('{%for a in dummy%}{%for a in dummy%}{% for i in context.scopes_as_array %}{{i}}{% endfor %}{% endfor %}{% endfor %}').render!('context' => ContextDrop.new, 'dummy' => [1]))
+    assert_equal '1', Liquid::Template.parse( '{% for i in context.scopes_as_array %}{{i}}{% endfor %}'  ).render!('context' => ContextDrop.new, 'dummy' => [1])
+    assert_equal '12', Liquid::Template.parse( '{%for a in dummy%}{% for i in context.scopes_as_array %}{{i}}{% endfor %}{% endfor %}'  ).render!('context' => ContextDrop.new, 'dummy' => [1])
+    assert_equal '123', Liquid::Template.parse( '{%for a in dummy%}{%for a in dummy%}{% for i in context.scopes_as_array %}{{i}}{% endfor %}{% endfor %}{% endfor %}'  ).render!('context' => ContextDrop.new, 'dummy' => [1])
  end

  def test_access_context_from_drop
-    assert_equal('123', Liquid::Template.parse('{%for a in dummy%}{{ context.loop_pos }}{% endfor %}').render!('context' => ContextDrop.new, 'dummy' => [1, 2, 3]))
+    assert_equal '123', Liquid::Template.parse( '{%for a in dummy%}{{ context.loop_pos }}{% endfor %}'  ).render!('context' => ContextDrop.new, 'dummy' => [1,2,3])
  end

  def test_enumerable_drop
-    assert_equal('123', Liquid::Template.parse('{% for c in collection %}{{c}}{% endfor %}').render!('collection' => EnumerableDrop.new))
+    assert_equal '123', Liquid::Template.parse( '{% for c in collection %}{{c}}{% endfor %}').render!('collection' => EnumerableDrop.new)
  end

  def test_enumerable_drop_size
-    assert_equal('3', Liquid::Template.parse('{{collection.size}}').render!('collection' => EnumerableDrop.new))
+    assert_equal '3', Liquid::Template.parse( '{{collection.size}}').render!('collection' => EnumerableDrop.new)
  end

-  def test_enumerable_drop_will_invoke_liquid_method_missing_for_clashing_method_names
+  def test_enumerable_drop_will_invoke_before_method_for_clashing_method_names
    ["select", "each", "map", "cycle"].each do |method|
      assert_equal method.to_s, Liquid::Template.parse("{{collection.#{method}}}").render!('collection' => EnumerableDrop.new)
      assert_equal method.to_s, Liquid::Template.parse("{{collection[\"#{method}\"]}}").render!('collection' => EnumerableDrop.new)
@@ -218,16 +239,16 @@ class DropsTest < Minitest::Test
  end

  def test_some_enumerable_methods_still_get_invoked
-    [:count, :max].each do |method|
+    [ :count, :max ].each do |method|
      assert_equal "3", Liquid::Template.parse("{{collection.#{method}}}").render!('collection' => RealEnumerableDrop.new)
      assert_equal "3", Liquid::Template.parse("{{collection[\"#{method}\"]}}").render!('collection' => RealEnumerableDrop.new)
      assert_equal "3", Liquid::Template.parse("{{collection.#{method}}}").render!('collection' => EnumerableDrop.new)
      assert_equal "3", Liquid::Template.parse("{{collection[\"#{method}\"]}}").render!('collection' => EnumerableDrop.new)
    end

-    assert_equal("yes", Liquid::Template.parse("{% if collection contains 3 %}yes{% endif %}").render!('collection' => RealEnumerableDrop.new))
+    assert_equal "yes", Liquid::Template.parse("{% if collection contains 3 %}yes{% endif %}").render!('collection' => RealEnumerableDrop.new)

-    [:min, :first].each do |method|
+    [ :min, :first ].each do |method|
      assert_equal "1", Liquid::Template.parse("{{collection.#{method}}}").render!('collection' => RealEnumerableDrop.new)
      assert_equal "1", Liquid::Template.parse("{{collection[\"#{method}\"]}}").render!('collection' => RealEnumerableDrop.new)
      assert_equal "1", Liquid::Template.parse("{{collection.#{method}}}").render!('collection' => EnumerableDrop.new)
@@ -236,22 +257,15 @@ class DropsTest < Minitest::Test
  end

  def test_empty_string_value_access
-    assert_equal('', Liquid::Template.parse('{{ product[value] }}').render!('product' => ProductDrop.new, 'value' => ''))
+    assert_equal '', Liquid::Template.parse('{{ product[value] }}').render!('product' => ProductDrop.new, 'value' => '')
  end

  def test_nil_value_access
-    assert_equal('', Liquid::Template.parse('{{ product[value] }}').render!('product' => ProductDrop.new, 'value' => nil))
+    assert_equal '', Liquid::Template.parse('{{ product[value] }}').render!('product' => ProductDrop.new, 'value' => nil)
  end

  def test_default_to_s_on_drops
-    assert_equal('ProductDrop', Liquid::Template.parse("{{ product }}").render!('product' => ProductDrop.new))
-    assert_equal('EnumerableDrop', Liquid::Template.parse('{{ collection }}').render!('collection' => EnumerableDrop.new))
-  end
-
-  def test_invokable_methods
-    assert_equal(%w(to_liquid catchall context texts).to_set, ProductDrop.invokable_methods)
-    assert_equal(%w(to_liquid scopes_as_array loop_pos scopes).to_set, ContextDrop.invokable_methods)
-    assert_equal(%w(to_liquid size max min first count).to_set, EnumerableDrop.invokable_methods)
-    assert_equal(%w(to_liquid max min sort count first).to_set, RealEnumerableDrop.invokable_methods)
+    assert_equal 'ProductDrop', Liquid::Template.parse("{{ product }}").render!('product' => ProductDrop.new)
+    assert_equal 'EnumerableDrop', Liquid::Template.parse('{{ collection }}').render!('collection' => EnumerableDrop.new)
  end
 end # DropsTest
--- a/Show More
+++ b/Show More