Add to_hash for ResourceLimits for serialization

2026-01-03 00:35:40 +03:00 · 2015-05-12 14:27:26 -04:00
124 changed files with 2067 additions and 5108 deletions
--- a/.github/probots.yml
+++ b/.github/probots.yml
@@ -1,2 +0,0 @@
 enabled:
  - cla
--- a/.gitignore
+++ b/.gitignore
@@ -6,5 +6,3 @@ pkg
 .rvmrc
 .ruby-version
 Gemfile.lock
 .bundle
 .byebug_history
--- a/.rubocop.yml
+++ b/.rubocop.yml
@@ -1,132 +0,0 @@
 inherit_from:
  - .rubocop_todo.yml
  - ./.rubocop_todo.yml
 AllCops:
  Exclude:
    - 'performance/shopify/*'
    - 'pkg/**'
 Metrics/BlockNesting:
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 Metrics/ModuleLength:
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 Style/ClassVars:
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 Style/TrivialAccessors:
  AllowPredicates: true
 Style/WordArray:
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 Naming/MethodName:
  Exclude:
    - 'example/server/liquid_servlet.rb'
--- a/.rubocop_todo.yml
+++ b/.rubocop_todo.yml
@@ -1,260 +0,0 @@
 # This configuration was generated by
 # `rubocop --auto-gen-config`
 # on 2019-04-22 19:11:24 -0400 using RuboCop version 0.53.0.
 # The point is for the user to remove these configuration records
 # one by one as the offenses are removed from the code base.
 # Note that changes in the inspected code, or installation of new
 # versions of RuboCop, may require this file to be generated again.
 # Offense count: 1
 # Cop supports --auto-correct.
 # Configuration parameters: Include, TreatCommentsAsGroupSeparators.
 # Include: **/*.gemspec
 Gemspec/OrderedDependencies:
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 # SupportedStyles: auto_detection, squiggly, active_support, powerpack, unindent
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    - 'test/integration/trim_mode_test.rb'
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 # Blacklist: END, (?-mix:EO[A-Z]{1})
 Naming/HeredocDelimiterNaming:
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    - 'test/integration/capture_test.rb'
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    - 'lib/liquid/condition.rb'
    - 'lib/liquid/context.rb'
    - 'lib/liquid/standardfilters.rb'
    - 'lib/liquid/tags/if.rb'
    - 'lib/liquid/utils.rb'
    - 'lib/liquid/variable.rb'
    - 'test/integration/filter_test.rb'
    - 'test/integration/standard_filter_test.rb'
    - 'test/integration/tags/for_tag_test.rb'
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    - 'test/unit/condition_unit_test.rb'
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    - 'lib/liquid/profiler/hooks.rb'
    - 'lib/liquid/standardfilters.rb'
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    - 'lib/liquid/tags/comment.rb'
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    - 'lib/liquid/lexer.rb'
    - 'lib/liquid/strainer.rb'
    - 'lib/liquid/tags/assign.rb'
    - 'lib/liquid/tags/capture.rb'
    - 'lib/liquid/tags/case.rb'
    - 'lib/liquid/tags/for.rb'
    - 'lib/liquid/tags/include.rb'
    - 'lib/liquid/tags/raw.rb'
    - 'lib/liquid/tags/table_row.rb'
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--- a/.travis.yml
+++ b/.travis.yml
@@ -1,34 +1,20 @@
 language: ruby
 rvm:
  - 2.0
  - 2.1
  - 2.2
  - 2.3
  - 2.4
  - 2.5
  - &latest_ruby 2.6
  - ruby-head
  - jruby-head
-#  - rbx-2
+  - rbx-2
-addons:
+sudo: false
  apt:
    packages:
    - libgmp3-dev
 matrix:
  include:
    - rvm: *latest_ruby
      script: bundle exec rake memory_profile:run
      name: Profiling Memory Usage
  allow_failures:
    - rvm: ruby-head
    - rvm: jruby-head
-install:
+script: "rake test"
  - bundle install
 script: bundle exec rake
 notifications:
  disable: true
--- a/CONTRIBUTING.md
+++ b/CONTRIBUTING.md
@@ -4,22 +4,23 @@
 * Bugfixes
 * Performance improvements
-* Features that are likely to be useful to the majority of Liquid users
+* Features which are likely to be useful to the majority of Liquid users
 ## Things we won't merge
-* Code that introduces considerable performance degrations
+* Code which introduces considerable performance degrations
-* Code that touches performance-critical parts of Liquid and comes without benchmarks
+* Code which touches performance critical parts of Liquid and comes without benchmarks
-* Features that are not important for most people (we want to keep the core Liquid code small and tidy)
+* Features which are not important for most people (we want to keep the core Liquid code small and tidy)
-* Features that can easily be implemented on top of Liquid (for example as a custom filter or custom filesystem)
+* Features which can easily be implemented on top of Liquid (for example as a custom filter or custom filesystem)
-* Code that does not include tests
+* Code which comes without tests
-* Code that breaks existing tests
+* Code which breaks existing tests
 ## Workflow
 * Fork the Liquid repository
 * Create a new branch in your fork
-* If it makes sense, add tests for your code and/or run a performance benchmark
+* If it makes sense, add tests for your code and run a performance benchmark
-* Make sure all tests pass (`bundle exec rake`)
+* Make sure all tests pass
 * Create a pull request
 * In the description, ping one of [@boourns](https://github.com/boourns), [@fw42](https://github.com/fw42), [@camilo](https://github.com/camilo), [@dylanahsmith](https://github.com/dylanahsmith), or [@arthurnn](https://github.com/arthurnn) and ask for a code review.
--- a/21
+++ b/21
@@ -1,24 +1,9 @@
 source 'https://rubygems.org'
 git_source(:github) do |repo_name|
  "https://github.com/#{repo_name}.git"
 end
 gemspec
-
+gem 'stackprof', platforms: :mri_21
 group :benchmark, :test do
  gem 'benchmark-ips'
  gem 'memory_profiler'
  gem 'terminal-table'
  install_if -> { RUBY_PLATFORM !~ /mingw|mswin|java/ } do
    gem 'stackprof'
  end
 end
 group :test do
-  gem 'rubocop', '~> 0.53.0'
+  gem 'spy', '0.4.1'
-
+  gem 'benchmark-ips'
  platform :mri do
    gem 'liquid-c', github: 'Shopify/liquid-c', ref: 'liquid-tag'
  end
 end
--- a/History.md
+++ b/History.md
@@ -1,116 +1,26 @@
 # Liquid Change Log
-## 4.0.3 / 2019-03-12
+## 4.0.0 / not yet released / branch "master"
 ### Fixed
 * Fix break and continue tags inside included templates in loops (#1072) [Justin Li]
 ## 4.0.2 / 2019-03-08
 ### Changed
-* Add `where` filter (#1026) [Samuel Doiron]
+* Add sort_natural filter (#554) [Martin Hanzel, arthanzel]
-* Add `ParseTreeVisitor` to iterate the Liquid AST (#1025) [Stephen Paul Weber]
+* Add forloop.parentloop as a reference to the parent loop (#520) [Justin Li, pushrax]
-* Improve `strip_html` performance (#1032) [printercu]
+* Block parsing moved to BlockBody class (#458) [Dylan Thacker-Smith, dylanahsmith]
 * Add concat filter to concatenate arrays (#429) [Diogo Beato, dvbeato]
 * Ruby 1.9 support dropped (#491) [Justin Li, pushrax]
 * Liquid::Template.file_system's read_template_file method is no longer passed the context. (#441) [James Reid-Smith, sunblaze]
 ### Fixed
-* Add error checking for invalid combinations of inputs to sort, sort_natural, where, uniq, map, compact filters (#1059) [Garland Zhang]
+* Fix naming of the "context variable" when dynamically including a template (#559) [Justin Li, pushrax]
-* Validate the character encoding in url_decode (#1070) [Clayton Smith]
+* Gracefully accept empty strings in the date filter (#555) [Loren Hale, boobooninja]
 * Fix capturing into variables with a hyphen in the name (#505) [Florian Weingarten, fw42]
 * Fix case sensitivity regression in date standard filter (#499) [Kelley Reynolds, kreynolds]
 * Disallow filters with no variable in strict mode (#475) [Justin Li, pushrax]
 * Disallow variable names in the strict parser that are not valid in the lax parser (#463) [Justin Li, pushrax]
 * Fix BlockBody#warnings taking exponential time to compute (#486) [Justin Li, pushrax]
-## 4.0.1 / 2018-10-09
+## 3.0.2 / 2015-04-24 / branch "3-0-stable"
-### Changed
+* Expose VariableLookup private members (#551) [Justin Li, pushrax]
 * Add benchmark group in Gemfile (#855) [Jerry Liu]
 * Allow benchmarks to benchmark render by itself (#851) [Jerry Liu]
 * Avoid calling `line_number` on String node when rescuing a render error. (#860) [Dylan Thacker-Smith]
 * Avoid duck typing to detect whether to call render on a node. [Dylan Thacker-Smith]
 * Clarify spelling of `reversed` on `for` block tag (#843) [Mark Crossfield]
 * Replace recursion with loop to avoid potential stack overflow from malicious input (#891, #892) [Dylan Thacker-Smith]
 * Limit block tag nesting to 100 (#894) [Dylan Thacker-Smith]
 * Replace `assert_equal nil` with `assert_nil` (#895) [Dylan Thacker-Smith]
 * Remove Spy Gem (#896) [Dylan Thacker-Smith]
 * Add `collection_name` and `variable_name` reader to `For` block (#909)
 * Symbols render as strings (#920) [Justin Li]
 * Remove default value from Hash objects (#932) [Maxime Bedard]
 * Remove one level of nesting (#944) [Dylan Thacker-Smith]
 * Update Rubocop version (#952) [Justin Li]
 * Add `at_least` and `at_most` filters (#954, #958) [Nithin Bekal]
 * Add a regression test for a liquid-c trim mode bug (#972) [Dylan Thacker-Smith]
 * Use https rather than git protocol to fetch liquid-c [Dylan Thacker-Smith]
 * Add tests against Ruby 2.4 (#963) and 2.5 (#981)
 * Replace RegExp literals with constants (#988) [Ashwin Maroli]
 * Replace unnecessary `#each_with_index` with `#each` (#992) [Ashwin Maroli]
 * Improve the unexpected end delimiter message for block tags. (#1003) [Dylan Thacker-Smith]
 * Refactor and optimize rendering (#1005) [Christopher Aue]
 * Add installation instruction (#1006) [Ben Gift]
 * Remove Circle CI (#1010)
 * Rename deprecated `BigDecimal.new` to `BigDecimal` (#1024) [Koichi ITO]
 * Rename deprecated Rubocop name (#1027) [Justin Li]
 ### Fixed
 * Handle `join` filter on non String joiners (#857) [Richard Monette]
 * Fix duplicate inclusion condition logic error of `Liquid::Strainer.add_filter` method (#861)
 * Fix `escape`, `url_encode`, `url_decode` not handling non-string values (#898) [Thierry Joyal]
 * Fix raise when variable is defined but nil when using `strict_variables` [Pascal Betz]
 * Fix `sort` and `sort_natural` to handle arrays with nils (#930) [Eric Chan]
 ## 4.0.0 / 2016-12-14 / branch "4-0-stable"
 ### Changed
 * Render an opaque internal error by default for non-Liquid::Error (#835) [Dylan Thacker-Smith]
 * Ruby 2.0 support dropped (#832) [Dylan Thacker-Smith]
 * Add to_number Drop method to allow custom drops to work with number filters (#731)
 * Add strict_variables and strict_filters options to detect undefined references (#691)
 * Improve loop performance (#681) [Florian Weingarten]
 * Rename Drop method `before_method` to `liquid_method_missing` (#661) [Thierry Joyal]
 * Add url_decode filter to invert url_encode (#645) [Larry Archer]
 * Add global_filter to apply a filter to all output (#610) [Loren Hale]
 * Add compact filter (#600) [Carson Reinke]
 * Rename deprecated "has_key?" and "has_interrupt?" methods (#593) [Florian Weingarten]
 * Include template name with line numbers in render errors (574) [Dylan Thacker-Smith]
 * Add sort_natural filter (#554) [Martin Hanzel]
 * Add forloop.parentloop as a reference to the parent loop (#520) [Justin Li]
 * Block parsing moved to BlockBody class (#458) [Dylan Thacker-Smith]
 * Add concat filter to concatenate arrays (#429) [Diogo Beato]
 * Ruby 1.9 support dropped (#491) [Justin Li]
 * Liquid::Template.file_system's read_template_file method is no longer passed the context. (#441) [James Reid-Smith]
 * Remove `liquid_methods` (See https://github.com/Shopify/liquid/pull/568 for replacement)
 * Liquid::Template.register_filter raises when the module overrides registered public methods as private or protected (#705) [Gaurav Chande]
 ### Fixed
 * Fix variable names being detected as an operator when starting with contains (#788) [Michael Angell]
 * Fix include tag used with strict_variables (#828) [QuickPay]
 * Fix map filter when value is a Proc (#672) [Guillaume Malette]
 * Fix truncate filter when value is not a string (#672) [Guillaume Malette]
 * Fix behaviour of escape filter when input is nil (#665) [Tanel Jakobsoo]
 * Fix sort filter behaviour with empty array input (#652) [Marcel Cary]
 * Fix test failure under certain timezones (#631) [Dylan Thacker-Smith]
 * Fix bug in uniq filter (#595) [Florian Weingarten]
 * Fix bug when "blank" and "empty" are used as variable names (#592) [Florian Weingarten]
 * Fix condition parse order in strict mode (#569) [Justin Li]
 * Fix naming of the "context variable" when dynamically including a template (#559) [Justin Li]
 * Gracefully accept empty strings in the date filter (#555) [Loren Hale]
 * Fix capturing into variables with a hyphen in the name (#505) [Florian Weingarten]
 * Fix case sensitivity regression in date standard filter (#499) [Kelley Reynolds]
 * Disallow filters with no variable in strict mode (#475) [Justin Li]
 * Disallow variable names in the strict parser that are not valid in the lax parser (#463) [Justin Li]
 * Fix BlockBody#warnings taking exponential time to compute (#486) [Justin Li]
 ## 3.0.5 / 2015-07-23 / branch "3-0-stable"
 * Fix test failure under certain timezones [Dylan Thacker-Smith]
 ## 3.0.4 / 2015-07-17
 * Fix chained access to multi-dimensional hashes [Florian Weingarten]
 ## 3.0.3 / 2015-05-28
 * Fix condition parse order in strict mode (#569) [Justin Li]
 ## 3.0.2 / 2015-04-24
 * Expose VariableLookup private members (#551) [Justin Li]
 * Documentation fixes
 ## 3.0.1 / 2015-01-23
@@ -119,52 +29,44 @@
 ## 3.0.0 / 2014-11-12
-* Removed Block#end_tag. Instead, override parse with `super` followed by your code. See #446 [Dylan Thacker-Smith]
+* Removed Block#end_tag. Instead, override parse with `super` followed by your code. See #446 [Dylan Thacker-Smith, dylanahsmith]
 * Fixed condition with wrong data types (#423) [Bogdan Gusiev]
-* Add url_encode to standard filters (#421) [Derrick Reimer]
+* Add url_encode to standard filters (#421) [Derrick Reimer, djreimer]
-* Add uniq to standard filters [Florian Weingarten]
+* Add uniq to standard filters [Florian Weingarten, fw42]
-* Add exception_handler feature (#397) and #254 [Bogdan Gusiev, Florian Weingarten]
+* Add exception_handler feature (#397) and #254 [Bogdan Gusiev, bogdan and Florian Weingarten, fw42]
-* Optimize variable parsing to avoid repeated regex evaluation during template rendering #383 [Jason Hiltz-Laforge]
+* Optimize variable parsing to avoid repeated regex evaluation during template rendering #383 [Jason Hiltz-Laforge, jasonhl]
-* Optimize checking for block interrupts to reduce object allocation #380 [Jason Hiltz-Laforge]
+* Optimize checking for block interrupts to reduce object allocation #380 [Jason Hiltz-Laforge, jasonhl] 
-* Properly set context rethrow_errors on render! #349 [Thierry Joyal]
+* Properly set context rethrow_errors on render! #349 [Thierry Joyal, tjoyal]
-* Fix broken rendering of variables which are equal to false (#345) [Florian Weingarten]
+* Fix broken rendering of variables which are equal to false (#345) [Florian Weingarten, fw42]
-* Remove ActionView template handler [Dylan Thacker-Smith]
+* Remove ActionView template handler [Dylan Thacker-Smith, dylanahsmith]
-* Freeze lots of string literals for new Ruby 2.1 optimization (#297) [Florian Weingarten]
+* Freeze lots of string literals for new Ruby 2.1 optimization (#297) [Florian Weingarten, fw42]
-* Allow newlines in tags and variables (#324) [Dylan Thacker-Smith]
+* Allow newlines in tags and variables (#324) [Dylan Thacker-Smith, dylanahsmith]
-* Tag#parse is called after initialize, which now takes options instead of tokens as the 3rd argument. See #321 [Dylan Thacker-Smith]
+* Tag#parse is called after initialize, which now takes options instead of tokens as the 3rd argument. See #321 [Dylan Thacker-Smith, dylanahsmith]
-* Raise `Liquid::ArgumentError` instead of `::ArgumentError` when filter has wrong number of arguments #309 [Bogdan Gusiev]
+* Raise `Liquid::ArgumentError` instead of `::ArgumentError` when filter has wrong number of arguments #309 [Bogdan Gusiev, bogdan]
-* Add a to_s default for liquid drops (#306) [Adam Doeler]
+* Add a to_s default for liquid drops (#306) [Adam Doeler, releod]
-* Add strip, lstrip, and rstrip to standard filters [Florian Weingarten]
+* Add strip, lstrip, and rstrip to standard filters [Florian Weingarten, fw42]
-* Make if, for & case tags return complete and consistent nodelists (#250) [Nick Jones]
+* Make if, for & case tags return complete and consistent nodelists (#250) [Nick Jones, dntj]
-* Prevent arbitrary method invocation on condition objects (#274) [Dylan Thacker-Smith]
+* Prevent arbitrary method invocation on condition objects (#274) [Dylan Thacker-Smith, dylanahsmith]
-* Don't call to_sym when creating conditions for security reasons (#273) [Bouke van der Bijl]
+* Don't call to_sym when creating conditions for security reasons (#273) [Bouke van der Bijl, bouk]
-* Fix resource counting bug with respond_to?(:length) (#263) [Florian Weingarten]
+* Fix resource counting bug with respond_to?(:length) (#263) [Florian Weingarten, fw42]
-* Allow specifying custom patterns for template filenames (#284) [Andrei Gladkyi]
+* Allow specifying custom patterns for template filenames (#284) [Andrei Gladkyi, agladkyi]
-* Allow drops to optimize loading a slice of elements (#282) [Tom Burns]
+* Allow drops to optimize loading a slice of elements (#282) [Tom Burns, boourns]
-* Support for passing variables to snippets in subdirs (#271) [Joost Hietbrink]
+* Support for passing variables to snippets in subdirs (#271) [Joost Hietbrink, joost]
-* Add a class cache to avoid runtime extend calls (#249) [James Tucker]
+* Add a class cache to avoid runtime extend calls (#249) [James Tucker, raggi]
-* Remove some legacy Ruby 1.8 compatibility code (#276) [Florian Weingarten]
+* Remove some legacy Ruby 1.8 compatibility code (#276) [Florian Weingarten, fw42]
-* Add default filter to standard filters (#267) [Derrick Reimer]
+* Add default filter to standard filters (#267) [Derrick Reimer, djreimer]
-* Add optional strict parsing and warn parsing (#235) [Tristan Hume]
+* Add optional strict parsing and warn parsing (#235) [Tristan Hume, trishume]
 * Add I18n syntax error translation (#241) [Simon Hørup Eskildsen, Sirupsen]
-* Make sort filter work on enumerable drops (#239) [Florian Weingarten]
+* Make sort filter work on enumerable drops (#239) [Florian Weingarten, fw42]
-* Fix clashing method names in enumerable drops (#238) [Florian Weingarten]
+* Fix clashing method names in enumerable drops (#238) [Florian Weingarten, fw42]
-* Make map filter work on enumerable drops (#233) [Florian Weingarten]
+* Make map filter work on enumerable drops (#233) [Florian Weingarten, fw42]
-* Improved whitespace stripping for blank blocks, related to #216 [Florian Weingarten]
+* Improved whitespace stripping for blank blocks, related to #216 [Florian Weingarten, fw42]
-## 2.6.3 / 2015-07-23 / branch "2-6-stable"
+## 2.6.1 / 2014-01-10 / branch "2-6-stable"
 * Fix test failure under certain timezones [Dylan Thacker-Smith]
 ## 2.6.2 / 2015-01-23
 * Remove duplicate hash key [Parker Moore]
 ## 2.6.1 / 2014-01-10
 Security fix, cherry-picked from master (4e14a65):
-* Don't call to_sym when creating conditions for security reasons (#273) [Bouke van der Bijl]
+* Don't call to_sym when creating conditions for security reasons (#273) [Bouke van der Bijl, bouk]
-* Prevent arbitrary method invocation on condition objects (#274) [Dylan Thacker-Smith]
+* Prevent arbitrary method invocation on condition objects (#274) [Dylan Thacker-Smith, dylanahsmith]
 ## 2.6.0 / 2013-11-25
@@ -172,37 +74,37 @@ IMPORTANT: Liquid 2.6 is going to be the last version of Liquid which maintains
 The following releases will only be tested against Ruby 1.9 and Ruby 2.0 and are likely to break on Ruby 1.8.
 * Bugfix for #106: fix example servlet [gnowoel]
-* Bugfix for #97: strip_html filter supports multi-line tags [Jo Liss]
+* Bugfix for #97: strip_html filter supports multi-line tags [Jo Liss, joliss]
-* Bugfix for #114: strip_html filter supports style tags [James Allardice]
+* Bugfix for #114: strip_html filter supports style tags [James Allardice, jamesallardice]
-* Bugfix for #117: 'now' support for date filter in Ruby 1.9 [Notre Dame Webgroup]
+* Bugfix for #117: 'now' support for date filter in Ruby 1.9 [Notre Dame Webgroup, ndwebgroup]
-* Bugfix for #166: truncate filter on UTF-8 strings with Ruby 1.8 [Florian Weingarten]
+* Bugfix for #166: truncate filter on UTF-8 strings with Ruby 1.8 [Florian Weingarten, fw42]
-* Bugfix for #204: 'raw' parsing bug [Florian Weingarten]
+* Bugfix for #204: 'raw' parsing bug [Florian Weingarten, fw42]
-* Bugfix for #150: 'for' parsing bug [Peter Schröder]
+* Bugfix for #150: 'for' parsing bug [Peter Schröder, phoet]
-* Bugfix for #126: Strip CRLF in strip_newline [Peter Schröder]
+* Bugfix for #126: Strip CRLF in strip_newline [Peter Schröder, phoet]
-* Bugfix for #174, "can't convert Fixnum into String" for "replace" [jsw0528]
+* Bugfix for #174, "can't convert Fixnum into String" for "replace" [wǒ_is神仙, jsw0528]
-* Allow a Liquid::Drop to be passed into Template#render [Daniel Huckstep]
+* Allow a Liquid::Drop to be passed into Template#render [Daniel Huckstep, darkhelmet]
-* Resource limits [Florian Weingarten]
+* Resource limits [Florian Weingarten, fw42]
-* Add reverse filter [Jay Strybis]
+* Add reverse filter [Jay Strybis, unreal]
 * Add utf-8 support
-* Use array instead of Hash to keep the registered filters [Tasos Stathopoulos]
+* Use array instead of Hash to keep the registered filters [Tasos Stathopoulos, astathopoulos]
-* Cache tokenized partial templates [Tom Burns]
+* Cache tokenized partial templates [Tom Burns, boourns]
-* Avoid warnings in Ruby 1.9.3 [Marcus Stollsteimer]
+* Avoid warnings in Ruby 1.9.3 [Marcus Stollsteimer, stomar]
-* Better documentation for 'include' tag (closes #163) [Peter Schröder]
+* Better documentation for 'include' tag (closes #163) [Peter Schröder, phoet]
-* Use of BigDecimal on filters to have better precision (closes #155) [Arthur Nogueira Neves]
+* Use of BigDecimal on filters to have better precision (closes #155) [Arthur Nogueira Neves, arthurnn]
 ## 2.5.5 / 2014-01-10 / branch "2-5-stable"
 Security fix, cherry-picked from master (4e14a65):
-* Don't call to_sym when creating conditions for security reasons (#273) [Bouke van der Bijl]
+* Don't call to_sym when creating conditions for security reasons (#273) [Bouke van der Bijl, bouk]
-* Prevent arbitrary method invocation on condition objects (#274) [Dylan Thacker-Smith]
+* Prevent arbitrary method invocation on condition objects (#274) [Dylan Thacker-Smith, dylanahsmith]
 ## 2.5.4 / 2013-11-11
-* Fix "can't convert Fixnum into String" for "replace" (#173), [jsw0528]
+* Fix "can't convert Fixnum into String" for "replace" (#173), [wǒ_is神仙, jsw0528]
 ## 2.5.3 / 2013-10-09
-* #232, #234, #237: Fix map filter bugs [Florian Weingarten]
+* #232, #234, #237: Fix map filter bugs [Florian Weingarten, fw42]
 ## 2.5.2 / 2013-09-03 / deleted
@@ -210,7 +112,7 @@ Yanked from rubygems, as it contained too many changes that broke compatibility.
 ## 2.5.1 / 2013-07-24
-* #230: Fix security issue with map filter, Use invoke_drop in map filter [Florian Weingarten]
+* #230: Fix security issue with map filter, Use invoke_drop in map filter [Florian Weingarten, fw42]
 ## 2.5.0 / 2013-03-06
--- a/0
+++ b/0
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -42,8 +42,6 @@ Liquid is a template engine which was written with very specific requirements:
 ## How to use Liquid
 Install Liquid by adding `gem 'liquid'` to your gemfile.
 Liquid supports a very simple API based around the Liquid::Template class.
 For standard use you can just pass it the content of a file and call render with a parameters hash.
@@ -75,34 +73,3 @@ This is useful for doing things like enabling strict mode only in the theme edit
 It is recommended that you enable `:strict` or `:warn` mode on new apps to stop invalid templates from being created.
 It is also recommended that you use it in the template editors of existing apps to give editors better error messages.
 ### Undefined variables and filters
 By default, the renderer doesn't raise or in any other way notify you if some variables or filters are missing, i.e. not passed to the `render` method.
 You can improve this situation by passing `strict_variables: true` and/or `strict_filters: true` options to the `render` method.
 When one of these options is set to true, all errors about undefined variables and undefined filters will be stored in `errors` array of a `Liquid::Template` instance.
 Here are some examples:
 ```ruby
 template = Liquid::Template.parse("{{x}} {{y}} {{z.a}} {{z.b}}")
 template.render({ 'x' => 1, 'z' => { 'a' => 2 } }, { strict_variables: true })
 #=> '1  2 ' # when a variable is undefined, it's rendered as nil
 template.errors
 #=> [#<Liquid::UndefinedVariable: Liquid error: undefined variable y>, #<Liquid::UndefinedVariable: Liquid error: undefined variable b>]
 ```
 ```ruby
 template = Liquid::Template.parse("{{x | filter1 | upcase}}")
 template.render({ 'x' => 'foo' }, { strict_filters: true })
 #=> '' # when at least one filter in the filter chain is undefined, a whole expression is rendered as nil
 template.errors
 #=> [#<Liquid::UndefinedFilter: Liquid error: undefined filter filter1>]
 ```
 If you want to raise on a first exception instead of pushing all of them in `errors`, you can use `render!` method:
 ```ruby
 template = Liquid::Template.parse("{{x}} {{y}}")
 template.render!({ 'x' => 1}, { strict_variables: true })
 #=> Liquid::UndefinedVariable: Liquid error: undefined variable y
 ```
--- a/39
+++ b/39
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ require 'rake/testtask'
 $LOAD_PATH.unshift File.expand_path("../lib", __FILE__)
 require "liquid/version"
-task default: [:test, :rubocop]
+task :default => 'test'
 desc 'run test suite with default parser'
 Rake::TestTask.new(:base_test) do |t|
@@ -18,43 +18,25 @@ task :warn_test do
  Rake::Task['base_test'].invoke
 end
 task :rubocop do
  require 'rubocop/rake_task'
  RuboCop::RakeTask.new
 end
 desc 'runs test suite with both strict and lax parsers'
 task :test do
  ENV['LIQUID_PARSER_MODE'] = 'lax'
  Rake::Task['base_test'].invoke
  ENV['LIQUID_PARSER_MODE'] = 'strict'
  Rake::Task['base_test'].reenable
  Rake::Task['base_test'].invoke
  if RUBY_ENGINE == 'ruby'
    ENV['LIQUID-C'] = '1'
    ENV['LIQUID_PARSER_MODE'] = 'lax'
    Rake::Task['base_test'].reenable
    Rake::Task['base_test'].invoke
    ENV['LIQUID_PARSER_MODE'] = 'strict'
    Rake::Task['base_test'].reenable
    Rake::Task['base_test'].invoke
  end
 end
-task gem: :build
+task :gem => :build
 task :build do
  system "gem build liquid.gemspec"
 end
-task install: :build do
+task :install => :build do
  system "gem install liquid-#{Liquid::VERSION}.gem"
 end
-task release: :build do
+task :release => :build do
  system "git tag -a v#{Liquid::VERSION} -m 'Tagging #{Liquid::VERSION}'"
  system "git push --tags"
  system "gem push liquid-#{Liquid::VERSION}.gem"
@@ -62,6 +44,7 @@ task release: :build do
 end
 namespace :benchmark do
  desc "Run the liquid benchmark with lax parsing"
  task :run do
    ruby "./performance/benchmark.rb lax"
@@ -73,7 +56,9 @@ namespace :benchmark do
  end
 end
 namespace :profile do
  desc "Run the liquid profile/performance coverage"
  task :run do
    ruby "./performance/profile.rb"
@@ -83,20 +68,10 @@ namespace :profile do
  task :strict do
    ruby "./performance/profile.rb strict"
  end
 end
 namespace :memory_profile do
  desc "Run memory profiler"
  task :run do
    ruby "./performance/memory_profile.rb"
  end
 end
 desc "Run example"
 task :example do
  ruby "-w -d -Ilib example/server/server.rb"
 end
 task :console do
  exec 'irb -I lib -r liquid'
 end
--- a/example/server/example_servlet.rb
+++ b/example/server/example_servlet.rb
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ module ProductsFilter
  end
  def prettyprint(text)
-    text.gsub(/\*(.*)\*/, '<b>\1</b>')
+    text.gsub( /\*(.*)\*/, '<b>\1</b>' )
  end
  def count(array)
@@ -17,28 +17,30 @@ module ProductsFilter
 end
 class Servlet < LiquidServlet
  def index
    { 'date' => Time.now }
  end
  def products
-    { 'products' => products_list, 'more_products' => more_products_list, 'description' => description, 'section' => 'Snowboards', 'cool_products' => true }
+    { 'products' => products_list, 'more_products' => more_products_list, 'description' => description, 'section' => 'Snowboards', 'cool_products' => true}
  end
  private
  def products_list
-    [{ 'name' => 'Arbor Draft', 'price' => 39900, 'description' => 'the *arbor draft* is a excellent product' },
+    [{'name' => 'Arbor Draft', 'price' => 39900, 'description' => 'the *arbor draft* is a excellent product' },
-     { 'name' => 'Arbor Element', 'price' => 40000, 'description' => 'the *arbor element* rocks for freestyling' },
+    {'name' => 'Arbor Element', 'price' => 40000, 'description' => 'the *arbor element* rocks for freestyling'},
-     { 'name' => 'Arbor Diamond', 'price' => 59900, 'description' => 'the *arbor diamond* is a made up product because im obsessed with arbor and have no creativity' }]
+    {'name' => 'Arbor Diamond', 'price' => 59900, 'description' => 'the *arbor diamond* is a made up product because im obsessed with arbor and have no creativity'}]
  end
  def more_products_list
-    [{ 'name' => 'Arbor Catalyst', 'price' => 39900, 'description' => 'the *arbor catalyst* is an advanced drop-through for freestyle and flatground performance and versatility' },
+    [{'name' => 'Arbor Catalyst', 'price' => 39900, 'description' => 'the *arbor catalyst* is an advanced drop-through for freestyle and flatground performance and versatility' },
-     { 'name' => 'Arbor Fish', 'price' => 40000, 'description' => 'the *arbor fish* is a compact pin that features an extended wheelbase and time-honored teardrop shape' }]
+    {'name' => 'Arbor Fish', 'price' => 40000, 'description' => 'the *arbor fish* is a compact pin that features an extended wheelbase and time-honored teardrop shape'}]
  end
  def description
    "List of Products ~ This is a list of products with price and description."
  end
 end
--- a/example/server/liquid_servlet.rb
+++ b/example/server/liquid_servlet.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 class LiquidServlet < WEBrick::HTTPServlet::AbstractServlet
  def do_GET(req, res)
    handle(:get, req, res)
  end
@@ -19,10 +20,10 @@ class LiquidServlet < WEBrick::HTTPServlet::AbstractServlet
    @response['Content-Type'] = "text/html"
    @response.status = 200
-    @response.body = Liquid::Template.parse(read_template).render(@assigns, filters: [ProductsFilter])
+    @response.body = Liquid::Template.parse(read_template).render(@assigns, :filters => [ProductsFilter])
  end
  def read_template(filename = @action)
-    File.read("#{__dir__}/templates/#{filename}.liquid")
+    File.read( File.dirname(__FILE__) + "/templates/#{filename}.liquid" )
  end
 end
--- a/example/server/server.rb
+++ b/example/server/server.rb
@@ -1,12 +1,14 @@
 require 'webrick'
 require 'rexml/document'
-require_relative '../../lib/liquid'
+DIR = File.expand_path(File.dirname(__FILE__))
-require_relative 'liquid_servlet'
+
-require_relative 'example_servlet'
+require DIR + '/../../lib/liquid'
 require DIR + '/liquid_servlet'
 require DIR + '/example_servlet'
 # Setup webrick
-server = WEBrick::HTTPServer.new(Port: ARGV[1] || 3000)
+server = WEBrick::HTTPServer.new( :Port => ARGV[1] || 3000 )
 server.mount('/', Servlet)
 trap("INT"){ server.shutdown }
 server.start
--- a/lib/liquid.rb
+++ b/lib/liquid.rb
@@ -24,7 +24,6 @@ module Liquid
  ArgumentSeparator           = ','.freeze
  FilterArgumentSeparator     = ':'.freeze
  VariableAttributeSeparator  = '.'.freeze
  WhitespaceControl           = '-'.freeze
  TagStart                    = /\{\%/
  TagEnd                      = /\%\}/
  VariableSignature           = /\(?[\w\-\.\[\]]\)?/
@@ -35,7 +34,7 @@ module Liquid
  QuotedString                = /"[^"]*"|'[^']*'/
  QuotedFragment              = /#{QuotedString}|(?:[^\s,\|'"]|#{QuotedString})+/o
  TagAttributes               = /(\w+)\s*\:\s*(#{QuotedFragment})/o
-  AnyStartingTag              = /#{TagStart}|#{VariableStart}/o
+  AnyStartingTag              = /\{\{|\{\%/
  PartialTemplateParser       = /#{TagStart}.*?#{TagEnd}|#{VariableStart}.*?#{VariableIncompleteEnd}/om
  TemplateParser              = /(#{PartialTemplateParser}|#{AnyStartingTag})/om
  VariableParser              = /\[[^\]]+\]|#{VariableSegment}+\??/o
@@ -45,13 +44,10 @@ module Liquid
 end
 require "liquid/version"
 require 'liquid/parse_tree_visitor'
 require 'liquid/lexer'
 require 'liquid/parser'
 require 'liquid/i18n'
 require 'liquid/drop'
 require 'liquid/tablerowloop_drop'
 require 'liquid/forloop_drop'
 require 'liquid/extensions'
 require 'liquid/errors'
 require 'liquid/interrupts'
@@ -71,10 +67,10 @@ require 'liquid/resource_limits'
 require 'liquid/template'
 require 'liquid/standardfilters'
 require 'liquid/condition'
 require 'liquid/module_ex'
 require 'liquid/utils'
-require 'liquid/tokenizer'
+require 'liquid/token'
 require 'liquid/parse_context'
 # Load all the tags of the standard library
 #
-Dir["#{__dir__}/liquid/tags/*.rb"].each { |f| require f }
+Dir[File.dirname(__FILE__) + '/liquid/tags/*.rb'].each { |f| require f }
--- a/lib/liquid/block.rb
+++ b/lib/liquid/block.rb
@@ -1,7 +1,5 @@
 module Liquid
  class Block < Tag
    MAX_DEPTH = 100
    def initialize(tag_name, markup, options)
      super
      @blank = true
@@ -9,11 +7,10 @@ module Liquid
    def parse(tokens)
      @body = BlockBody.new
-      while parse_body(@body, tokens)
+      while more = parse_body(@body, tokens)
      end
    end
    # For backwards compatibility
    def render(context)
      @body.render(context)
    end
@@ -26,17 +23,29 @@ module Liquid
      @body.nodelist
    end
-    def unknown_tag(tag, _params, _tokens)
+    # warnings of this block and all sub-tags
-      if tag == 'else'.freeze
+    def warnings
-        raise SyntaxError.new(parse_context.locale.t("errors.syntax.unexpected_else".freeze,
+      all_warnings = []
-          block_name: block_name))
+      all_warnings.concat(@warnings) if @warnings
-      elsif tag.start_with?('end'.freeze)
+
-        raise SyntaxError.new(parse_context.locale.t("errors.syntax.invalid_delimiter".freeze,
+      (nodelist || []).each do |node|
-          tag: tag,
+        all_warnings.concat(node.warnings || []) if node.respond_to?(:warnings)
-          block_name: block_name,
+      end
-          block_delimiter: block_delimiter))
+
      all_warnings
    end
    def unknown_tag(tag, params, tokens)
      case tag
      when 'else'.freeze
        raise SyntaxError.new(options[:locale].t("errors.syntax.unexpected_else".freeze,
                                                 :block_name => block_name))
      when 'end'.freeze
        raise SyntaxError.new(options[:locale].t("errors.syntax.invalid_delimiter".freeze,
                                                 :block_name => block_name,
                                                 :block_delimiter => block_delimiter))
      else
-        raise SyntaxError.new(parse_context.locale.t("errors.syntax.unknown_tag".freeze, tag: tag))
+        raise SyntaxError.new(options[:locale].t("errors.syntax.unknown_tag".freeze, :tag => tag))
      end
    end
@@ -51,25 +60,17 @@ module Liquid
    protected
    def parse_body(body, tokens)
-      if parse_context.depth >= MAX_DEPTH
+      body.parse(tokens, options) do |end_tag_name, end_tag_params|
-        raise StackLevelError, "Nesting too deep".freeze
+        @blank &&= body.blank?
      end
      parse_context.depth += 1
      begin
        body.parse(tokens, parse_context) do |end_tag_name, end_tag_params|
          @blank &&= body.blank?
-          return false if end_tag_name == block_delimiter
+        return false if end_tag_name == block_delimiter
-          unless end_tag_name
+        unless end_tag_name
-            raise SyntaxError.new(parse_context.locale.t("errors.syntax.tag_never_closed".freeze, block_name: block_name))
+          raise SyntaxError.new(@options[:locale].t("errors.syntax.tag_never_closed".freeze, :block_name => block_name))
          end
          # this tag is not registered with the system
          # pass it to the current block for special handling or error reporting
          unknown_tag(end_tag_name, end_tag_params, tokens)
        end
-      ensure
+
-        parse_context.depth -= 1
+        # this tag is not registered with the system
        # pass it to the current block for special handling or error reporting
        unknown_tag(end_tag_name, end_tag_params, tokens)
      end
      true
--- a/lib/liquid/block_body.rb
+++ b/lib/liquid/block_body.rb
@@ -1,9 +1,7 @@
 module Liquid
  class BlockBody
-    LiquidTagToken = /\A\s*(\w+)\s*(.*?)\z/o
+    FullToken = /\A#{TagStart}\s*(\w+)\s*(.*)?#{TagEnd}\z/om
-    FullToken = /\A#{TagStart}#{WhitespaceControl}?(\s*)(\w+)(\s*)(.*?)#{WhitespaceControl}?#{TagEnd}\z/om
+    ContentOfVariable = /\A#{VariableStart}(.*)#{VariableEnd}\z/om
    ContentOfVariable = /\A#{VariableStart}#{WhitespaceControl}?(.*?)#{WhitespaceControl}?#{VariableEnd}\z/om
    WhitespaceOrNothing = /\A\s*\z/
    TAGSTART = "{%".freeze
    VARSTART = "{{".freeze
@@ -14,176 +12,120 @@ module Liquid
      @blank = true
    end
-    def parse(tokenizer, parse_context, &block)
+    def parse(tokens, options)
-      parse_context.line_number = tokenizer.line_number
+      while token = tokens.shift
-
+        begin
-      if tokenizer.for_liquid_tag
+          unless token.empty?
-        parse_for_liquid_tag(tokenizer, parse_context, &block)
+            case
-      else
+            when token.start_with?(TAGSTART)
-        parse_for_document(tokenizer, parse_context, &block)
+              if token =~ FullToken
-      end
+                tag_name = $1
-    end
+                markup = $2
-
+                # fetch the tag from registered blocks
-    private def parse_for_liquid_tag(tokenizer, parse_context)
+                if tag = Template.tags[tag_name]
-      while token = tokenizer.shift
+                  markup = token.child(markup) if token.is_a?(Token)
-        unless token.empty? || token =~ WhitespaceOrNothing
+                  new_tag = tag.parse(tag_name, markup, tokens, options)
-          unless token =~ LiquidTagToken
+                  new_tag.line_number = token.line_number if token.is_a?(Token)
-            # line isn't empty but didn't match tag syntax, yield and let the
+                  @blank &&= new_tag.blank?
-            # caller raise a syntax error
+                  @nodelist << new_tag
-            return yield token, token
+                else
                  # end parsing if we reach an unknown tag and let the caller decide
                  # determine how to proceed
                  return yield tag_name, markup
                end
              else
                raise_missing_tag_terminator(token, options)
              end
            when token.start_with?(VARSTART)
              new_var = create_variable(token, options)
              new_var.line_number = token.line_number if token.is_a?(Token)
              @nodelist << new_var
              @blank = false
            else
              @nodelist << token
              @blank &&= !!(token =~ /\A\s*\z/)
            end
          end
-          tag_name = $1
+        rescue SyntaxError => e
-          markup = $2
+          e.set_line_number_from_token(token)
-          unless tag = registered_tags[tag_name]
+          raise
            # end parsing if we reach an unknown tag and let the caller decide
            # determine how to proceed
            return yield tag_name, markup
          end
          new_tag = tag.parse(tag_name, markup, tokenizer, parse_context)
          @blank &&= new_tag.blank?
          @nodelist << new_tag
        end
        parse_context.line_number = tokenizer.line_number
      end
      yield nil, nil
    end
    private def parse_for_document(tokenizer, parse_context, &block)
      while token = tokenizer.shift
        next if token.empty?
        case
        when token.start_with?(TAGSTART)
          whitespace_handler(token, parse_context)
          unless token =~ FullToken
            raise_missing_tag_terminator(token, parse_context)
          end
          tag_name = $2
          markup = $4
          if parse_context.line_number
            # newlines inside the tag should increase the line number,
            # particularly important for multiline {% liquid %} tags
            parse_context.line_number += $1.count("\n".freeze) + $3.count("\n".freeze)
          end
          if tag_name == 'liquid'.freeze
            liquid_tag_tokenizer = Tokenizer.new(markup, line_number: parse_context.line_number, for_liquid_tag: true)
            next parse_for_liquid_tag(liquid_tag_tokenizer, parse_context, &block)
          end
          unless tag = registered_tags[tag_name]
            # end parsing if we reach an unknown tag and let the caller decide
            # determine how to proceed
            return yield tag_name, markup
          end
          new_tag = tag.parse(tag_name, markup, tokenizer, parse_context)
          @blank &&= new_tag.blank?
          @nodelist << new_tag
        when token.start_with?(VARSTART)
          whitespace_handler(token, parse_context)
          @nodelist << create_variable(token, parse_context)
          @blank = false
        else
          if parse_context.trim_whitespace
            token.lstrip!
          end
          parse_context.trim_whitespace = false
          @nodelist << token
          @blank &&= !!(token =~ WhitespaceOrNothing)
        end
        parse_context.line_number = tokenizer.line_number
      end
      yield nil, nil
    end
    def whitespace_handler(token, parse_context)
      if token[2] == WhitespaceControl
        previous_token = @nodelist.last
        if previous_token.is_a? String
          previous_token.rstrip!
        end
      end
      parse_context.trim_whitespace = (token[-3] == WhitespaceControl)
    end
    def blank?
      @blank
    end
-    def render(context)
+    def warnings
-      render_to_output_buffer(context, '')
+      all_warnings = []
      nodelist.each do |node|
        all_warnings.concat(node.warnings || []) if node.respond_to?(:warnings)
      end
      all_warnings
    end
-    def render_to_output_buffer(context, output)
+    def render(context)
      output = []
      context.resource_limits.render_score += @nodelist.length
-      idx = 0
+      @nodelist.each do |token|
-      while node = @nodelist[idx]
+        # Break out if we have any unhanded interrupts.
-        previous_output_size = output.bytesize
+        break if context.has_interrupt?
-        case node
+        begin
        when String
          output << node
        when Variable
          render_node(context, output, node)
        when Block
          render_node(context, node.blank? ? '' : output, node)
          break if context.interrupt? # might have happened in a for-block
        when Continue, Break
          # If we get an Interrupt that means the block must stop processing. An
          # Interrupt is any command that stops block execution such as {% break %}
          # or {% continue %}
-          context.push_interrupt(node.interrupt)
+          if token.is_a?(Continue) or token.is_a?(Break)
-          break
+            context.push_interrupt(token.interrupt)
-        else # Other non-Block tags
+            break
-          render_node(context, output, node)
+          end
          break if context.interrupt? # might have happened through an include
        end
        idx += 1
-        raise_if_resource_limits_reached(context, output.bytesize - previous_output_size)
+          token_output = render_token(token, context)
          unless token.is_a?(Block) && token.blank?
            output << token_output
          end
        rescue MemoryError => e
          raise e
        rescue ::StandardError => e
          output << context.handle_error(e, token)
        end
      end
-      output
+      output.join
    end
    private
-    def render_node(context, output, node)
+    def render_token(token, context)
-      node.render_to_output_buffer(context, output)
+      token_output = (token.respond_to?(:render) ? token.render(context) : token)
-    rescue UndefinedVariable, UndefinedDropMethod, UndefinedFilter => e
+      token_str = token_output.is_a?(Array) ? token_output.join : token_output.to_s
      context.handle_error(e, node.line_number)
    rescue ::StandardError => e
      line_number = node.is_a?(String) ? nil : node.line_number
      output << context.handle_error(e, line_number)
    end
-    def raise_if_resource_limits_reached(context, length)
+      context.resource_limits.render_length += token_str.length
-      context.resource_limits.render_length += length
+      if context.resource_limits.reached?
-      return unless context.resource_limits.reached?
+        raise MemoryError.new("Memory limits exceeded".freeze)
      raise MemoryError.new("Memory limits exceeded".freeze)
    end
    def create_variable(token, parse_context)
      token.scan(ContentOfVariable) do |content|
        markup = content.first
        return Variable.new(markup, parse_context)
      end
-      raise_missing_variable_terminator(token, parse_context)
+      token_str
    end
-    def raise_missing_tag_terminator(token, parse_context)
+    def create_variable(token, options)
-      raise SyntaxError.new(parse_context.locale.t("errors.syntax.tag_termination".freeze, token: token, tag_end: TagEnd.inspect))
+      token.scan(ContentOfVariable) do |content|
        markup = token.is_a?(Token) ? token.child(content.first) : content.first
        return Variable.new(markup, options)
      end
      raise_missing_variable_terminator(token, options)
    end
-    def raise_missing_variable_terminator(token, parse_context)
+    def raise_missing_tag_terminator(token, options)
-      raise SyntaxError.new(parse_context.locale.t("errors.syntax.variable_termination".freeze, token: token, tag_end: VariableEnd.inspect))
+      raise SyntaxError.new(options[:locale].t("errors.syntax.tag_termination".freeze, :token => token, :tag_end => TagEnd.inspect))
    end
-    def registered_tags
+    def raise_missing_variable_terminator(token, options)
-      Template.tags
+      raise SyntaxError.new(options[:locale].t("errors.syntax.variable_termination".freeze, :token => token, :tag_end => VariableEnd.inspect))
    end
  end
 end
--- a/lib/liquid/condition.rb
+++ b/lib/liquid/condition.rb
@@ -8,28 +8,23 @@ module Liquid
  #
  class Condition #:nodoc:
    @@operators = {
-      '=='.freeze => ->(cond, left, right) {  cond.send(:equal_variables, left, right) },
+      '=='.freeze => lambda { |cond, left, right|  cond.send(:equal_variables, left, right) },
-      '!='.freeze => ->(cond, left, right) { !cond.send(:equal_variables, left, right) },
+      '!='.freeze => lambda { |cond, left, right| !cond.send(:equal_variables, left, right) },
-      '<>'.freeze => ->(cond, left, right) { !cond.send(:equal_variables, left, right) },
+      '<>'.freeze => lambda { |cond, left, right| !cond.send(:equal_variables, left, right) },
      '<'.freeze  => :<,
      '>'.freeze  => :>,
      '>='.freeze => :>=,
      '<='.freeze => :<=,
-      'contains'.freeze => lambda do |cond, left, right|
+      'contains'.freeze => lambda { |cond, left, right|
-        if left && right && left.respond_to?(:include?)
+        left && right && left.respond_to?(:include?) ? left.include?(right) : false
-          right = right.to_s if left.is_a?(String)
+      }
          left.include?(right)
        else
          false
        end
      end
    }
    def self.operators
      @@operators
    end
-    attr_reader :attachment, :child_condition
+    attr_reader :attachment
    attr_accessor :left, :operator, :right
    def initialize(left = nil, operator = nil, right = nil)
@@ -41,22 +36,16 @@ module Liquid
    end
    def evaluate(context = Context.new)
-      condition = self
+      result = interpret_condition(left, right, operator, context)
      result = nil
      loop do
        result = interpret_condition(condition.left, condition.right, condition.operator, context)
-        case condition.child_relation
+      case @child_relation
-        when :or
+      when :or
-          break if result
+        result || @child_condition.evaluate(context)
-        when :and
+      when :and
-          break unless result
+        result && @child_condition.evaluate(context)
-        else
+      else
-          break
+        result
        end
        condition = condition.child_condition
      end
      result
    end
    def or(condition)
@@ -81,24 +70,20 @@ module Liquid
      "#<Condition #{[@left, @operator, @right].compact.join(' '.freeze)}>"
    end
    protected
    attr_reader :child_relation
    private
    def equal_variables(left, right)
-      if left.is_a?(Liquid::Expression::MethodLiteral)
+      if left.is_a?(Symbol)
-        if right.respond_to?(left.method_name)
+        if right.respond_to?(left)
-          return right.send(left.method_name)
+          return right.send(left.to_s)
        else
          return nil
        end
      end
-      if right.is_a?(Liquid::Expression::MethodLiteral)
+      if right.is_a?(Symbol)
-        if left.respond_to?(right.method_name)
+        if left.respond_to?(right)
-          return left.send(right.method_name)
+          return left.send(right.to_s)
        else
          return nil
        end
@@ -111,7 +96,7 @@ module Liquid
      # If the operator is empty this means that the decision statement is just
      # a single variable. We can just poll this variable from the context and
      # return this as the result.
-      return context.evaluate(left) if op.nil?
+      return context.evaluate(left) if op == nil
      left = context.evaluate(left)
      right = context.evaluate(right)
@@ -120,32 +105,27 @@ module Liquid
      if operation.respond_to?(:call)
        operation.call(self, left, right)
-      elsif left.respond_to?(operation) && right.respond_to?(operation) && !left.is_a?(Hash) && !right.is_a?(Hash)
+      elsif left.respond_to?(operation) and right.respond_to?(operation)
        begin
          left.send(operation, right)
        rescue ::ArgumentError => e
          raise Liquid::ArgumentError.new(e.message)
        end
-      end
+      else
-    end
+        nil
    class ParseTreeVisitor < Liquid::ParseTreeVisitor
      def children
        [
          @node.left, @node.right,
          @node.child_condition, @node.attachment
        ].compact
      end
    end
  end
  class ElseCondition < Condition
    def else?
      true
    end
-    def evaluate(_context)
+    def evaluate(context)
      true
    end
  end
 end
--- a/lib/liquid/context.rb
+++ b/lib/liquid/context.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 module Liquid
  # Context keeps the variable stack and resolves variables, as well as keywords
  #
  #   context['variable'] = 'testing'
@@ -13,28 +14,24 @@ module Liquid
  #   context['bob']  #=> nil  class Context
  class Context
    attr_reader :scopes, :errors, :registers, :environments, :resource_limits
-    attr_accessor :exception_renderer, :template_name, :partial, :global_filter, :strict_variables, :strict_filters
+    attr_accessor :exception_handler
    def initialize(environments = {}, outer_scope = {}, registers = {}, rethrow_errors = false, resource_limits = nil)
      @environments     = [environments].flatten
      @scopes           = [(outer_scope || {})]
      @registers        = registers
      @errors           = []
      @interrupts       = []
      @filters          = []
      @global_filter    = nil
      @partial          = false
      @strict_variables = false
      @resource_limits  = resource_limits || ResourceLimits.new(Template.default_resource_limits)
      self.exception_renderer = Template.default_exception_renderer
      self.exception_renderer = ->(e) { raise } if rethrow_errors
      squash_instance_assigns_with_environments
    end
-    def warnings
+      @this_stack_used = false
-      @warnings ||= []
+
      if rethrow_errors
        self.exception_handler = ->(e) { true }
      end
      @interrupts = []
      @filters = []
    end
    def strainer
@@ -51,12 +48,8 @@ module Liquid
      @strainer = nil
    end
    def apply_global_filter(obj)
      global_filter.nil? ? obj : global_filter.call(obj)
    end
    # are there any not handled interrupts?
-    def interrupt?
+    def has_interrupt?
      !@interrupts.empty?
    end
@@ -70,12 +63,15 @@ module Liquid
      @interrupts.pop
    end
-    def handle_error(e, line_number = nil)
+
-      e = internal_error unless e.is_a?(Liquid::Error)
+    def handle_error(e, token=nil)
-      e.template_name ||= template_name
+      if e.is_a?(Liquid::Error)
-      e.line_number ||= line_number
+        e.set_line_number_from_token(token)
      end
      errors.push(e)
-      exception_renderer.call(e).to_s
+      raise if exception_handler && exception_handler.call(e)
      Liquid::Error.render(e)
    end
    def invoke(method, *args)
@@ -83,9 +79,9 @@ module Liquid
    end
    # Push new local scope on the stack. use <tt>Context#stack</tt> instead
-    def push
+    def push(new_scope={})
-      @scopes.unshift({})
+      @scopes.unshift(new_scope)
-      raise StackLevelError, "Nesting too deep".freeze if @scopes.length > (Block::MAX_DEPTH + 1)
+      raise StackLevelError, "Nesting too deep".freeze if @scopes.length > 100
    end
    # Merge a hash of variables in the current local scope
@@ -107,15 +103,31 @@ module Liquid
    #   end
    #
    #   context['var]  #=> nil
-    def stack
+    def stack(new_scope=nil)
-      push
+      old_stack_used = @this_stack_used
      if new_scope
        push(new_scope)
        @this_stack_used = true
      else
        @this_stack_used = false
      end
      yield
    ensure
-      pop
+      pop if @this_stack_used
      @this_stack_used = old_stack_used
    end
    def clear_instance_assigns
      @scopes[0] = {}
    end
    # Only allow String, Numeric, Hash, Array, Proc, Boolean or <tt>Liquid::Drop</tt>
    def []=(key, value)
      unless @this_stack_used
        @this_stack_used = true
        push({})
      end
      @scopes[0][key] = value
    end
@@ -131,7 +143,7 @@ module Liquid
      evaluate(Expression.parse(expression))
    end
-    def key?(key)
+    def has_key?(key)
      self[key] != nil
    end
@@ -140,28 +152,36 @@ module Liquid
    end
    # Fetches an object starting at the local scope and then moving up the hierachy
-    def find_variable(key, raise_on_not_found: true)
+    def find_variable(key)
      # This was changed from find() to find_index() because this is a very hot
      # path and find_index() is optimized in MRI to reduce object allocation
      index = @scopes.find_index { |s| s.has_key?(key) }
      scope = @scopes[index] if index
-      scope = (index = @scopes.find_index { |s| s.key?(key)  }) && @scopes[index]
+      variable = nil
      scope ||= (index = @environments.find_index { |s| s.key?(key) }) && @environments[index]
      scope ||= {}
-      variable = lookup_and_evaluate(scope, key, raise_on_not_found: raise_on_not_found).to_liquid
+      if scope.nil?
-      variable.context = self if variable.respond_to?(:context=)
+        @environments.each do |e|
-
+          variable = lookup_and_evaluate(e, key)
-      variable
+          unless variable.nil?
-    end
+            scope = e
-
+            break
-    def lookup_and_evaluate(obj, key, raise_on_not_found: true)
+          end
-      if @strict_variables && raise_on_not_found && obj.respond_to?(:key?) && !obj.key?(key)
+        end
        raise Liquid::UndefinedVariable, "undefined variable #{key}"
      end
-      value = obj[key]
+      scope     ||= @environments.last || @scopes.last
      variable  ||= lookup_and_evaluate(scope, key)
-      if value.is_a?(Proc) && obj.respond_to?(:[]=)
+      variable = variable.to_liquid
      variable.context = self if variable.respond_to?(:context=)
      return variable
    end
    def lookup_and_evaluate(obj, key)
      if (value = obj[key]).is_a?(Proc) && obj.respond_to?(:[]=)
        obj[key] = (value.arity == 0) ? value.call : value.call(self)
      else
        value
@@ -169,23 +189,15 @@ module Liquid
    end
    private
-
+      def squash_instance_assigns_with_environments
-    def internal_error
+        @scopes.last.each_key do |k|
-      # raise and catch to set backtrace and cause on exception
+          @environments.each do |env|
-      raise Liquid::InternalError, 'internal'
+            if env.has_key?(k)
-    rescue Liquid::InternalError => exc
+              scopes.last[k] = lookup_and_evaluate(env, k)
-      exc
+              break
-    end
+            end
    def squash_instance_assigns_with_environments
      @scopes.last.each_key do |k|
        @environments.each do |env|
          if env.key?(k)
            scopes.last[k] = lookup_and_evaluate(env, k)
            break
          end
        end
-      end
+      end # squash_instance_assigns_with_environments
    end # squash_instance_assigns_with_environments
  end # Context
 end # Liquid
--- a/lib/liquid/document.rb
+++ b/lib/liquid/document.rb
@@ -1,26 +1,23 @@
 module Liquid
  class Document < BlockBody
-    def self.parse(tokens, parse_context)
+    def self.parse(tokens, options)
      doc = new
-      doc.parse(tokens, parse_context)
+      doc.parse(tokens, options)
      doc
    end
-    def parse(tokens, parse_context)
+    def parse(tokens, options)
      super do |end_tag_name, end_tag_params|
-        unknown_tag(end_tag_name, parse_context) if end_tag_name
+        unknown_tag(end_tag_name, options) if end_tag_name
      end
    rescue SyntaxError => e
      e.line_number ||= parse_context.line_number
      raise
    end
-    def unknown_tag(tag, parse_context)
+    def unknown_tag(tag, options)
      case tag
      when 'else'.freeze, 'end'.freeze
-        raise SyntaxError.new(parse_context.locale.t("errors.syntax.unexpected_outer_tag".freeze, tag: tag))
+        raise SyntaxError.new(options[:locale].t("errors.syntax.unexpected_outer_tag".freeze, :tag => tag))
      else
-        raise SyntaxError.new(parse_context.locale.t("errors.syntax.unknown_tag".freeze, tag: tag))
+        raise SyntaxError.new(options[:locale].t("errors.syntax.unknown_tag".freeze, :tag => tag))
      end
    end
  end
--- a/lib/liquid/drop.rb
+++ b/lib/liquid/drop.rb
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 require 'set'
 module Liquid
  # A drop in liquid is a class which allows you to export DOM like things to liquid.
  # Methods of drops are callable.
  # The main use for liquid drops is to implement lazy loaded objects.
@@ -18,27 +19,28 @@ module Liquid
  #   tmpl = Liquid::Template.parse( ' {% for product in product.top_sales %} {{ product.name }} {%endfor%} '  )
  #   tmpl.render('product' => ProductDrop.new ) # will invoke top_sales query.
  #
-  # Your drop can either implement the methods sans any parameters
+  # Your drop can either implement the methods sans any parameters or implement the before_method(name) method which is a
-  # or implement the liquid_method_missing(name) method which is a catch all.
+  # catch all.
  class Drop
    attr_writer :context
    EMPTY_STRING = ''.freeze
    # Catch all for the method
-    def liquid_method_missing(method)
+    def before_method(method)
-      return nil unless @context && @context.strict_variables
+      nil
      raise Liquid::UndefinedDropMethod, "undefined method #{method}"
    end
    # called by liquid to invoke a drop
    def invoke_drop(method_or_key)
-      if self.class.invokable?(method_or_key)
+      if method_or_key && method_or_key != EMPTY_STRING && self.class.invokable?(method_or_key)
        send(method_or_key)
      else
-        liquid_method_missing(method_or_key)
+        before_method(method_or_key)
      end
    end
-    def key?(_name)
+    def has_key?(name)
      true
    end
@@ -54,25 +56,26 @@ module Liquid
      self.class.name
    end
-    alias_method :[], :invoke_drop
+    alias :[] :invoke_drop
    private
    # Check for method existence without invoking respond_to?, which creates symbols
    def self.invokable?(method_name)
-      invokable_methods.include?(method_name.to_s)
+      self.invokable_methods.include?(method_name.to_s)
    end
    def self.invokable_methods
-      @invokable_methods ||= begin
+      unless @invokable_methods
        blacklist = Liquid::Drop.public_instance_methods + [:each]
        if include?(Enumerable)
          blacklist += Enumerable.public_instance_methods
          blacklist -= [:sort, :count, :first, :min, :max, :include?]
        end
        whitelist = [:to_liquid] + (public_instance_methods - blacklist)
-        Set.new(whitelist.map(&:to_s))
+        @invokable_methods = Set.new(whitelist.map(&:to_s))
      end
      @invokable_methods
    end
  end
 end
--- a/lib/liquid/errors.rb
+++ b/lib/liquid/errors.rb
@@ -1,10 +1,9 @@
 module Liquid
  class Error < ::StandardError
    attr_accessor :line_number
    attr_accessor :template_name
    attr_accessor :markup_context
-    def to_s(with_prefix = true)
+    def to_s(with_prefix=true)
      str = ""
      str << message_prefix if with_prefix
      str << super()
@@ -17,6 +16,20 @@ module Liquid
      str
    end
    def set_line_number_from_token(token)
      return unless token.respond_to?(:line_number)
      return if self.line_number
      self.line_number = token.line_number
    end
    def self.render(e)
      if e.is_a?(Liquid::Error)
        e.to_s
      else
        "Liquid error: #{e.to_s}"
      end
    end
    private
    def message_prefix
@@ -28,9 +41,7 @@ module Liquid
      end
      if line_number
-        str << " ("
+        str << " (line #{line_number})"
        str << template_name << " " if template_name
        str << "line " << line_number.to_s << ")"
      end
      str << ": "
@@ -38,19 +49,12 @@ module Liquid
    end
  end
-  ArgumentError = Class.new(Error)
+  class ArgumentError < Error; end
-  ContextError = Class.new(Error)
+  class ContextError < Error; end
-  FileSystemError = Class.new(Error)
+  class FileSystemError < Error; end
-  StandardError = Class.new(Error)
+  class StandardError < Error; end
-  SyntaxError = Class.new(Error)
+  class SyntaxError < Error; end
-  StackLevelError = Class.new(Error)
+  class StackLevelError < Error; end
-  TaintedError = Class.new(Error)
+  class TaintedError < Error; end
-  MemoryError = Class.new(Error)
+  class MemoryError < Error; end
  ZeroDivisionError = Class.new(Error)
  FloatDomainError = Class.new(Error)
  UndefinedVariable = Class.new(Error)
  UndefinedDropMethod = Class.new(Error)
  UndefinedFilter = Class.new(Error)
  MethodOverrideError = Class.new(Error)
  InternalError = Class.new(Error)
 end
--- a/lib/liquid/expression.rb
+++ b/lib/liquid/expression.rb
@@ -1,49 +1,33 @@
 module Liquid
  class Expression
    class MethodLiteral
      attr_reader :method_name, :to_s
      def initialize(method_name, to_s)
        @method_name = method_name
        @to_s = to_s
      end
      def to_liquid
        to_s
      end
    end
    LITERALS = {
      nil => nil, 'nil'.freeze => nil, 'null'.freeze => nil, ''.freeze => nil,
      'true'.freeze  => true,
      'false'.freeze => false,
-      'blank'.freeze => MethodLiteral.new(:blank?, '').freeze,
+      'blank'.freeze => :blank?,
-      'empty'.freeze => MethodLiteral.new(:empty?, '').freeze
+      'empty'.freeze => :empty?
-    }.freeze
+    }
    SINGLE_QUOTED_STRING = /\A'(.*)'\z/m
    DOUBLE_QUOTED_STRING = /\A"(.*)"\z/m
    INTEGERS_REGEX       = /\A(-?\d+)\z/
    FLOATS_REGEX         = /\A(-?\d[\d\.]+)\z/
    RANGES_REGEX         = /\A\((\S+)\.\.(\S+)\)\z/
    def self.parse(markup)
      if LITERALS.key?(markup)
        LITERALS[markup]
      else
        case markup
-        when SINGLE_QUOTED_STRING, DOUBLE_QUOTED_STRING
+        when /\A'(.*)'\z/m # Single quoted strings
          $1
-        when INTEGERS_REGEX
+        when /\A"(.*)"\z/m # Double quoted strings
          $1
        when /\A(-?\d+)\z/ # Integer and floats
          $1.to_i
-        when RANGES_REGEX
+        when /\A\((\S+)\.\.(\S+)\)\z/ # Ranges
          RangeLookup.parse($1, $2)
-        when FLOATS_REGEX
+        when /\A(-?\d[\d\.]+)\z/ # Floats
          $1.to_f
        else
          VariableLookup.parse(markup)
        end
      end
    end
  end
 end
--- a/lib/liquid/extensions.rb
+++ b/lib/liquid/extensions.rb
@@ -7,56 +7,44 @@ class String # :nodoc:
  end
 end
-class Symbol # :nodoc:
+class Array  # :nodoc:
  def to_liquid
    to_s
  end
 end
 class Array # :nodoc:
  def to_liquid
    self
  end
 end
-class Hash # :nodoc:
+class Hash  # :nodoc:
  def to_liquid
    self
  end
 end
-class Numeric # :nodoc:
+class Numeric  # :nodoc:
  def to_liquid
    self
  end
 end
-class Range # :nodoc:
+class Time  # :nodoc:
  def to_liquid
    self
  end
 end
-class Time # :nodoc:
+class DateTime < Date  # :nodoc:
  def to_liquid
    self
  end
 end
-class DateTime < Date # :nodoc:
+class Date  # :nodoc:
  def to_liquid
    self
  end
 end
 class Date # :nodoc:
  def to_liquid
    self
  end
 end
 class TrueClass
-  def to_liquid # :nodoc:
+  def to_liquid  # :nodoc:
    self
  end
 end
--- a/lib/liquid/file_system.rb
+++ b/lib/liquid/file_system.rb
@@ -8,13 +8,13 @@ module Liquid
  #
  # Example:
  #
-  #   Liquid::Template.file_system = Liquid::LocalFileSystem.new(template_path)
+  # Liquid::Template.file_system = Liquid::LocalFileSystem.new(template_path)
-  #   liquid = Liquid::Template.parse(template)
+  # liquid = Liquid::Template.parse(template)
  #
  # This will parse the template with a LocalFileSystem implementation rooted at 'template_path'.
  class BlankFileSystem
    # Called by Liquid to retrieve a template file
-    def read_template_file(_template_path)
+    def read_template_file(template_path)
      raise FileSystemError, "This liquid context does not allow includes."
    end
  end
@@ -26,10 +26,10 @@ module Liquid
  #
  # Example:
  #
-  #   file_system = Liquid::LocalFileSystem.new("/some/path")
+  # file_system = Liquid::LocalFileSystem.new("/some/path")
  #
-  #   file_system.full_path("mypartial")       # => "/some/path/_mypartial.liquid"
+  # file_system.full_path("mypartial")       # => "/some/path/_mypartial.liquid"
-  #   file_system.full_path("dir/mypartial")   # => "/some/path/dir/_mypartial.liquid"
+  # file_system.full_path("dir/mypartial")   # => "/some/path/dir/_mypartial.liquid"
  #
  # Optionally in the second argument you can specify a custom pattern for template filenames.
  # The Kernel::sprintf format specification is used.
@@ -37,9 +37,9 @@ module Liquid
  #
  # Example:
  #
-  #   file_system = Liquid::LocalFileSystem.new("/some/path", "%s.html")
+  # file_system = Liquid::LocalFileSystem.new("/some/path", "%s.html")
  #
-  #   file_system.full_path("index") # => "/some/path/index.html"
+  # file_system.full_path("index") # => "/some/path/index.html"
  #
  class LocalFileSystem
    attr_accessor :root
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ module Liquid
    def read_template_file(template_path)
      full_path = full_path(template_path)
-      raise FileSystemError, "No such template '#{template_path}'" unless File.exist?(full_path)
+      raise FileSystemError, "No such template '#{template_path}'" unless File.exists?(full_path)
      File.read(full_path)
    end
@@ -65,7 +65,7 @@ module Liquid
        File.join(root, @pattern % template_path)
      end
-      raise FileSystemError, "Illegal template path '#{File.expand_path(full_path)}'" unless File.expand_path(full_path).start_with?(File.expand_path(root))
+      raise FileSystemError, "Illegal template path '#{File.expand_path(full_path)}'" unless File.expand_path(full_path) =~ /\A#{File.expand_path(root)}/
      full_path
    end
--- a/lib/liquid/forloop_drop.rb
+++ b/lib/liquid/forloop_drop.rb
@@ -1,42 +0,0 @@
 module Liquid
  class ForloopDrop < Drop
    def initialize(name, length, parentloop)
      @name = name
      @length = length
      @parentloop = parentloop
      @index = 0
    end
    attr_reader :name, :length, :parentloop
    def index
      @index + 1
    end
    def index0
      @index
    end
    def rindex
      @length - @index
    end
    def rindex0
      @length - @index - 1
    end
    def first
      @index == 0
    end
    def last
      @index == @length - 1
    end
    protected
    def increment!
      @index += 1
    end
  end
 end
--- a/lib/liquid/i18n.rb
+++ b/lib/liquid/i18n.rb
@@ -2,9 +2,10 @@ require 'yaml'
 module Liquid
  class I18n
-    DEFAULT_LOCALE = File.join(File.expand_path(__dir__), "locales", "en.yml")
+    DEFAULT_LOCALE = File.join(File.expand_path(File.dirname(__FILE__)), "locales", "en.yml")
-    TranslationError = Class.new(StandardError)
+    class TranslationError < StandardError
    end
    attr_reader :path
@@ -22,12 +23,11 @@ module Liquid
    end
    private
    def interpolate(name, vars)
-      name.gsub(/%\{(\w+)\}/) do
+      name.gsub(/%\{(\w+)\}/) {
        # raise TranslationError, "Undefined key #{$1} for interpolation in translation #{name}"  unless vars[$1.to_sym]
-        (vars[$1.to_sym]).to_s
+        "#{vars[$1.to_sym]}"
-      end
+      }
    end
    def deep_fetch_translation(name)
--- a/lib/liquid/interrupts.rb
+++ b/lib/liquid/interrupts.rb
@@ -1,9 +1,10 @@
 module Liquid
  # An interrupt is any command that breaks processing of a block (ex: a for loop).
  class Interrupt
    attr_reader :message
-    def initialize(message = nil)
+    def initialize(message=nil)
      @message = message || "interrupt".freeze
    end
  end
--- a/lib/liquid/lexer.rb
+++ b/lib/liquid/lexer.rb
@@ -12,25 +12,23 @@ module Liquid
      ')'.freeze => :close_round,
      '?'.freeze => :question,
      '-'.freeze => :dash
-    }.freeze
+    }
    IDENTIFIER = /[a-zA-Z_][\w-]*\??/
    SINGLE_STRING_LITERAL = /'[^\']*'/
    DOUBLE_STRING_LITERAL = /"[^\"]*"/
    NUMBER_LITERAL = /-?\d+(\.\d+)?/
    DOTDOT = /\.\./
-    COMPARISON_OPERATOR = /==|!=|<>|<=?|>=?|contains(?=\s)/
+    COMPARISON_OPERATOR = /==|!=|<>|<=?|>=?|contains/
    WHITESPACE_OR_NOTHING = /\s*/
    def initialize(input)
-      @ss = StringScanner.new(input)
+      @ss = StringScanner.new(input.rstrip)
    end
    def tokenize
      @output = []
-      until @ss.eos?
+      while !@ss.eos?
-        @ss.skip(WHITESPACE_OR_NOTHING)
+        @ss.skip(/\s*/)
        break if @ss.eos?
        tok = case
        when t = @ss.scan(COMPARISON_OPERATOR) then [:comparison, t]
        when t = @ss.scan(SINGLE_STRING_LITERAL) then [:string, t]
@@ -41,7 +39,7 @@ module Liquid
        else
          c = @ss.getch
          if s = SPECIALS[c]
-            [s, c]
+            [s,c]
          else
            raise SyntaxError, "Unexpected character #{c}"
          end
--- a/lib/liquid/locales/en.yml
+++ b/lib/liquid/locales/en.yml
@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 ---
  errors:
    syntax:
      tag_unexpected_args: "Syntax Error in '%{tag}' - Valid syntax: %{tag}"
      assign: "Syntax Error in 'assign' - Valid syntax: assign [var] = [source]"
      capture: "Syntax Error in 'capture' - Valid syntax: capture [var]"
      case: "Syntax Error in 'case' - Valid syntax: case [condition]"
@@ -14,7 +13,7 @@
      if: "Syntax Error in tag 'if' - Valid syntax: if [expression]"
      include: "Error in tag 'include' - Valid syntax: include '[template]' (with|for) [object|collection]"
      unknown_tag: "Unknown tag '%{tag}'"
-      invalid_delimiter: "'%{tag}' is not a valid delimiter for %{block_name} tags. use %{block_delimiter}"
+      invalid_delimiter: "'end' is not a valid delimiter for %{block_name} tags. use %{block_delimiter}"
      unexpected_else: "%{block_name} tag does not expect 'else' tag"
      unexpected_outer_tag: "Unexpected outer '%{tag}' tag"
      tag_termination: "Tag '%{token}' was not properly terminated with regexp: %{tag_end}"
@@ -22,5 +21,3 @@
      tag_never_closed: "'%{block_name}' tag was never closed"
      meta_syntax_error: "Liquid syntax error: #{e.message}"
      table_row: "Syntax Error in 'table_row loop' - Valid syntax: table_row [item] in [collection] cols=3"
    argument:
      include: "Argument error in tag 'include' - Illegal template name"
--- a/lib/liquid/module_ex.rb
+++ b/lib/liquid/module_ex.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,64 @@
 # Copyright 2007 by Domizio Demichelis
 # This library is free software. It may be used, redistributed and/or modified
 # under the same terms as Ruby itself
 #
 # This extension is used in order to expose the object of the implementing class
 # to liquid as it were a Drop. It also limits the liquid-callable methods of the instance
 # to the allowed method passed with the liquid_methods call
 # Example:
 #
 #   class SomeClass
 #     liquid_methods :an_allowed_method
 #
 #     def an_allowed_method
 #       'this comes from an allowed method'
 #     end
 #
 #     def unallowed_method
 #       'this will never be an output'
 #     end
 #   end
 #
 # if you want to extend the drop to other methods you can defines more methods
 # in the class <YourClass>::LiquidDropClass
 #
 #   class SomeClass::LiquidDropClass
 #     def another_allowed_method
 #       'and this from another allowed method'
 #     end
 #   end
 #
 #
 # usage:
 #   @something = SomeClass.new
 #
 # template:
 #   {{something.an_allowed_method}}{{something.unallowed_method}} {{something.another_allowed_method}}
 #
 # output:
 #   'this comes from an allowed method and this from another allowed method'
 #
 # You can also chain associations, by adding the liquid_method call in the
 # association models.
 #
 class Module
  def liquid_methods(*allowed_methods)
    drop_class = eval "class #{self.to_s}::LiquidDropClass < Liquid::Drop; self; end"
    define_method :to_liquid do
      drop_class.new(self)
    end
    drop_class.class_eval do
      def initialize(object)
        @object = object
      end
      allowed_methods.each do |sym|
        define_method sym do
          @object.send sym
        end
      end
    end
  end
 end
--- a/lib/liquid/parse_context.rb
+++ b/lib/liquid/parse_context.rb
@@ -1,38 +0,0 @@
 module Liquid
  class ParseContext
    attr_accessor :locale, :line_number, :trim_whitespace, :depth
    attr_reader :partial, :warnings, :error_mode
    def initialize(options = {})
      @template_options = options ? options.dup : {}
      @locale = @template_options[:locale] ||= I18n.new
      @warnings = []
      self.depth = 0
      self.partial = false
    end
    def [](option_key)
      @options[option_key]
    end
    def partial=(value)
      @partial = value
      @options = value ? partial_options : @template_options
      @error_mode = @options[:error_mode] || Template.error_mode
      value
    end
    def partial_options
      @partial_options ||= begin
        dont_pass = @template_options[:include_options_blacklist]
        if dont_pass == true
          { locale: locale }
        elsif dont_pass.is_a?(Array)
          @template_options.reject { |k, v| dont_pass.include?(k) }
        else
          @template_options
        end
      end
    end
  end
 end
--- a/lib/liquid/parse_tree_visitor.rb
+++ b/lib/liquid/parse_tree_visitor.rb
@@ -1,42 +0,0 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true
 module Liquid
  class ParseTreeVisitor
    def self.for(node, callbacks = Hash.new(proc {}))
      if defined?(node.class::ParseTreeVisitor)
        node.class::ParseTreeVisitor
      else
        self
      end.new(node, callbacks)
    end
    def initialize(node, callbacks)
      @node = node
      @callbacks = callbacks
    end
    def add_callback_for(*classes, &block)
      callback = block
      callback = ->(node, _) { yield node } if block.arity.abs == 1
      callback = ->(_, _) { yield } if block.arity.zero?
      classes.each { |klass| @callbacks[klass] = callback }
      self
    end
    def visit(context = nil)
      children.map do |node|
        item, new_context = @callbacks[node.class].call(node, context)
        [
          item,
          ParseTreeVisitor.for(node, @callbacks).visit(new_context || context)
        ]
      end
    end
    protected
    def children
      @node.respond_to?(:nodelist) ? Array(@node.nodelist) : []
    end
  end
 end
--- a/lib/liquid/parser.rb
+++ b/lib/liquid/parser.rb
@@ -44,14 +44,11 @@ module Liquid
      tok[0] == type
    end
    SINGLE_TOKEN_EXPRESSION_TYPES = [:string, :number].freeze
    private_constant :SINGLE_TOKEN_EXPRESSION_TYPES
    def expression
      token = @tokens[@p]
      if token[0] == :id
        variable_signature
-      elsif SINGLE_TOKEN_EXPRESSION_TYPES.include? token[0]
+      elsif [:string, :number].include? token[0]
        consume
      elsif token.first == :open_round
        consume
@@ -78,7 +75,7 @@ module Liquid
    def variable_signature
      str = consume(:id)
-      while look(:open_square)
+      if look(:open_square)
        str << consume
        str << expression
        str << consume(:close_square)
--- a/lib/liquid/parser_switching.rb
+++ b/lib/liquid/parser_switching.rb
@@ -1,25 +1,25 @@
 module Liquid
  module ParserSwitching
    def parse_with_selected_parser(markup)
-      case parse_context.error_mode
+      case @options[:error_mode] || Template.error_mode
      when :strict then strict_parse_with_error_context(markup)
      when :lax    then lax_parse(markup)
      when :warn
        begin
          return strict_parse_with_error_context(markup)
        rescue SyntaxError => e
-          parse_context.warnings << e
+          e.set_line_number_from_token(markup)
          @warnings ||= []
          @warnings << e
          return lax_parse(markup)
        end
      end
    end
    private
    def strict_parse_with_error_context(markup)
      strict_parse(markup)
    rescue SyntaxError => e
      e.line_number = line_number
      e.markup_context = markup_context(markup)
      raise e
    end
--- a/lib/liquid/profiler.rb
+++ b/lib/liquid/profiler.rb
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 require 'liquid/profiler/hooks'
 module Liquid
  # Profiler enables support for profiling template rendering to help track down performance issues.
  #
  # To enable profiling, first require 'liquid/profiler'.
@@ -19,7 +20,7 @@ module Liquid
  # inside of <tt>{% include %}</tt> tags.
  #
  #   profile.each do |node|
-  #     # Access to the node itself
+  #     # Access to the token itself
  #     node.code
  #
  #     # Which template and line number of this node.
@@ -46,15 +47,17 @@ module Liquid
    class Timing
      attr_reader :code, :partial, :line_number, :children
-      def initialize(node, partial)
+      def initialize(token, partial)
-        @code        = node.respond_to?(:raw) ? node.raw : node
+        @code        = token.respond_to?(:raw) ? token.raw : token
        @partial     = partial
-        @line_number = node.respond_to?(:line_number) ? node.line_number : nil
+        @line_number = token.respond_to?(:line_number) ? token.line_number : nil
        @children    = []
      end
-      def self.start(node, partial)
+      def self.start(token, partial)
-        new(node, partial).tap(&:start)
+        new(token, partial).tap do |t|
          t.start
        end
      end
      def start
@@ -70,11 +73,11 @@ module Liquid
      end
    end
-    def self.profile_node_render(node)
+    def self.profile_token_render(token)
-      if Profiler.current_profile && node.respond_to?(:render)
+      if Profiler.current_profile && token.respond_to?(:render)
-        Profiler.current_profile.start_node(node)
+        Profiler.current_profile.start_token(token)
        output = yield
-        Profiler.current_profile.end_node(node)
+        Profiler.current_profile.end_token(token)
        output
      else
        yield
@@ -132,11 +135,11 @@ module Liquid
      @root_timing.children.length
    end
-    def start_node(node)
+    def start_token(token)
-      @timing_stack.push(Timing.start(node, current_partial))
+      @timing_stack.push(Timing.start(token, current_partial))
    end
-    def end_node(_node)
+    def end_token(token)
      timing = @timing_stack.pop
      timing.finish
@@ -154,5 +157,6 @@ module Liquid
    def pop_partial
      @partial_stack.pop
    end
  end
 end
--- a/lib/liquid/profiler/hooks.rb
+++ b/lib/liquid/profiler/hooks.rb
@@ -1,23 +1,23 @@
 module Liquid
  class BlockBody
-    def render_node_with_profiling(context, output, node)
+    def render_token_with_profiling(token, context)
-      Profiler.profile_node_render(node) do
+      Profiler.profile_token_render(token) do
-        render_node_without_profiling(context, output, node)
+        render_token_without_profiling(token, context)
      end
    end
-    alias_method :render_node_without_profiling, :render_node
+    alias_method :render_token_without_profiling, :render_token
-    alias_method :render_node, :render_node_with_profiling
+    alias_method :render_token, :render_token_with_profiling
  end
  class Include < Tag
-    def render_to_output_buffer_with_profiling(context, output)
+    def render_with_profiling(context)
      Profiler.profile_children(context.evaluate(@template_name_expr).to_s) do
-        render_to_output_buffer_without_profiling(context, output)
+        render_without_profiling(context)
      end
    end
-    alias_method :render_to_output_buffer_without_profiling, :render_to_output_buffer
+    alias_method :render_without_profiling, :render
-    alias_method :render_to_output_buffer, :render_to_output_buffer_with_profiling
+    alias_method :render, :render_with_profiling
  end
 end
--- a/lib/liquid/range_lookup.rb
+++ b/lib/liquid/range_lookup.rb
@@ -16,22 +16,7 @@ module Liquid
    end
    def evaluate(context)
-      start_int = to_integer(context.evaluate(@start_obj))
+      context.evaluate(@start_obj).to_i..context.evaluate(@end_obj).to_i
      end_int = to_integer(context.evaluate(@end_obj))
      start_int..end_int
    end
    private
    def to_integer(input)
      case input
      when Integer
        input
      when NilClass, String
        input.to_i
      else
        Utils.to_integer(input)
      end
    end
  end
 end
--- a/lib/liquid/resource_limits.rb
+++ b/lib/liquid/resource_limits.rb
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 module Liquid
  class ResourceLimits
    attr_accessor :render_length, :render_score, :assign_score,
-      :render_length_limit, :render_score_limit, :assign_score_limit
+                  :render_length_limit, :render_score_limit, :assign_score_limit
    def initialize(limits)
      @render_length_limit = limits[:render_length_limit]
@@ -12,12 +12,18 @@ module Liquid
    def reached?
      (@render_length_limit && @render_length > @render_length_limit) ||
-        (@render_score_limit && @render_score > @render_score_limit) ||
+      (@render_score_limit  && @render_score  > @render_score_limit ) ||
-        (@assign_score_limit && @assign_score > @assign_score_limit)
+      (@assign_score_limit  && @assign_score  > @assign_score_limit )
    end
    def reset
      @render_length = @render_score = @assign_score = 0
    end
    def to_hash
      instance_variables.each_with_object({}) do |key, hash|
        hash[key.to_s[1..-1].to_sym] = instance_variable_get(key)
      end
    end
  end
 end
--- a/lib/liquid/standardfilters.rb
+++ b/lib/liquid/standardfilters.rb
@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@ require 'cgi'
 require 'bigdecimal'
 module Liquid
  module StandardFilters
    HTML_ESCAPE = {
      '&'.freeze => '&amp;'.freeze,
@@ -9,14 +10,8 @@ module Liquid
      '<'.freeze => '&lt;'.freeze,
      '"'.freeze => '&quot;'.freeze,
      "'".freeze => '&#39;'.freeze
-    }.freeze
+    }
    HTML_ESCAPE_ONCE_REGEXP = /["><']|&(?!([a-zA-Z]+|(#\d+));)/
    STRIP_HTML_BLOCKS = Regexp.union(
      /<script.*?<\/script>/m,
      /<!--.*?-->/m,
      /<style.*?<\/style>/m
    )
    STRIP_HTML_TAGS = /<.*?>/m
    # Return the size of an array or of an string
    def size(input)
@@ -39,7 +34,7 @@ module Liquid
    end
    def escape(input)
-      CGI.escapeHTML(input.to_s).untaint unless input.nil?
+      CGI.escapeHTML(input).untaint rescue input
    end
    alias_method :h, :escape
@@ -48,21 +43,12 @@ module Liquid
    end
    def url_encode(input)
-      CGI.escape(input.to_s) unless input.nil?
+      CGI.escape(input) rescue input
    end
-    def url_decode(input)
+    def slice(input, offset, length=nil)
-      return if input.nil?
+      offset = Integer(offset)
-
+      length = length ? Integer(length) : 1
      result = CGI.unescape(input.to_s)
      raise Liquid::ArgumentError, "invalid byte sequence in #{result.encoding}" unless result.valid_encoding?
      result
    end
    def slice(input, offset, length = nil)
      offset = Utils.to_integer(offset)
      length = length ? Utils.to_integer(length) : 1
      if input.is_a?(Array)
        input.slice(offset, length) || []
@@ -73,22 +59,18 @@ module Liquid
    # Truncate a string down to x characters
    def truncate(input, length = 50, truncate_string = "...".freeze)
-      return if input.nil?
+      if input.nil? then return end
-      input_str = input.to_s
+      l = length.to_i - truncate_string.length
      length = Utils.to_integer(length)
      truncate_string_str = truncate_string.to_s
      l = length - truncate_string_str.length
      l = 0 if l < 0
-      input_str.length > length ? input_str[0...l].concat(truncate_string_str) : input_str
+      input.length > length.to_i ? input[0...l] + truncate_string : input
    end
    def truncatewords(input, words = 15, truncate_string = "...".freeze)
-      return if input.nil?
+      if input.nil? then return end
      wordlist = input.to_s.split
-      words = Utils.to_integer(words)
+      l = words.to_i - 1
      l = words - 1
      l = 0 if l < 0
-      wordlist.length > l ? wordlist[0..l].join(" ".freeze).concat(truncate_string.to_s) : input
+      wordlist.length > l ? wordlist[0..l].join(" ".freeze) + truncate_string : input
    end
    # Split input string into an array of substrings separated by given pattern.
@@ -97,7 +79,7 @@ module Liquid
    #   <div class="summary">{{ post | split '//' | first }}</div>
    #
    def split(input, pattern)
-      input.to_s.split(pattern.to_s)
+      input.to_s.split(pattern)
    end
    def strip(input)
@@ -114,9 +96,7 @@ module Liquid
    def strip_html(input)
      empty = ''.freeze
-      result = input.to_s.gsub(STRIP_HTML_BLOCKS, empty)
+      input.to_s.gsub(/<script.*?<\/script>/m, empty).gsub(/<!--.*?-->/m, empty).gsub(/<style.*?<\/style>/m, empty).gsub(/<.*?>/m, empty)
      result.gsub!(STRIP_HTML_TAGS, empty)
      result
    end
    # Remove all newlines from the string
@@ -133,19 +113,12 @@ module Liquid
    # provide optional property with which to sort an array of hashes or drops
    def sort(input, property = nil)
      ary = InputIterator.new(input)
      return [] if ary.empty?
      if property.nil?
-        ary.sort do |a, b|
+        ary.sort
-          nil_safe_compare(a, b)
+      elsif ary.first.respond_to?(:[]) && !ary.first[property].nil?
-        end
+        ary.sort {|a,b| a[property] <=> b[property] }
-      elsif ary.all? { |el| el.respond_to?(:[]) }
+      elsif ary.first.respond_to?(property)
-        begin
+        ary.sort {|a,b| a.send(property) <=> b.send(property) }
          ary.sort { |a, b| nil_safe_compare(a[property], b[property]) }
        rescue TypeError
          raise_property_error(property)
        end
      end
    end
@@ -154,40 +127,12 @@ module Liquid
    def sort_natural(input, property = nil)
      ary = InputIterator.new(input)
      return [] if ary.empty?
      if property.nil?
-        ary.sort do |a, b|
+        ary.sort {|a,b| a.casecmp(b) }
-          nil_safe_casecmp(a, b)
+      elsif ary.first.respond_to?(:[]) && !ary.first[property].nil?
-        end
+        ary.sort {|a,b| a[property].casecmp(b[property]) }
-      elsif ary.all? { |el| el.respond_to?(:[]) }
+      elsif ary.first.respond_to?(property)
-        begin
+        ary.sort {|a,b| a.send(property).casecmp(b.send(property)) }
          ary.sort { |a, b| nil_safe_casecmp(a[property], b[property]) }
        rescue TypeError
          raise_property_error(property)
        end
      end
    end
    # Filter the elements of an array to those with a certain property value.
    # By default the target is any truthy value.
    def where(input, property, target_value = nil)
      ary = InputIterator.new(input)
      if ary.empty?
        []
      elsif ary.first.respond_to?(:[]) && target_value.nil?
        begin
          ary.select { |item| item[property] }
        rescue TypeError
          raise_property_error(property)
        end
      elsif ary.first.respond_to?(:[])
        begin
          ary.select { |item| item[property] == target_value }
        rescue TypeError
          raise_property_error(property)
        end
      end
    end
@@ -195,17 +140,10 @@ module Liquid
    # provide optional property with which to determine uniqueness
    def uniq(input, property = nil)
      ary = InputIterator.new(input)
      if property.nil?
-        ary.uniq
+        input.uniq
-      elsif ary.empty? # The next two cases assume a non-empty array.
+      elsif input.first.respond_to?(:[])
-        []
+        input.uniq{ |a| a[property] }
      elsif ary.first.respond_to?(:[])
        begin
          ary.uniq { |a| a[property] }
        rescue TypeError
          raise_property_error(property)
        end
      end
    end
@@ -223,50 +161,29 @@ module Liquid
        if property == "to_liquid".freeze
          e
        elsif e.respond_to?(:[])
-          r = e[property]
+          e[property]
          r.is_a?(Proc) ? r.call : r
        end
      end
    rescue TypeError
      raise_property_error(property)
    end
    # Remove nils within an array
    # provide optional property with which to check for nil
    def compact(input, property = nil)
      ary = InputIterator.new(input)
      if property.nil?
        ary.compact
      elsif ary.empty? # The next two cases assume a non-empty array.
        []
      elsif ary.first.respond_to?(:[])
        begin
          ary.reject { |a| a[property].nil? }
        rescue TypeError
          raise_property_error(property)
        end
      end
    end
    # Replace occurrences of a string with another
    def replace(input, string, replacement = ''.freeze)
-      input.to_s.gsub(string.to_s, replacement.to_s)
+      input.to_s.gsub(string, replacement.to_s)
    end
    # Replace the first occurrences of a string with another
    def replace_first(input, string, replacement = ''.freeze)
-      input.to_s.sub(string.to_s, replacement.to_s)
+      input.to_s.sub(string, replacement.to_s)
    end
    # remove a substring
    def remove(input, string)
-      input.to_s.gsub(string.to_s, ''.freeze)
+      input.to_s.gsub(string, ''.freeze)
    end
    # remove the first occurrences of a substring
    def remove_first(input, string)
-      input.to_s.sub(string.to_s, ''.freeze)
+      input.to_s.sub(string, ''.freeze)
    end
    # add one string to another
@@ -275,9 +192,6 @@ module Liquid
    end
    def concat(input, array)
      unless array.respond_to?(:to_ary)
        raise ArgumentError.new("concat filter requires an array argument")
      end
      InputIterator.new(input).concat(array)
    end
@@ -325,7 +239,7 @@ module Liquid
    def date(input, format)
      return input if format.to_s.empty?
-      return input unless date = Utils.to_date(input)
+      return input unless date = to_date(input)
      date.strftime(format.to_s)
    end
@@ -348,12 +262,6 @@ module Liquid
      array.last if array.respond_to?(:last)
    end
    # absolute value
    def abs(input)
      result = Utils.to_number(input).abs
      result.is_a?(BigDecimal) ? result.to_f : result
    end
    # addition
    def plus(input, operand)
      apply_operation(input, operand, :+)
@@ -372,88 +280,74 @@ module Liquid
    # division
    def divided_by(input, operand)
      apply_operation(input, operand, :/)
    rescue ::ZeroDivisionError => e
      raise Liquid::ZeroDivisionError, e.message
    end
    def modulo(input, operand)
      apply_operation(input, operand, :%)
    rescue ::ZeroDivisionError => e
      raise Liquid::ZeroDivisionError, e.message
    end
    def round(input, n = 0)
-      result = Utils.to_number(input).round(Utils.to_number(n))
+      result = to_number(input).round(to_number(n))
      result = result.to_f if result.is_a?(BigDecimal)
      result = result.to_i if n == 0
      result
    rescue ::FloatDomainError => e
      raise Liquid::FloatDomainError, e.message
    end
    def ceil(input)
-      Utils.to_number(input).ceil.to_i
+      to_number(input).ceil.to_i
    rescue ::FloatDomainError => e
      raise Liquid::FloatDomainError, e.message
    end
    def floor(input)
-      Utils.to_number(input).floor.to_i
+      to_number(input).floor.to_i
    rescue ::FloatDomainError => e
      raise Liquid::FloatDomainError, e.message
    end
-    def at_least(input, n)
+    def default(input, default_value = "".freeze)
-      min_value = Utils.to_number(n)
+      is_blank = input.respond_to?(:empty?) ? input.empty? : !input
-
+      is_blank ? default_value : input
      result = Utils.to_number(input)
      result = min_value if min_value > result
      result.is_a?(BigDecimal) ? result.to_f : result
    end
    def at_most(input, n)
      max_value = Utils.to_number(n)
      result = Utils.to_number(input)
      result = max_value if max_value < result
      result.is_a?(BigDecimal) ? result.to_f : result
    end
    def default(input, default_value = ''.freeze)
      if !input || input.respond_to?(:empty?) && input.empty?
        default_value
      else
        input
      end
    end
    private
-    def raise_property_error(property)
+    def to_number(obj)
-      raise Liquid::ArgumentError.new("cannot select the property '#{property}'")
+      case obj
      when Float
        BigDecimal.new(obj.to_s)
      when Numeric
        obj
      when String
        (obj.strip =~ /\A\d+\.\d+\z/) ? BigDecimal.new(obj) : obj.to_i
      else
        0
      end
    end
    def to_date(obj)
      return obj if obj.respond_to?(:strftime)
      if obj.is_a?(String)
        return nil if obj.empty?
        obj = obj.downcase
      end
      case obj
      when 'now'.freeze, 'today'.freeze
        Time.now
      when /\A\d+\z/, Integer
        Time.at(obj.to_i)
      when String
        Time.parse(obj)
      else
        nil
      end
    rescue ArgumentError
      nil
    end
    def apply_operation(input, operand, operation)
-      result = Utils.to_number(input).send(operation, Utils.to_number(operand))
+      result = to_number(input).send(operation, to_number(operand))
      result.is_a?(BigDecimal) ? result.to_f : result
    end
    def nil_safe_compare(a, b)
      if !a.nil? && !b.nil?
        a <=> b
      else
        a.nil? ? 1 : -1
      end
    end
    def nil_safe_casecmp(a, b)
      if !a.nil? && !b.nil?
        a.to_s.casecmp(b.to_s)
      else
        a.nil? ? 1 : -1
      end
    end
    class InputIterator
      include Enumerable
@@ -470,30 +364,17 @@ module Liquid
      end
      def join(glue)
-        to_a.join(glue.to_s)
+        to_a.join(glue)
      end
      def concat(args)
-        to_a.concat(args)
+        to_a.concat args
      end
      def reverse
        reverse_each.to_a
      end
      def uniq(&block)
        to_a.uniq(&block)
      end
      def compact
        to_a.compact
      end
      def empty?
        @input.each { return false }
        true
      end
      def each
        @input.each do |e|
          yield(e.respond_to?(:to_liquid) ? e.to_liquid : e)
--- a/lib/liquid/strainer.rb
+++ b/lib/liquid/strainer.rb
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 require 'set'
 module Liquid
  # Strainer is the parent class for the filters system.
  # New filters are mixed into the strainer class which is then instantiated for each liquid template render run.
  #
@@ -21,25 +22,19 @@ module Liquid
      @context = context
    end
-    class << self
+    def self.filter_methods
-      attr_reader :filter_methods
+      @filter_methods
    end
    def self.add_filter(filter)
-      raise ArgumentError, "Expected module but got: #{filter.class}" unless filter.is_a?(Module)
+      raise ArgumentError, "Expected module but got: #{f.class}" unless filter.is_a?(Module)
-      unless self.include?(filter)
+      unless self.class.include?(filter)
-        invokable_non_public_methods = (filter.private_instance_methods + filter.protected_instance_methods).select { |m| invokable?(m) }
+        self.send(:include, filter)
-        if invokable_non_public_methods.any?
+        @filter_methods.merge(filter.public_instance_methods.map(&:to_s))
          raise MethodOverrideError, "Filter overrides registered public methods as non public: #{invokable_non_public_methods.join(', ')}"
        else
          send(:include, filter)
          @filter_methods.merge(filter.public_instance_methods.map(&:to_s))
        end
      end
    end
    def self.global_filter(filter)
      @@strainer_class_cache.clear
      @@global_strainer.add_filter(filter)
    end
@@ -54,13 +49,11 @@ module Liquid
    def invoke(method, *args)
      if self.class.invokable?(method)
        send(method, *args)
      elsif @context && @context.strict_filters
        raise Liquid::UndefinedFilter, "undefined filter #{method}"
      else
        args.first
      end
    rescue ::ArgumentError => e
-      raise Liquid::ArgumentError, e.message, e.backtrace
+      raise Liquid::ArgumentError.new(e.message)
    end
  end
 end
--- a/lib/liquid/tablerowloop_drop.rb
+++ b/lib/liquid/tablerowloop_drop.rb
@@ -1,62 +0,0 @@
 module Liquid
  class TablerowloopDrop < Drop
    def initialize(length, cols)
      @length = length
      @row = 1
      @col = 1
      @cols = cols
      @index = 0
    end
    attr_reader :length, :col, :row
    def index
      @index + 1
    end
    def index0
      @index
    end
    def col0
      @col - 1
    end
    def rindex
      @length - @index
    end
    def rindex0
      @length - @index - 1
    end
    def first
      @index == 0
    end
    def last
      @index == @length - 1
    end
    def col_first
      @col == 1
    end
    def col_last
      @col == @cols
    end
    protected
    def increment!
      @index += 1
      if @col == @cols
        @col = 1
        @row += 1
      else
        @col += 1
      end
    end
  end
 end
--- a/lib/liquid/tag.rb
+++ b/lib/liquid/tag.rb
@@ -1,27 +1,26 @@
 module Liquid
  class Tag
-    attr_reader :nodelist, :tag_name, :line_number, :parse_context
+    attr_accessor :options, :line_number
-    alias_method :options, :parse_context
+    attr_reader :nodelist, :warnings
    include ParserSwitching
    class << self
-      def parse(tag_name, markup, tokenizer, parse_context)
+      def parse(tag_name, markup, tokens, options)
-        tag = new(tag_name, markup, parse_context)
+        tag = new(tag_name, markup, options)
-        tag.parse(tokenizer)
+        tag.parse(tokens)
        tag
      end
      private :new
    end
-    def initialize(tag_name, markup, parse_context)
+    def initialize(tag_name, markup, options)
      @tag_name   = tag_name
      @markup     = markup
-      @parse_context = parse_context
+      @options    = options
      @line_number = parse_context.line_number
    end
-    def parse(_tokens)
+    def parse(tokens)
    end
    def raw
@@ -32,18 +31,10 @@ module Liquid
      self.class.name.downcase
    end
-    def render(_context)
+    def render(context)
      ''.freeze
    end
    # For backwards compatibility with custom tags. In a future release, the semantics
    # of the `render_to_output_buffer` method will become the default and the `render`
    # method will be removed.
    def render_to_output_buffer(context, output)
      output << render(context)
      output
    end
    def blank?
      false
    end
--- a/lib/liquid/tags/assign.rb
+++ b/lib/liquid/tags/assign.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 module Liquid
  # Assign sets a variable in your template.
  #
  #   {% assign foo = 'monkey' %}
@@ -10,53 +11,30 @@ module Liquid
  class Assign < Tag
    Syntax = /(#{VariableSignature}+)\s*=\s*(.*)\s*/om
    def self.syntax_error_translation_key
      "errors.syntax.assign".freeze
    end
    attr_reader :to, :from
    def initialize(tag_name, markup, options)
      super
      if markup =~ Syntax
        @to = $1
-        @from = Variable.new($2, options)
+        @from = Variable.new($2,options)
        @from.line_number = line_number
      else
-        raise SyntaxError.new(options[:locale].t(self.class.syntax_error_translation_key))
+        raise SyntaxError.new options[:locale].t("errors.syntax.assign".freeze)
      end
    end
-    def render_to_output_buffer(context, output)
+    def render(context)
      val = @from.render(context)
      context.scopes.last[@to] = val
-      context.resource_limits.assign_score += assign_score_of(val)
+
-      output
+      inc = val.instance_of?(String) || val.instance_of?(Array) || val.instance_of?(Hash) ? val.length : 1
      context.resource_limits.assign_score += inc
      ''.freeze
    end
    def blank?
      true
    end
    private
    def assign_score_of(val)
      if val.instance_of?(String)
        val.bytesize
      elsif val.instance_of?(Array) || val.instance_of?(Hash)
        sum = 1
        # Uses #each to avoid extra allocations.
        val.each { |child| sum += assign_score_of(child) }
        sum
      else
        1
      end
    end
    class ParseTreeVisitor < Liquid::ParseTreeVisitor
      def children
        [@node.from]
      end
    end
  end
  Template.register_tag('assign'.freeze, Assign)
--- a/lib/liquid/tags/break.rb
+++ b/lib/liquid/tags/break.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 module Liquid
  # Break tag to be used to break out of a for loop.
  #
  # == Basic Usage:
@@ -9,9 +10,11 @@ module Liquid
  #    {% endfor %}
  #
  class Break < Tag
    def interrupt
      BreakInterrupt.new
    end
  end
  Template.register_tag('break'.freeze, Break)
--- a/lib/liquid/tags/capture.rb
+++ b/lib/liquid/tags/capture.rb
@@ -22,12 +22,11 @@ module Liquid
      end
    end
-    def render_to_output_buffer(context, output)
+    def render(context)
-      previous_output_size = output.bytesize
+      output = super
      super
      context.scopes.last[@to] = output
-      context.resource_limits.assign_score += (output.bytesize - previous_output_size)
+      context.resource_limits.assign_score += output.length
-      output
+      ''.freeze
    end
    def blank?
--- a/lib/liquid/tags/case.rb
+++ b/lib/liquid/tags/case.rb
@@ -3,8 +3,6 @@ module Liquid
    Syntax     = /(#{QuotedFragment})/o
    WhenSyntax = /(#{QuotedFragment})(?:(?:\s+or\s+|\s*\,\s*)(#{QuotedFragment}.*))?/om
    attr_reader :blocks, :left
    def initialize(tag_name, markup, options)
      super
      @blocks = []
@@ -18,7 +16,7 @@ module Liquid
    def parse(tokens)
      body = BlockBody.new
-      while parse_body(body, tokens)
+      while more = parse_body(body, tokens)
        body = @blocks.last.attachment
      end
    end
@@ -38,21 +36,21 @@ module Liquid
      end
    end
-    def render_to_output_buffer(context, output)
+    def render(context)
      context.stack do
        execute_else_block = true
        output = ''
        @blocks.each do |block|
          if block.else?
-            block.attachment.render_to_output_buffer(context, output) if execute_else_block
+            return block.attachment.render(context) if execute_else_block
          elsif block.evaluate(context)
            execute_else_block = false
-            block.attachment.render_to_output_buffer(context, output)
+            output << block.attachment.render(context)
          end
        end
        output
      end
      output
    end
    private
@@ -61,7 +59,7 @@ module Liquid
      body = BlockBody.new
      while markup
-        unless markup =~ WhenSyntax
+        if not markup =~ WhenSyntax
          raise SyntaxError.new(options[:locale].t("errors.syntax.case_invalid_when".freeze))
        end
@@ -74,7 +72,7 @@ module Liquid
    end
    def record_else_condition(markup)
-      unless markup.strip.empty?
+      if not markup.strip.empty?
        raise SyntaxError.new(options[:locale].t("errors.syntax.case_invalid_else".freeze))
      end
@@ -82,12 +80,6 @@ module Liquid
      block.attach(BlockBody.new)
      @blocks << block
    end
    class ParseTreeVisitor < Liquid::ParseTreeVisitor
      def children
        [@node.left] + @node.blocks
      end
    end
  end
  Template.register_tag('case'.freeze, Case)
--- a/lib/liquid/tags/comment.rb
+++ b/lib/liquid/tags/comment.rb
@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
 module Liquid
  class Comment < Block
-    def render_to_output_buffer(_context, output)
+    def render(context)
-      output
+      ''.freeze
    end
-    def unknown_tag(_tag, _markup, _tokens)
+    def unknown_tag(tag, markup, tokens)
    end
    def blank?
--- a/lib/liquid/tags/cycle.rb
+++ b/lib/liquid/tags/cycle.rb
@@ -15,8 +15,6 @@ module Liquid
    SimpleSyntax = /\A#{QuotedFragment}+/o
    NamedSyntax  = /\A(#{QuotedFragment})\s*\:\s*(.*)/om
    attr_reader :variables
    def initialize(tag_name, markup, options)
      super
      case markup
@@ -31,29 +29,18 @@ module Liquid
      end
    end
-    def render_to_output_buffer(context, output)
+    def render(context)
-      context.registers[:cycle] ||= {}
+      context.registers[:cycle] ||= Hash.new(0)
      context.stack do
        key = context.evaluate(@name)
-        iteration = context.registers[:cycle][key].to_i
+        iteration = context.registers[:cycle][key]
-
+        result = context.evaluate(@variables[iteration])
        val = context.evaluate(@variables[iteration])
        if val.is_a?(Array)
          val = val.join
        elsif !val.is_a?(String)
          val = val.to_s
        end
        output << val
        iteration += 1
-        iteration  = 0 if iteration >= @variables.size
+        iteration  = 0  if iteration >= @variables.size
        context.registers[:cycle][key] = iteration
        result
      end
      output
    end
    private
@@ -64,12 +51,6 @@ module Liquid
        $1 ? Expression.parse($1) : nil
      end.compact
    end
    class ParseTreeVisitor < Liquid::ParseTreeVisitor
      def children
        Array(@node.variables)
      end
    end
  end
  Template.register_tag('cycle', Cycle)
--- a/lib/liquid/tags/decrement.rb
+++ b/lib/liquid/tags/decrement.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 module Liquid
  # decrement is used in a place where one needs to insert a counter
  #     into a template, and needs the counter to survive across
  #     multiple instantiations of the template.
@@ -23,13 +24,14 @@ module Liquid
      @variable = markup.strip
    end
-    def render_to_output_buffer(context, output)
+    def render(context)
      value = context.environments.first[@variable] ||= 0
-      value -= 1
+      value = value - 1
      context.environments.first[@variable] = value
-      output << value.to_s
+      value.to_s
      output
    end
    private
  end
  Template.register_tag('decrement'.freeze, Decrement)
--- a/lib/liquid/tags/echo.rb
+++ b/lib/liquid/tags/echo.rb
@@ -1,24 +0,0 @@
 module Liquid
  # Echo outputs an expression
  #
  #   {% echo monkey %}
  #   {% echo user.name %}
  #
  # This is identical to variable output syntax, like {{ foo }}, but works
  # inside {% liquid %} tags. The full syntax is supported, including filters:
  #
  #   {% echo user | link %}
  #
  class Echo < Tag
    def initialize(tag_name, markup, parse_context)
      super
      @variable = Variable.new(markup, parse_context)
    end
    def render(context)
      @variable.render(context)
    end
  end
  Template.register_tag('echo'.freeze, Echo)
 end
--- a/lib/liquid/tags/for.rb
+++ b/lib/liquid/tags/for.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 module Liquid
  # "For" iterates over an array or collection.
  # Several useful variables are available to you within the loop.
  #
@@ -23,7 +24,7 @@ module Liquid
  #      {{ item.name }}
  #    {% end %}
  #
-  #  To reverse the for loop simply use {% for item in collection reversed %} (note that the flag's spelling is different to the filter `reverse`)
+  #  To reverse the for loop simply use {% for item in collection reversed %}
  #
  # == Available variables:
  #
@@ -46,19 +47,16 @@ module Liquid
  class For < Block
    Syntax = /\A(#{VariableSegment}+)\s+in\s+(#{QuotedFragment}+)\s*(reversed)?/o
    attr_reader :collection_name, :variable_name, :limit, :from
    def initialize(tag_name, markup, options)
      super
      @from = @limit = nil
      parse_with_selected_parser(markup)
      @for_block = BlockBody.new
      @else_block = nil
    end
    def parse(tokens)
-      return unless parse_body(@for_block, tokens)
+      if more = parse_body(@for_block, tokens)
-      parse_body(@else_block, tokens)
+        parse_body(@else_block, tokens)
      end
    end
    def nodelist
@@ -70,16 +68,65 @@ module Liquid
      @else_block = BlockBody.new
    end
-    def render_to_output_buffer(context, output)
+    def render(context)
-      segment = collection_segment(context)
+      context.registers[:for] ||= Hash.new(0)
-      if segment.empty?
+      collection = context.evaluate(@collection_name)
-        render_else(context, output)
+      collection = collection.to_a if collection.is_a?(Range)
      # Maintains Ruby 1.8.7 String#each behaviour on 1.9
      return render_else(context) unless iterable?(collection)
      from = if @from == :continue
        context.registers[:for][@name].to_i
      else
-        render_segment(context, output, segment)
+        context.evaluate(@from).to_i
      end
-      output
+      limit = context.evaluate(@limit)
      to    = limit ? limit.to_i + from : nil
      segment = Utils.slice_collection(collection, from, to)
      return render_else(context) if segment.empty?
      segment.reverse! if @reversed
      result = ''
      length = segment.length
      # Store our progress through the collection for the continue flag
      context.registers[:for][@name] = from + segment.length
      parent_loop = context['forloop'.freeze]
      context.stack do
        segment.each_with_index do |item, index|
          context[@variable_name] = item
          context['forloop'.freeze] = {
            'name'.freeze       => @name,
            'length'.freeze     => length,
            'index'.freeze      => index + 1,
            'index0'.freeze     => index,
            'rindex'.freeze     => length - index,
            'rindex0'.freeze    => length - index - 1,
            'first'.freeze      => (index == 0),
            'last'.freeze       => (index == length - 1),
            'parentloop'.freeze => parent_loop
          }
          result << @for_block.render(context)
          # Handle any interrupts if they exist.
          if context.has_interrupt?
            interrupt = context.pop_interrupt
            break if interrupt.is_a? BreakInterrupt
            next if interrupt.is_a? ContinueInterrupt
          end
        end
      end
      result
    end
    protected
@@ -88,7 +135,7 @@ module Liquid
      if markup =~ Syntax
        @variable_name = $1
        collection_name = $2
-        @reversed = !!$3
+        @reversed = $3
        @name = "#{@variable_name}-#{collection_name}"
        @collection_name = Expression.parse(collection_name)
        markup.scan(TagAttributes) do |key, value|
@@ -102,7 +149,7 @@ module Liquid
    def strict_parse(markup)
      p = Parser.new(markup)
      @variable_name = p.consume(:id)
-      raise SyntaxError.new(options[:locale].t("errors.syntax.for_invalid_in".freeze)) unless p.id?('in'.freeze)
+      raise SyntaxError.new(options[:locale].t("errors.syntax.for_invalid_in".freeze))  unless p.id?('in'.freeze)
      collection_name = p.expression
      @name = "#{@variable_name}-#{collection_name}"
      @collection_name = Expression.parse(collection_name)
@@ -120,70 +167,6 @@ module Liquid
    private
    def collection_segment(context)
      offsets = context.registers[:for] ||= {}
      from = if @from == :continue
        offsets[@name].to_i
      else
        from_value = context.evaluate(@from)
        if from_value.nil?
          0
        else
          Utils.to_integer(from_value)
        end
      end
      collection = context.evaluate(@collection_name)
      collection = collection.to_a if collection.is_a?(Range)
      limit_value = context.evaluate(@limit)
      to = if limit_value.nil?
        nil
      else
        Utils.to_integer(limit_value) + from
      end
      segment = Utils.slice_collection(collection, from, to)
      segment.reverse! if @reversed
      offsets[@name] = from + segment.length
      segment
    end
    def render_segment(context, output, segment)
      for_stack = context.registers[:for_stack] ||= []
      length = segment.length
      context.stack do
        loop_vars = Liquid::ForloopDrop.new(@name, length, for_stack[-1])
        for_stack.push(loop_vars)
        begin
          context['forloop'.freeze] = loop_vars
          segment.each do |item|
            context[@variable_name] = item
            @for_block.render_to_output_buffer(context, output)
            loop_vars.send(:increment!)
            # Handle any interrupts if they exist.
            if context.interrupt?
              interrupt = context.pop_interrupt
              break if interrupt.is_a? BreakInterrupt
              next if interrupt.is_a? ContinueInterrupt
            end
          end
        ensure
          for_stack.pop
        end
      end
      output
    end
    def set_attribute(key, expr)
      case key
      when 'offset'.freeze
@@ -197,18 +180,12 @@ module Liquid
      end
    end
-    def render_else(context, output)
+    def render_else(context)
-      if @else_block
+      @else_block ? @else_block.render(context) : ''.freeze
        @else_block.render_to_output_buffer(context, output)
      else
        output
      end
    end
-    class ParseTreeVisitor < Liquid::ParseTreeVisitor
+    def iterable?(collection)
-      def children
+      collection.respond_to?(:each) || Utils.non_blank_string?(collection)
        (super + [@node.limit, @node.from, @node.collection_name]).compact
      end
    end
  end
--- a/lib/liquid/tags/if.rb
+++ b/lib/liquid/tags/if.rb
@@ -12,9 +12,7 @@ module Liquid
  class If < Block
    Syntax = /(#{QuotedFragment})\s*([=!<>a-z_]+)?\s*(#{QuotedFragment})?/o
    ExpressionsAndOperators = /(?:\b(?:\s?and\s?|\s?or\s?)\b|(?:\s*(?!\b(?:\s?and\s?|\s?or\s?)\b)(?:#{QuotedFragment}|\S+)\s*)+)/o
-    BOOLEAN_OPERATORS = %w(and or).freeze
+    BOOLEAN_OPERATORS = %w(and or)
    attr_reader :blocks
    def initialize(tag_name, markup, options)
      super
@@ -22,13 +20,13 @@ module Liquid
      push_block('if'.freeze, markup)
    end
-    def nodelist
+    def parse(tokens)
-      @blocks.map(&:attachment)
+      while more = parse_body(@blocks.last.attachment, tokens)
      end
    end
-    def parse(tokens)
+    def nodelist
-      while parse_body(@blocks.last.attachment, tokens)
+      @blocks.map(&:attachment)
      end
    end
    def unknown_tag(tag, markup, tokens)
@@ -39,84 +37,74 @@ module Liquid
      end
    end
-    def render_to_output_buffer(context, output)
+    def render(context)
      context.stack do
        @blocks.each do |block|
          if block.evaluate(context)
-            return block.attachment.render_to_output_buffer(context, output)
+            return block.attachment.render(context)
          end
        end
        ''.freeze
      end
      output
    end
    private
-    def push_block(tag, markup)
+      def push_block(tag, markup)
-      block = if tag == 'else'.freeze
+        block = if tag == 'else'.freeze
-        ElseCondition.new
+          ElseCondition.new
-      else
+        else
-        parse_with_selected_parser(markup)
+          parse_with_selected_parser(markup)
        end
        @blocks.push(block)
        block.attach(BlockBody.new)
      end
-      @blocks.push(block)
+      def lax_parse(markup)
-      block.attach(BlockBody.new)
+        expressions = markup.scan(ExpressionsAndOperators)
-    end
+        raise(SyntaxError.new(options[:locale].t("errors.syntax.if".freeze))) unless expressions.pop =~ Syntax
-    def lax_parse(markup)
+        condition = Condition.new(Expression.parse($1), $2, Expression.parse($3))
      expressions = markup.scan(ExpressionsAndOperators)
      raise(SyntaxError.new(options[:locale].t("errors.syntax.if".freeze))) unless expressions.pop =~ Syntax
-      condition = Condition.new(Expression.parse($1), $2, Expression.parse($3))
+        while not expressions.empty?
          operator = expressions.pop.to_s.strip
-      until expressions.empty?
+          raise(SyntaxError.new(options[:locale].t("errors.syntax.if".freeze))) unless expressions.pop.to_s =~ Syntax
        operator = expressions.pop.to_s.strip
-        raise(SyntaxError.new(options[:locale].t("errors.syntax.if".freeze))) unless expressions.pop.to_s =~ Syntax
+          new_condition = Condition.new(Expression.parse($1), $2, Expression.parse($3))
          raise(SyntaxError.new(options[:locale].t("errors.syntax.if".freeze))) unless BOOLEAN_OPERATORS.include?(operator)
          new_condition.send(operator, condition)
          condition = new_condition
        end
-        new_condition = Condition.new(Expression.parse($1), $2, Expression.parse($3))
+        condition
        raise(SyntaxError.new(options[:locale].t("errors.syntax.if".freeze))) unless BOOLEAN_OPERATORS.include?(operator)
        new_condition.send(operator, condition)
        condition = new_condition
      end
-      condition
+      def strict_parse(markup)
-    end
+        p = Parser.new(markup)
-    def strict_parse(markup)
+        condition = parse_comparison(p)
      p = Parser.new(markup)
      condition = parse_binary_comparisons(p)
      p.consume(:end_of_string)
      condition
    end
-    def parse_binary_comparisons(p)
+        while op = (p.id?('and'.freeze) || p.id?('or'.freeze))
-      condition = parse_comparison(p)
+          new_cond = parse_comparison(p)
-      first_condition = condition
+          new_cond.send(op, condition)
-      while op = (p.id?('and'.freeze) || p.id?('or'.freeze))
+          condition = new_cond
-        child_condition = parse_comparison(p)
+        end
-        condition.send(op, child_condition)
+        p.consume(:end_of_string)
-        condition = child_condition
+
        condition
      end
      first_condition
    end
-    def parse_comparison(p)
+      def parse_comparison(p)
-      a = Expression.parse(p.expression)
+        a = Expression.parse(p.expression)
-      if op = p.consume?(:comparison)
+        if op = p.consume?(:comparison)
-        b = Expression.parse(p.expression)
+          b = Expression.parse(p.expression)
-        Condition.new(a, op, b)
+          Condition.new(a, op, b)
-      else
+        else
-        Condition.new(a)
+          Condition.new(a)
        end
      end
    end
    class ParseTreeVisitor < Liquid::ParseTreeVisitor
      def children
        @node.blocks
      end
    end
  end
  Template.register_tag('if'.freeze, If)
--- a/lib/liquid/tags/ifchanged.rb
+++ b/lib/liquid/tags/ifchanged.rb
@@ -1,17 +1,18 @@
 module Liquid
  class Ifchanged < Block
    def render_to_output_buffer(context, output)
      context.stack do
        block_output = ''
        super(context, block_output)
-        if block_output != context.registers[:ifchanged]
+    def render(context)
-          context.registers[:ifchanged] = block_output
+      context.stack do
-          output << block_output
+
        output = super
        if output != context.registers[:ifchanged]
          context.registers[:ifchanged] = output
          output
        else
          ''.freeze
        end
      end
      output
    end
  end
--- a/lib/liquid/tags/include.rb
+++ b/lib/liquid/tags/include.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 module Liquid
  # Include allows templates to relate with other templates
  #
  # Simply include another template:
@@ -16,8 +17,6 @@ module Liquid
  class Include < Tag
    Syntax = /(#{QuotedFragment}+)(\s+(?:with|for)\s+(#{QuotedFragment}+))?/o
    attr_reader :template_name_expr, :variable_name_expr, :attributes
    def initialize(tag_name, markup, options)
      super
@@ -39,87 +38,68 @@ module Liquid
      end
    end
-    def parse(_tokens)
+    def parse(tokens)
    end
-    def render_to_output_buffer(context, output)
+    def render(context)
-      template_name = context.evaluate(@template_name_expr)
+      partial = load_cached_partial(context)
      raise ArgumentError.new(options[:locale].t("errors.argument.include")) unless template_name
-      partial = load_cached_partial(template_name, context)
+      template_name = context.evaluate(@template_name_expr)
      context_variable_name = template_name.split('/'.freeze).last
      variable = if @variable_name_expr
        context.evaluate(@variable_name_expr)
      else
-        context.find_variable(template_name, raise_on_not_found: false)
+        context.find_variable(template_name)
      end
-      old_template_name = context.template_name
+      context.stack do
-      old_partial = context.partial
+        @attributes.each do |key, value|
-      begin
+          context[key] = context.evaluate(value)
        context.template_name = template_name
        context.partial = true
        context.stack do
          @attributes.each do |key, value|
            context[key] = context.evaluate(value)
          end
          if variable.is_a?(Array)
            variable.each do |var|
              context[context_variable_name] = var
              partial.render_to_output_buffer(context, output)
            end
          else
            context[context_variable_name] = variable
            partial.render_to_output_buffer(context, output)
          end
        end
      ensure
        context.template_name = old_template_name
        context.partial = old_partial
      end
-      output
+        if variable.is_a?(Array)
          variable.collect do |var|
            context[context_variable_name] = var
            partial.render(context)
          end
        else
          context[context_variable_name] = variable
          partial.render(context)
        end
      end
    end
    private
      def load_cached_partial(context)
        cached_partials = context.registers[:cached_partials] || {}
        template_name = context.evaluate(@template_name_expr)
-    alias_method :parse_context, :options
+        if cached = cached_partials[template_name]
-    private :parse_context
+          return cached
-
+        end
-    def load_cached_partial(template_name, context)
+        source = read_template_from_file_system(context)
-      cached_partials = context.registers[:cached_partials] || {}
+        partial = Liquid::Template.parse(source, pass_options)
-
+        cached_partials[template_name] = partial
-      if cached = cached_partials[template_name]
+        context.registers[:cached_partials] = cached_partials
-        return cached
+        partial
      end
-      source = read_template_from_file_system(context)
+
-      begin
+      def read_template_from_file_system(context)
-        parse_context.partial = true
+        file_system = context.registers[:file_system] || Liquid::Template.file_system
-        partial = Liquid::Template.parse(source, parse_context)
+
-      ensure
+        file_system.read_template_file(context.evaluate(@template_name_expr))
        parse_context.partial = false
      end
      cached_partials[template_name] = partial
      context.registers[:cached_partials] = cached_partials
      partial
    end
-    def read_template_from_file_system(context)
+      def pass_options
-      file_system = context.registers[:file_system] || Liquid::Template.file_system
+        dont_pass = @options[:include_options_blacklist]
-
+        return {locale: @options[:locale]} if dont_pass == true
-      file_system.read_template_file(context.evaluate(@template_name_expr))
+        opts = @options.merge(included: true, include_options_blacklist: false)
-    end
+        if dont_pass.is_a?(Array)
-
+          dont_pass.each {|o| opts.delete(o)}
-    class ParseTreeVisitor < Liquid::ParseTreeVisitor
+        end
-      def children
+        opts
        [
          @node.template_name_expr,
          @node.variable_name_expr
        ] + @node.attributes.values
      end
    end
  end
  Template.register_tag('include'.freeze, Include)
--- a/lib/liquid/tags/increment.rb
+++ b/lib/liquid/tags/increment.rb
@@ -20,11 +20,10 @@ module Liquid
      @variable = markup.strip
    end
-    def render_to_output_buffer(context, output)
+    def render(context)
      value = context.environments.first[@variable] ||= 0
      context.environments.first[@variable] = value + 1
-      output << value.to_s
+      value.to_s
      output
    end
  end
--- a/lib/liquid/tags/raw.rb
+++ b/lib/liquid/tags/raw.rb
@@ -1,14 +1,7 @@
 module Liquid
  class Raw < Block
    Syntax = /\A\s*\z/
    FullTokenPossiblyInvalid = /\A(.*)#{TagStart}\s*(\w+)\s*(.*)?#{TagEnd}\z/om
    def initialize(tag_name, markup, parse_context)
      super
      ensure_valid_markup(tag_name, markup, parse_context)
    end
    def parse(tokens)
      @body = ''
      while token = tokens.shift
@@ -16,15 +9,12 @@ module Liquid
          @body << $1 if $1 != "".freeze
          return if block_delimiter == $2
        end
-        @body << token unless token.empty?
+        @body << token if not token.empty?
      end
      raise SyntaxError.new(parse_context.locale.t("errors.syntax.tag_never_closed".freeze, block_name: block_name))
    end
-    def render_to_output_buffer(_context, output)
+    def render(context)
-      output << @body
+      @body
      output
    end
    def nodelist
@@ -34,14 +24,6 @@ module Liquid
    def blank?
      @body.empty?
    end
    protected
    def ensure_valid_markup(tag_name, markup, parse_context)
      unless markup =~ Syntax
        raise SyntaxError.new(parse_context.locale.t("errors.syntax.tag_unexpected_args".freeze, tag: tag_name))
      end
    end
  end
  Template.register_tag('raw'.freeze, Raw)
--- a/lib/liquid/tags/table_row.rb
+++ b/lib/liquid/tags/table_row.rb
@@ -2,8 +2,6 @@ module Liquid
  class TableRow < Block
    Syntax = /(\w+)\s+in\s+(#{QuotedFragment}+)/o
    attr_reader :variable_name, :collection_name, :attributes
    def initialize(tag_name, markup, options)
      super
      if markup =~ Syntax
@@ -18,7 +16,7 @@ module Liquid
      end
    end
-    def render_to_output_buffer(context, output)
+    def render(context)
      collection = context.evaluate(@collection_name) or return ''.freeze
      from = @attributes.key?('offset'.freeze) ? context.evaluate(@attributes['offset'.freeze]).to_i : 0
@@ -30,34 +28,43 @@ module Liquid
      cols = context.evaluate(@attributes['cols'.freeze]).to_i
-      output << "<tr class=\"row1\">\n"
+      row = 1
      col = 0
      result = "<tr class=\"row1\">\n"
      context.stack do
        tablerowloop = Liquid::TablerowloopDrop.new(length, cols)
        context['tablerowloop'.freeze] = tablerowloop
-        collection.each do |item|
+        collection.each_with_index do |item, index|
          context[@variable_name] = item
          context['tablerowloop'.freeze] = {
            'length'.freeze    => length,
            'index'.freeze     => index + 1,
            'index0'.freeze    => index,
            'col'.freeze       => col + 1,
            'col0'.freeze      => col,
            'rindex'.freeze    => length - index,
            'rindex0'.freeze   => length - index - 1,
            'first'.freeze     => (index == 0),
            'last'.freeze      => (index == length - 1),
            'col_first'.freeze => (col == 0),
            'col_last'.freeze  => (col == cols - 1)
          }
          output << "<td class=\"col#{tablerowloop.col}\">"
          super
          output << '</td>'
-          if tablerowloop.col_last && !tablerowloop.last
+          col += 1
-            output << "</tr>\n<tr class=\"row#{tablerowloop.row + 1}\">"
+
          result << "<td class=\"col#{col}\">" << super << '</td>'
          if col == cols and (index != length - 1)
            col  = 0
            row += 1
            result << "</tr>\n<tr class=\"row#{row}\">"
          end
          tablerowloop.send(:increment!)
        end
      end
-
+      result << "</tr>\n"
-      output << "</tr>\n"
+      result
      output
    end
    class ParseTreeVisitor < Liquid::ParseTreeVisitor
      def children
        super + @node.attributes.values + [@node.collection_name]
      end
    end
  end
--- a/lib/liquid/tags/unless.rb
+++ b/lib/liquid/tags/unless.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-require_relative 'if'
+require File.dirname(__FILE__) + '/if'
 module Liquid
  # Unless is a conditional just like 'if' but works on the inverse logic.
@@ -6,23 +6,24 @@ module Liquid
  #   {% unless x < 0 %} x is greater than zero {% endunless %}
  #
  class Unless < If
-    def render_to_output_buffer(context, output)
+    def render(context)
      context.stack do
        # First condition is interpreted backwards ( if not )
        first_block = @blocks.first
        unless first_block.evaluate(context)
-          return first_block.attachment.render_to_output_buffer(context, output)
+          return first_block.attachment.render(context)
        end
        # After the first condition unless works just like if
        @blocks[1..-1].each do |block|
          if block.evaluate(context)
-            return block.attachment.render_to_output_buffer(context, output)
+            return block.attachment.render(context)
          end
        end
      end
-      output
+        ''.freeze
      end
    end
  end
--- a/lib/liquid/template.rb
+++ b/lib/liquid/template.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 module Liquid
  # Templates are central to liquid.
  # Interpretating templates is a two step process. First you compile the
  # source code you got. During compile time some extensive error checking is performed.
@@ -13,21 +14,23 @@ module Liquid
  #   template.render('user_name' => 'bob')
  #
  class Template
    DEFAULT_OPTIONS = {
      :locale => I18n.new
    }
    attr_accessor :root
-    attr_reader :resource_limits, :warnings
+    attr_reader :resource_limits
    @@file_system = BlankFileSystem.new
    class TagRegistry
      include Enumerable
      def initialize
-        @tags = {}
+        @tags  = {}
        @cache = {}
      end
      def [](tag_name)
-        return nil unless @tags.key?(tag_name)
+        return nil unless @tags.has_key?(tag_name)
        return @cache[tag_name] if Liquid.cache_classes
        lookup_class(@tags[tag_name]).tap { |o| @cache[tag_name] = o }
@@ -43,14 +46,10 @@ module Liquid
        @cache.delete(tag_name)
      end
      def each(&block)
        @tags.each(&block)
      end
      private
      def lookup_class(name)
-        Object.const_get(name)
+        name.split("::").reject(&:empty?).reduce(Object) { |scope, const| scope.const_get(const) }
      end
    end
@@ -69,11 +68,6 @@ module Liquid
      # :error raises an error when tainted output is used
      attr_writer :taint_mode
      attr_accessor :default_exception_renderer
      Template.default_exception_renderer = lambda do |exception|
        exception
      end
      def file_system
        @@file_system
      end
@@ -91,11 +85,11 @@ module Liquid
      end
      def error_mode
-        @error_mode ||= :lax
+        @error_mode || :lax
      end
      def taint_mode
-        @taint_mode ||= :lax
+        @taint_mode || :lax
      end
      # Pass a module with filter methods which should be available
@@ -118,7 +112,6 @@ module Liquid
    end
    def initialize
      @rethrow_errors = false
      @resource_limits = ResourceLimits.new(self.class.default_resource_limits)
    end
@@ -128,12 +121,16 @@ module Liquid
      @options = options
      @profiling = options[:profile]
      @line_numbers = options[:line_numbers] || @profiling
-      parse_context = options.is_a?(ParseContext) ? options : ParseContext.new(options)
+      @root = Document.parse(tokenize(source), DEFAULT_OPTIONS.merge(options))
-      @root = Document.parse(tokenize(source), parse_context)
+      @warnings = nil
      @warnings = parse_context.warnings
      self
    end
    def warnings
      return [] unless @root
      @warnings ||= @root.warnings
    end
    def registers
      @registers ||= {}
    end
@@ -172,7 +169,7 @@ module Liquid
        c = args.shift
        if @rethrow_errors
-          c.exception_renderer = ->(e) { raise }
+          c.exception_handler = ->(e) { true }
        end
        c
@@ -187,17 +184,24 @@ module Liquid
        raise ArgumentError, "Expected Hash or Liquid::Context as parameter"
      end
      output = nil
      case args.last
      when Hash
        options = args.pop
        output = options[:output] if options[:output]
-        registers.merge!(options[:registers]) if options[:registers].is_a?(Hash)
+        if options[:registers].is_a?(Hash)
          self.registers.merge!(options[:registers])
        end
-        apply_options_to_context(context, options)
+        if options[:filters]
-      when Module, Array
+          context.add_filters(options[:filters])
        end
        if options[:exception_handler]
          context.exception_handler = options[:exception_handler]
        end
      when Module
        context.add_filters(args.pop)
      when Array
        context.add_filters(args.pop)
      end
@@ -207,9 +211,10 @@ module Liquid
      begin
        # render the nodelist.
        # for performance reasons we get an array back here. join will make a string out of it.
-        with_profiling(context) do
+        result = with_profiling do
-          @root.render_to_output_buffer(context, output || '')
+          @root.render(context)
        end
        result.respond_to?(:join) ? result.join : result
      rescue Liquid::MemoryError => e
        context.handle_error(e)
      ensure
@@ -222,18 +227,34 @@ module Liquid
      render(*args)
    end
    def render_to_output_buffer(context, output)
      render(context, output: output)
    end
    private
    # Uses the <tt>Liquid::TemplateParser</tt> regexp to tokenize the passed source
    def tokenize(source)
-      Tokenizer.new(source, @line_numbers)
+      source = source.source if source.respond_to?(:source)
      return [] if source.to_s.empty?
      tokens = calculate_line_numbers(source.split(TemplateParser))
      # removes the rogue empty element at the beginning of the array
      tokens.shift if tokens[0] and tokens[0].empty?
      tokens
    end
-    def with_profiling(context)
+    def calculate_line_numbers(raw_tokens)
-      if @profiling && !context.partial
+      return raw_tokens unless @line_numbers
      current_line = 1
      raw_tokens.map do |token|
        Token.new(token, current_line).tap do
          current_line += token.count("\n")
        end
      end
    end
    def with_profiling
      if @profiling && !@options[:included]
        raise "Profiler not loaded, require 'liquid/profiler' first" unless defined?(Liquid::Profiler)
        @profiler = Profiler.new
@@ -248,13 +269,5 @@ module Liquid
        yield
      end
    end
    def apply_options_to_context(context, options)
      context.add_filters(options[:filters]) if options[:filters]
      context.global_filter = options[:global_filter] if options[:global_filter]
      context.exception_renderer = options[:exception_renderer] if options[:exception_renderer]
      context.strict_variables = options[:strict_variables] if options[:strict_variables]
      context.strict_filters = options[:strict_filters] if options[:strict_filters]
    end
  end
 end
--- a/lib/liquid/token.rb
+++ b/lib/liquid/token.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
 module Liquid
  class Token < String
    attr_reader :line_number
    def initialize(content, line_number)
      super(content)
      @line_number = line_number
    end
    def raw
      "<raw>"
    end
    def child(string)
      Token.new(string, @line_number)
    end
  end
 end
--- a/lib/liquid/tokenizer.rb
+++ b/lib/liquid/tokenizer.rb
@@ -1,37 +0,0 @@
 module Liquid
  class Tokenizer
    attr_reader :line_number, :for_liquid_tag
    def initialize(source, line_numbers = false, line_number: nil, for_liquid_tag: false)
      @source = source
      @line_number = line_number || (line_numbers ? 1 : nil)
      @for_liquid_tag = for_liquid_tag
      @tokens = tokenize
    end
    def shift
      token = @tokens.shift or return
      if @line_number
        @line_number += @for_liquid_tag ? 1 : token.count("\n")
      end
      token
    end
    private
    def tokenize
      return [] if @source.to_s.empty?
      return @source.split("\n") if @for_liquid_tag
      tokens = @source.split(TemplateParser)
      # removes the rogue empty element at the beginning of the array
      tokens.shift if tokens[0] && tokens[0].empty?
      tokens
    end
  end
 end
--- a/lib/liquid/utils.rb
+++ b/lib/liquid/utils.rb
@@ -1,24 +1,27 @@
 module Liquid
  module Utils
    def self.slice_collection(collection, from, to)
-      if (from != 0 || !to.nil?) && collection.respond_to?(:load_slice)
+      if (from != 0 || to != nil) && collection.respond_to?(:load_slice)
        collection.load_slice(from, to)
      else
        slice_collection_using_each(collection, from, to)
      end
    end
    def self.non_blank_string?(collection)
      collection.is_a?(String) && collection != ''.freeze
    end
    def self.slice_collection_using_each(collection, from, to)
      segments = []
      index = 0
      # Maintains Ruby 1.8.7 String#each behaviour on 1.9
-      if collection.is_a?(String)
+      return [collection] if non_blank_string?(collection)
        return collection.empty? ? [] : [collection]
      end
      return [] unless collection.respond_to?(:each)
      collection.each do |item|
        if to && to <= index
          break
        end
@@ -32,52 +35,5 @@ module Liquid
      segments
    end
    def self.to_integer(num)
      return num if num.is_a?(Integer)
      num = num.to_s
      begin
        Integer(num)
      rescue ::ArgumentError
        raise Liquid::ArgumentError, "invalid integer"
      end
    end
    def self.to_number(obj)
      case obj
      when Float
        BigDecimal(obj.to_s)
      when Numeric
        obj
      when String
        (obj.strip =~ /\A-?\d+\.\d+\z/) ? BigDecimal(obj) : obj.to_i
      else
        if obj.respond_to?(:to_number)
          obj.to_number
        else
          0
        end
      end
    end
    def self.to_date(obj)
      return obj if obj.respond_to?(:strftime)
      if obj.is_a?(String)
        return nil if obj.empty?
        obj = obj.downcase
      end
      case obj
      when 'now'.freeze, 'today'.freeze
        Time.now
      when /\A\d+\z/, Integer
        Time.at(obj.to_i)
      when String
        Time.parse(obj)
      end
    rescue ::ArgumentError
      nil
    end
  end
 end
--- a/lib/liquid/variable.rb
+++ b/lib/liquid/variable.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 module Liquid
  # Holds variables. Variables are only loaded "just in time"
  # and are not evaluated as part of the render stage
  #
@@ -10,23 +11,15 @@ module Liquid
  #   {{ user | link }}
  #
  class Variable
    FilterMarkupRegex = /#{FilterSeparator}\s*(.*)/om
    FilterParser = /(?:\s+|#{QuotedFragment}|#{ArgumentSeparator})+/o
-    FilterArgsRegex = /(?:#{FilterArgumentSeparator}|#{ArgumentSeparator})\s*((?:\w+\s*\:\s*)?#{QuotedFragment})/o
+    attr_accessor :filters, :name, :warnings
-    JustTagAttributes = /\A#{TagAttributes}\z/o
+    attr_accessor :line_number
    MarkupWithQuotedFragment = /(#{QuotedFragment})(.*)/om
    attr_accessor :filters, :name, :line_number
    attr_reader :parse_context
    alias_method :options, :parse_context
    include ParserSwitching
-    def initialize(markup, parse_context)
+    def initialize(markup, options = {})
      @markup  = markup
      @name    = nil
-      @parse_context = parse_context
+      @options = options || {}
      @line_number = parse_context.line_number
      parse_with_selected_parser(markup)
    end
@@ -41,18 +34,19 @@ module Liquid
    def lax_parse(markup)
      @filters = []
-      return unless markup =~ MarkupWithQuotedFragment
+      if markup =~ /(#{QuotedFragment})(.*)/om
-
+        name_markup = $1
-      name_markup = $1
+        filter_markup = $2
-      filter_markup = $2
+        @name = Expression.parse(name_markup)
-      @name = Expression.parse(name_markup)
+        if filter_markup =~ /#{FilterSeparator}\s*(.*)/om
-      if filter_markup =~ FilterMarkupRegex
+          filters = $1.scan(FilterParser)
-        filters = $1.scan(FilterParser)
+          filters.each do |f|
-        filters.each do |f|
+            if f =~ /\w+/
-          next unless f =~ /\w+/
+              filtername = Regexp.last_match(0)
-          filtername = Regexp.last_match(0)
+              filterargs = f.scan(/(?:#{FilterArgumentSeparator}|#{ArgumentSeparator})\s*((?:\w+\s*\:\s*)?#{QuotedFragment})/o).flatten
-          filterargs = f.scan(FilterArgsRegex).flatten
+              @filters << parse_filter_expressions(filtername, filterargs)
-          @filters << parse_filter_expressions(filtername, filterargs)
+            end
          end
        end
      end
    end
@@ -74,49 +68,33 @@ module Liquid
      # first argument
      filterargs = [p.argument]
      # followed by comma separated others
-      filterargs << p.argument while p.consume?(:comma)
+      while p.consume?(:comma)
        filterargs << p.argument
      end
      filterargs
    end
    def render(context)
-      obj = @filters.inject(context.evaluate(@name)) do |output, (filter_name, filter_args, filter_kwargs)|
+      @filters.inject(context.evaluate(@name)) do |output, (filter_name, filter_args, filter_kwargs)|
        filter_args = evaluate_filter_expressions(context, filter_args, filter_kwargs)
-        context.invoke(filter_name, output, *filter_args)
+        output = context.invoke(filter_name, output, *filter_args)
-      end
+      end.tap{ |obj| taint_check(obj) }
      obj = context.apply_global_filter(obj)
      taint_check(context, obj)
      obj
    end
    def render_to_output_buffer(context, output)
      obj = render(context)
      if obj.is_a?(Array)
        output << obj.join
      elsif obj.nil?
      else
        output << obj.to_s
      end
      output
    end
    private
    def parse_filter_expressions(filter_name, unparsed_args)
      filter_args = []
-      keyword_args = nil
+      keyword_args = {}
      unparsed_args.each do |a|
-        if matches = a.match(JustTagAttributes)
+        if matches = a.match(/\A#{TagAttributes}\z/o)
          keyword_args ||= {}
          keyword_args[matches[1]] = Expression.parse(matches[2])
        else
          filter_args << Expression.parse(a)
        end
      end
      result = [filter_name, filter_args]
-      result << keyword_args if keyword_args
+      result << keyword_args unless keyword_args.empty?
      result
    end
@@ -132,28 +110,17 @@ module Liquid
      parsed_args
    end
-    def taint_check(context, obj)
+    def taint_check(obj)
-      return unless obj.tainted?
+      if obj.tainted?
-      return if Template.taint_mode == :lax
+        @markup =~ QuotedFragment
-
+        name = Regexp.last_match(0)
-      @markup =~ QuotedFragment
+        case Template.taint_mode
-      name = Regexp.last_match(0)
+        when :warn
-
+          @warnings ||= []
-      error = TaintedError.new("variable '#{name}' is tainted and was not escaped")
+          @warnings << "variable '#{name}' is tainted and was not escaped"
-      error.line_number = line_number
+        when :error
-      error.template_name = context.template_name
+          raise TaintedError, "Error - variable '#{name}' is tainted and was not escaped"
-
+        end
      case Template.taint_mode
      when :warn
        context.warnings << error
      when :error
        raise error
      end
    end
    class ParseTreeVisitor < Liquid::ParseTreeVisitor
      def children
        [@node.name] + @node.filters.flatten
      end
    end
  end
--- a/lib/liquid/variable_lookup.rb
+++ b/lib/liquid/variable_lookup.rb
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 module Liquid
  class VariableLookup
    SQUARE_BRACKETED = /\A\[(.*)\]\z/m
-    COMMAND_METHODS = ['size'.freeze, 'first'.freeze, 'last'.freeze].freeze
+    COMMAND_METHODS = ['size'.freeze, 'first'.freeze, 'last'.freeze]
    attr_reader :name, :lookups
@@ -41,8 +41,8 @@ module Liquid
        # If object is a hash- or array-like object we look for the
        # presence of the key and if its available we return it
        if object.respond_to?(:[]) &&
-            ((object.respond_to?(:key?) && object.key?(key)) ||
+          ((object.respond_to?(:has_key?) && object.has_key?(key)) ||
-             (object.respond_to?(:fetch) && key.is_a?(Integer)))
+           (object.respond_to?(:fetch) && key.is_a?(Integer)))
          # if its a proc we will replace the entry with the proc
          res = context.lookup_and_evaluate(object, key)
@@ -55,11 +55,9 @@ module Liquid
          object = object.send(key).to_liquid
          # No key was present with the desired value and it wasn't one of the directly supported
-          # keywords either. The only thing we got left is to return nil or
+          # keywords either. The only thing we got left is to return nil
          # raise an exception if `strict_variables` option is set to true
        else
-          return nil unless context.strict_variables
+          return nil
          raise Liquid::UndefinedVariable, "undefined variable #{key}"
        end
        # If we are dealing with a drop here we have to
@@ -70,7 +68,7 @@ module Liquid
    end
    def ==(other)
-      self.class == other.class && state == other.state
+      self.class == other.class && self.state == other.state
    end
    protected
@@ -78,11 +76,5 @@ module Liquid
    def state
      [@name, @lookups, @command_flags]
    end
    class ParseTreeVisitor < Liquid::ParseTreeVisitor
      def children
        @node.lookups
      end
    end
  end
 end
--- a/lib/liquid/version.rb
+++ b/lib/liquid/version.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 # encoding: utf-8
 module Liquid
-  VERSION = "4.0.3".freeze
+  VERSION = "4.0.0.alpha"
 end
--- a/liquid.gemspec
+++ b/liquid.gemspec
@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 # encoding: utf-8
 lib = File.expand_path('../lib/', __FILE__)
-$LOAD_PATH.unshift lib unless $LOAD_PATH.include?(lib)
+$:.unshift lib unless $:.include?(lib)
 require "liquid/version"
@@ -14,18 +13,17 @@ Gem::Specification.new do |s|
  s.email       = ["tobi@leetsoft.com"]
  s.homepage    = "http://www.liquidmarkup.org"
  s.license     = "MIT"
-  # s.description = "A secure, non-evaling end user template engine with aesthetic markup."
+  #s.description = "A secure, non-evaling end user template engine with aesthetic markup."
  s.required_ruby_version     = ">= 2.1.0"
  s.required_rubygems_version = ">= 1.3.7"
  s.test_files  = Dir.glob("{test}/**/*")
-  s.files       = Dir.glob("{lib}/**/*") + %w(LICENSE README.md)
+  s.files       = Dir.glob("{lib}/**/*") + %w(MIT-LICENSE README.md)
-  s.extra_rdoc_files = ["History.md", "README.md"]
+  s.extra_rdoc_files  = ["History.md", "README.md"]
  s.require_path = "lib"
-  s.add_development_dependency 'rake', '~> 11.3'
+  s.add_development_dependency 'rake'
  s.add_development_dependency 'minitest'
 end
--- a/performance/benchmark.rb
+++ b/performance/benchmark.rb
@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
 require 'benchmark/ips'
-require_relative 'theme_runner'
+require File.dirname(__FILE__) + '/theme_runner'
 Liquid::Template.error_mode = ARGV.first.to_sym if ARGV.first
 profiler = ThemeRunner.new
 Benchmark.ips do |x|
-  x.time = 10
+  x.time = 60
  x.warmup = 5
  puts
@@ -13,6 +13,5 @@ Benchmark.ips do |x|
  puts
  x.report("parse:") { profiler.compile }
-  x.report("render:") { profiler.render }
+  x.report("parse & run:") { profiler.run }
  x.report("parse & render:") { profiler.run }
 end
--- a/performance/memory_profile.rb
+++ b/performance/memory_profile.rb
@@ -1,62 +0,0 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true
 require 'benchmark/ips'
 require 'memory_profiler'
 require 'terminal-table'
 require_relative 'theme_runner'
 class Profiler
  LOG_LABEL   = "Profiling: ".rjust(14).freeze
  REPORTS_DIR = File.expand_path('.memprof', __dir__).freeze
  def self.run
    puts
    yield new
  end
  def initialize
    @allocated = []
    @retained  = []
    @headings  = []
  end
  def profile(phase, &block)
    print LOG_LABEL
    print "#{phase}.. ".ljust(10)
    report = MemoryProfiler.report(&block)
    puts 'Done.'
    @headings  << phase.capitalize
    @allocated << "#{report.scale_bytes(report.total_allocated_memsize)} (#{report.total_allocated} objects)"
    @retained  << "#{report.scale_bytes(report.total_retained_memsize)} (#{report.total_retained} objects)"
    return if ENV['CI']
    require 'fileutils'
    report_file = File.join(REPORTS_DIR, "#{sanitize(phase)}.txt")
    FileUtils.mkdir_p(REPORTS_DIR)
    report.pretty_print(to_file: report_file, scale_bytes: true)
  end
  def tabulate
    table = Terminal::Table.new(headings: @headings.unshift('Phase')) do |t|
      t << @allocated.unshift('Total allocated')
      t << @retained.unshift('Total retained')
    end
    puts
    puts table
    puts "\nDetailed report(s) saved to #{REPORTS_DIR}/" unless ENV['CI']
  end
  def sanitize(string)
    string.downcase.gsub(/[\W]/, '-').squeeze('-')
  end
 end
 Liquid::Template.error_mode = ARGV.first.to_sym if ARGV.first
 runner = ThemeRunner.new
 Profiler.run do |x|
  x.profile('parse') { runner.compile }
  x.profile('render') { runner.render }
  x.tabulate
 end
--- a/performance/profile.rb
+++ b/performance/profile.rb
@@ -1,12 +1,12 @@
-require 'stackprof'
+require 'stackprof' rescue fail("install stackprof extension/gem")
-require_relative 'theme_runner'
+require File.dirname(__FILE__) + '/theme_runner'
 Liquid::Template.error_mode = ARGV.first.to_sym if ARGV.first
 profiler = ThemeRunner.new
 profiler.run
 [:cpu, :object].each do |profile_type|
-  puts "Profiling in #{profile_type} mode..."
+  puts "Profiling in #{profile_type.to_s} mode..."
  results = StackProf.run(mode: profile_type) do
    200.times do
      profiler.run
--- a/performance/shopify/comment_form.rb
+++ b/performance/shopify/comment_form.rb
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ class CommentForm < Liquid::Block
    end
  end
-  def render_to_output_buffer(context, output)
+  def render(context)
    article = context[@variable_name]
    context.stack do
@@ -23,13 +23,11 @@ class CommentForm < Liquid::Block
        'email'  => context['comment.email'],
        'body'   => context['comment.body']
      }
-
+      wrap_in_form(article, render_all(@nodelist, context))
      output << wrap_in_form(article, render_all(@nodelist, context, output))
      output
    end
  end
  def wrap_in_form(article, input)
-    %(<form id="article-#{article.id}-comment-form" class="comment-form" method="post" action="">\n#{input}\n</form>)
+    %Q{<form id="article-#{article.id}-comment-form" class="comment-form" method="post" action="">\n#{input}\n</form>}
  end
 end
--- a/performance/shopify/database.rb
+++ b/performance/shopify/database.rb
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ module Database
  # to liquid as assigns. All this is based on Shopify
  def self.tables
    @tables ||= begin
-      db = YAML.load_file("#{__dir__}/vision.database.yml")
+      db = YAML.load_file(File.dirname(__FILE__) + '/vision.database.yml')
      # From vision source
      db['products'].each do |product|
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ module Database
  end
 end
-if __FILE__ == $PROGRAM_NAME
+if __FILE__ == $0
  p Database.tables['collections']['frontpage'].keys
-  # p Database.tables['blog']['articles']
+  #p Database.tables['blog']['articles']
 end
--- a/performance/shopify/json_filter.rb
+++ b/performance/shopify/json_filter.rb
@@ -1,7 +1,9 @@
 require 'json'
 module JsonFilter
  def json(object)
-    JSON.dump(object.reject { |k, v| k == "collections" })
+    JSON.dump(object.reject {|k,v| k == "collections" })
  end
 end
--- a/performance/shopify/liquid.rb
+++ b/performance/shopify/liquid.rb
@@ -1,13 +1,13 @@
-$:.unshift __dir__ + '/../../lib'
+$:.unshift File.dirname(__FILE__) + '/../../lib'
-require_relative '../../lib/liquid'
+require File.dirname(__FILE__) + '/../../lib/liquid'
-require_relative 'comment_form'
+require File.dirname(__FILE__) + '/comment_form'
-require_relative 'paginate'
+require File.dirname(__FILE__) + '/paginate'
-require_relative 'json_filter'
+require File.dirname(__FILE__) + '/json_filter'
-require_relative 'money_filter'
+require File.dirname(__FILE__) + '/money_filter'
-require_relative 'shop_filter'
+require File.dirname(__FILE__) + '/shop_filter'
-require_relative 'tag_filter'
+require File.dirname(__FILE__) + '/tag_filter'
-require_relative 'weight_filter'
+require File.dirname(__FILE__) + '/weight_filter'
 Liquid::Template.register_tag 'paginate', Paginate
 Liquid::Template.register_tag 'form', CommentForm
--- a/performance/shopify/money_filter.rb
+++ b/performance/shopify/money_filter.rb
@@ -1,12 +1,13 @@
 module MoneyFilter
  def money_with_currency(money)
    return '' if money.nil?
-    sprintf("$ %.2f USD", money / 100.0)
+    sprintf("$ %.2f USD", money/100.0)
  end
  def money(money)
    return '' if money.nil?
-    sprintf("$ %.2f", money / 100.0)
+    sprintf("$ %.2f", money/100.0)
  end
  private
--- a/performance/shopify/paginate.rb
+++ b/performance/shopify/paginate.rb
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ class Paginate < Liquid::Block
    end
  end
-  def render_to_output_buffer(context, output)
+  def render(context)
    @context = context
    context.stack do
@@ -42,22 +42,23 @@ class Paginate < Liquid::Block
      page_count = (collection_size.to_f / @page_size.to_f).to_f.ceil + 1
      pagination['items']      = collection_size
-      pagination['pages']      = page_count - 1
+      pagination['pages']      = page_count -1
-      pagination['previous']   = link('&laquo; Previous', current_page - 1)  unless 1 >= current_page
+      pagination['previous']   = link('&laquo; Previous', current_page-1 )  unless 1 >= current_page
-      pagination['next']       = link('Next &raquo;', current_page + 1)      unless page_count <= current_page + 1
+      pagination['next']       = link('Next &raquo;', current_page+1 )      unless page_count <= current_page+1
      pagination['parts']      = []
      hellip_break = false
      if page_count > 2
-        1.upto(page_count - 1) do |page|
+        1.upto(page_count-1) do |page|
          if current_page == page
            pagination['parts'] << no_link(page)
          elsif page == 1
            pagination['parts'] << link(page, page)
-          elsif page == page_count - 1
+          elsif page == page_count -1
            pagination['parts'] << link(page, page)
-          elsif page <= current_page - @attributes['window_size'] || page >= current_page + @attributes['window_size']
+          elsif page <= current_page - @attributes['window_size'] or page >= current_page + @attributes['window_size']
            next if hellip_break
            pagination['parts'] << no_link('&hellip;')
            hellip_break = true
@@ -77,11 +78,11 @@ class Paginate < Liquid::Block
  private
  def no_link(title)
-    { 'title' => title, 'is_link' => false }
+    { 'title' => title, 'is_link' => false}
  end
  def link(title, page)
-    { 'title' => title, 'url' => current_url + "?page=#{page}", 'is_link' => true }
+    { 'title' => title, 'url' => current_url + "?page=#{page}", 'is_link' => true}
  end
  def current_url
--- a/performance/shopify/shop_filter.rb
+++ b/performance/shopify/shop_filter.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 module ShopFilter
  def asset_url(input)
    "/files/1/[shop_id]/[shop_id]/assets/#{input}"
  end
@@ -15,16 +16,16 @@ module ShopFilter
    %(<script src="#{url}" type="text/javascript"></script>)
  end
-  def stylesheet_tag(url, media = "all")
+  def stylesheet_tag(url, media="all")
    %(<link href="#{url}" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css"  media="#{media}"  />)
  end
-  def link_to(link, url, title = "")
+  def link_to(link, url, title="")
-    %(<a href="#{url}" title="#{title}">#{link}</a>)
+    %|<a href="#{url}" title="#{title}">#{link}</a>|
  end
-  def img_tag(url, alt = "")
+  def img_tag(url, alt="")
-    %(<img src="#{url}" alt="#{alt}" />)
+    %|<img src="#{url}" alt="#{alt}" />|
  end
  def link_to_vendor(vendor)
@@ -52,6 +53,7 @@ module ShopFilter
  end
  def product_img_url(url, style = 'small')
    unless url =~ /\Aproducts\/([\w\-\_]+)\.(\w{2,4})/
      raise ArgumentError, 'filter "size" can only be called on product images'
    end
@@ -67,6 +69,7 @@ module ShopFilter
  end
  def default_pagination(paginate)
    html = []
    html << %(<span class="prev">#{link_to(paginate['previous']['title'], paginate['previous']['url'])}</span>) if paginate['previous']
@@ -103,4 +106,5 @@ module ShopFilter
    result.gsub!(/\A-+/, '') if result[0] == '-'
    result
  end
 end
--- a/performance/shopify/tag_filter.rb
+++ b/performance/shopify/tag_filter.rb
@@ -1,9 +1,10 @@
 module TagFilter
  def link_to_tag(label, tag)
    "<a title=\"Show tag #{tag}\" href=\"/collections/#{@context['handle']}/#{tag}\">#{label}</a>"
  end
-  def highlight_active_tag(tag, css_class = 'active')
+  def highlight_active_tag(tag, css_class='active')
    if @context['current_tags'].include?(tag)
      "<span class=\"#{css_class}\">#{tag}</span>"
    else
@@ -20,4 +21,5 @@ module TagFilter
    tags = (@context['current_tags'] - [tag]).uniq
    "<a title=\"Show tag #{tag}\" href=\"/collections/#{@context['handle']}/#{tags.join("+")}\">#{label}</a>"
  end
 end
--- a/performance/shopify/weight_filter.rb
+++ b/performance/shopify/weight_filter.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 module WeightFilter
  def weight(grams)
    sprintf("%.2f", grams / 1000)
  end
@@ -6,4 +7,5 @@ module WeightFilter
  def weight_with_unit(grams)
    "#{weight(grams)} kg"
  end
 end
--- a/performance/theme_runner.rb
+++ b/performance/theme_runner.rb
@@ -6,11 +6,12 @@
 # Shopify which is likely the biggest user of liquid in the world which something to the tune of several
 # million Template#render calls a day.
-require_relative 'shopify/liquid'
+require File.dirname(__FILE__) + '/shopify/liquid'
-require_relative 'shopify/database'
+require File.dirname(__FILE__) + '/shopify/database.rb'
 class ThemeRunner
  class FileSystem
    def initialize(path)
      @path = path
    end
@@ -21,100 +22,57 @@ class ThemeRunner
    end
  end
-  # Initialize a new liquid ThemeRunner instance
+  # Load all templates into memory, do this now so that
-  # Will load all templates into memory, do this now so that we don't profile IO.
+  # we don't profile IO.
  def initialize
-    @tests = Dir[__dir__ + '/tests/**/*.liquid'].collect do |test|
+    @tests = Dir[File.dirname(__FILE__) + '/tests/**/*.liquid'].collect do |test|
      next if File.basename(test) == 'theme.liquid'
      theme_path = File.dirname(test) + '/theme.liquid'
-      {
+
-        liquid: File.read(test),
+      [File.read(test), (File.file?(theme_path) ? File.read(theme_path) : nil), test]
        layout: (File.file?(theme_path) ? File.read(theme_path) : nil),
        template_name: test
      }
    end.compact
    compile_all_tests
  end
  # `compile` will test just the compilation portion of liquid without any templates
  def compile
-    @tests.each do |test_hash|
+    # Dup assigns because will make some changes to them
-      Liquid::Template.new.parse(test_hash[:liquid])
+
-      Liquid::Template.new.parse(test_hash[:layout])
+    @tests.each do |liquid, layout, template_name|
      tmpl = Liquid::Template.new
      tmpl.parse(liquid)
      tmpl = Liquid::Template.new
      tmpl.parse(layout)
    end
  end
-  # `run` is called to benchmark rendering and compiling at the same time
+   def run
  def run
    each_test do |liquid, layout, assigns, page_template, template_name|
      compile_and_render(liquid, layout, assigns, page_template, template_name)
    end
  end
  # `render` is called to benchmark just the render portion of liquid
  def render
    @compiled_tests.each do |test|
      tmpl = test[:tmpl]
      assigns = test[:assigns]
      layout = test[:layout]
      if layout
        assigns['content_for_layout'] = tmpl.render!(assigns)
        layout.render!(assigns)
      else
        tmpl.render!(assigns)
      end
    end
  end
  private
  def compile_and_render(template, layout, assigns, page_template, template_file)
    compiled_test = compile_test(template, layout, assigns, page_template, template_file)
    assigns['content_for_layout'] = compiled_test[:tmpl].render!(assigns)
    compiled_test[:layout].render!(assigns) if layout
  end
  def compile_all_tests
    @compiled_tests = []
    each_test do |liquid, layout, assigns, page_template, template_name|
      @compiled_tests << compile_test(liquid, layout, assigns, page_template, template_name)
    end
    @compiled_tests
  end
  def compile_test(template, layout, assigns, page_template, template_file)
    tmpl = init_template(page_template, template_file)
    parsed_template = tmpl.parse(template).dup
    if layout
      parsed_layout = tmpl.parse(layout)
      { tmpl: parsed_template, assigns: assigns, layout: parsed_layout }
    else
      { tmpl: parsed_template, assigns: assigns }
    end
  end
  # utility method with similar functionality needed in `compile_all_tests` and `run`
  def each_test
    # Dup assigns because will make some changes to them
    assigns = Database.tables.dup
-    @tests.each do |test_hash|
+    @tests.each do |liquid, layout, template_name|
-      # Compute page_template outside of profiler run, uninteresting to profiler
+
-      page_template = File.basename(test_hash[:template_name], File.extname(test_hash[:template_name]))
+      # Compute page_tempalte outside of profiler run, uninteresting to profiler
-      yield(test_hash[:liquid], test_hash[:layout], assigns, page_template, test_hash[:template_name])
+      page_template = File.basename(template_name, File.extname(template_name))
      compile_and_render(liquid, layout, assigns, page_template, template_name)
    end
  end
-  # set up a new Liquid::Template object for use in `compile_and_render` and `compile_test`
+
-  def init_template(page_template, template_file)
+  def compile_and_render(template, layout, assigns, page_template, template_file)
    tmpl = Liquid::Template.new
    tmpl.assigns['page_title'] = 'Page title'
    tmpl.assigns['template'] = page_template
    tmpl.registers[:file_system] = ThemeRunner::FileSystem.new(File.dirname(template_file))
-    tmpl
+
    content_for_layout = tmpl.parse(template).render!(assigns)
    if layout
      assigns['content_for_layout'] = content_for_layout
      tmpl.parse(layout).render!(assigns)
    else
      content_for_layout
    end
  end
 end
--- a/test/integration/assign_test.rb
+++ b/test/integration/assign_test.rb
@@ -15,24 +15,24 @@ class AssignTest < Minitest::Test
  def test_assigned_variable
    assert_template_result('.foo.',
-      '{% assign foo = values %}.{{ foo[0] }}.',
+                           '{% assign foo = values %}.{{ foo[0] }}.',
-      'values' => %w(foo bar baz))
+                           'values' => %w{foo bar baz})
    assert_template_result('.bar.',
-      '{% assign foo = values %}.{{ foo[1] }}.',
+                           '{% assign foo = values %}.{{ foo[1] }}.',
-      'values' => %w(foo bar baz))
+                           'values' => %w{foo bar baz})
  end
  def test_assign_with_filter
    assert_template_result('.bar.',
-      '{% assign foo = values | split: "," %}.{{ foo[1] }}.',
+                           '{% assign foo = values | split: "," %}.{{ foo[1] }}.',
-      'values' => "foo,bar,baz")
+                           'values' => "foo,bar,baz")
  end
  def test_assign_syntax_error
    assert_match_syntax_error(/assign/,
-      '{% assign foo not values %}.',
+                       '{% assign foo not values %}.',
-      'values' => "foo,bar,baz")
+                       'values' => "foo,bar,baz")
  end
  def test_assign_uses_error_mode
--- a/test/integration/blank_test.rb
+++ b/test/integration/blank_test.rb
@@ -1,10 +1,11 @@
 require 'test_helper'
 class FoobarTag < Liquid::Tag
-  def render_to_output_buffer(context, output)
+  def render(*args)
-    output << ' '
+    " "
    output
  end
  Liquid::Template.register_tag('foobar', FoobarTag)
 end
 class BlankTestFileSystem
@@ -30,9 +31,7 @@ class BlankTest < Minitest::Test
  end
  def test_new_tags_are_not_blank_by_default
-    with_custom_tag('foobar', FoobarTag) do
+    assert_template_result(" "*N, wrap_in_for("{% foobar %}"))
      assert_template_result(" " * N, wrap_in_for("{% foobar %}"))
    end
  end
  def test_loops_are_blank
@@ -48,7 +47,7 @@ class BlankTest < Minitest::Test
  end
  def test_mark_as_blank_only_during_parsing
-    assert_template_result(" " * (N + 1), wrap(" {% if false %} this never happens, but still, this block is not blank {% endif %}"))
+    assert_template_result(" "*(N+1), wrap(" {% if false %} this never happens, but still, this block is not blank {% endif %}"))
  end
  def test_comments_are_blank
@@ -61,9 +60,9 @@ class BlankTest < Minitest::Test
  def test_nested_blocks_are_blank_but_only_if_all_children_are
    assert_template_result("", wrap(wrap(" ")))
-    assert_template_result("\n       but this is not " * (N + 1),
+    assert_template_result("\n       but this is not "*(N+1),
-      wrap('{% if true %} {% comment %} this is blank {% endcomment %} {% endif %}
+      wrap(%q{{% if true %} {% comment %} this is blank {% endcomment %} {% endif %}
-      {% if true %} but this is not {% endif %}'))
+      {% if true %} but this is not {% endif %}}))
  end
  def test_assigns_are_blank
@@ -77,31 +76,31 @@ class BlankTest < Minitest::Test
  def test_whitespace_is_not_blank_if_other_stuff_is_present
    body = "     x "
-    assert_template_result(body * (N + 1), wrap(body))
+    assert_template_result(body*(N+1), wrap(body))
  end
  def test_increment_is_not_blank
-    assert_template_result(" 0" * 2 * (N + 1), wrap("{% assign foo = 0 %} {% increment foo %} {% decrement foo %}"))
+    assert_template_result(" 0"*2*(N+1), wrap("{% assign foo = 0 %} {% increment foo %} {% decrement foo %}"))
  end
  def test_cycle_is_not_blank
-    assert_template_result("  " * ((N + 1) / 2) + " ", wrap("{% cycle ' ', ' ' %}"))
+    assert_template_result("  "*((N+1)/2)+" ", wrap("{% cycle ' ', ' ' %}"))
  end
  def test_raw_is_not_blank
-    assert_template_result("  " * (N + 1), wrap(" {% raw %} {% endraw %}"))
+    assert_template_result("  "*(N+1), wrap(" {% raw %} {% endraw %}"))
  end
  def test_include_is_blank
    Liquid::Template.file_system = BlankTestFileSystem.new
-    assert_template_result "foobar" * (N + 1), wrap("{% include 'foobar' %}")
+    assert_template_result "foobar"*(N+1), wrap("{% include 'foobar' %}")
-    assert_template_result " foobar " * (N + 1), wrap("{% include ' foobar ' %}")
+    assert_template_result " foobar "*(N+1), wrap("{% include ' foobar ' %}")
-    assert_template_result "   " * (N + 1), wrap(" {% include ' ' %} ")
+    assert_template_result "   "*(N+1), wrap(" {% include ' ' %} ")
  end
  def test_case_is_blank
    assert_template_result("", wrap(" {% assign foo = 'bar' %} {% case foo %} {% when 'bar' %} {% when 'whatever' %} {% else %} {% endcase %} "))
    assert_template_result("", wrap(" {% assign foo = 'else' %} {% case foo %} {% when 'bar' %} {% when 'whatever' %} {% else %} {% endcase %} "))
-    assert_template_result("   x  " * (N + 1), wrap(" {% assign foo = 'else' %} {% case foo %} {% when 'bar' %} {% when 'whatever' %} {% else %} x {% endcase %} "))
+    assert_template_result("   x  "*(N+1), wrap(" {% assign foo = 'else' %} {% case foo %} {% when 'bar' %} {% when 'whatever' %} {% else %} x {% endcase %} "))
  end
 end
--- a/test/integration/block_test.rb
+++ b/test/integration/block_test.rb
@@ -1,12 +0,0 @@
 require 'test_helper'
 class BlockTest < Minitest::Test
  include Liquid
  def test_unexpected_end_tag
    exc = assert_raises(SyntaxError) do
      Template.parse("{% if true %}{% endunless %}")
    end
    assert_equal exc.message, "Liquid syntax error: 'endunless' is not a valid delimiter for if tags. use endif"
  end
 end
--- a/test/integration/context_test.rb
+++ b/test/integration/context_test.rb
@@ -18,14 +18,14 @@ class ContextTest < Minitest::Test
    with_global_filter(global) do
      assert_equal 'Global test', Template.parse("{{'test' | notice }}").render!
-      assert_equal 'Local test', Template.parse("{{'test' | notice }}").render!({}, filters: [local])
+      assert_equal 'Local test', Template.parse("{{'test' | notice }}").render!({}, :filters => [local])
    end
  end
  def test_has_key_will_not_add_an_error_for_missing_keys
    with_error_mode :strict do
      context = Context.new
-      context.key?('unknown')
+      context.has_key?('unknown')
      assert_empty context.errors
    end
  end
--- a/test/integration/drop_test.rb
+++ b/test/integration/drop_test.rb
@@ -13,12 +13,13 @@ class ContextDrop < Liquid::Drop
    @context['forloop.index']
  end
-  def liquid_method_missing(method)
+  def before_method(method)
-    @context[method]
+    return @context[method]
  end
 end
 class ProductDrop < Liquid::Drop
  class TextDrop < Liquid::Drop
    def array
      ['text1', 'text2']
@@ -30,8 +31,8 @@ class ProductDrop < Liquid::Drop
  end
  class CatchallDrop < Liquid::Drop
-    def liquid_method_missing(method)
+    def before_method(method)
-      'catchall_method: ' << method.to_s
+      return 'method: ' << method.to_s
    end
  end
@@ -52,14 +53,13 @@ class ProductDrop < Liquid::Drop
  end
  protected
-
+    def callmenot
-  def callmenot
+      "protected"
-    "protected"
+    end
  end
 end
 class EnumerableDrop < Liquid::Drop
-  def liquid_method_missing(method)
+  def before_method(method)
    method
  end
@@ -93,7 +93,7 @@ end
 class RealEnumerableDrop < Liquid::Drop
  include Enumerable
-  def liquid_method_missing(method)
+  def before_method(method)
    method
  end
@@ -124,10 +124,8 @@ class DropsTest < Minitest::Test
  def test_rendering_warns_on_tainted_attr
    with_taint_mode(:warn) do
      tpl = Liquid::Template.parse('{{ product.user_input }}')
-      context = Context.new('product' => ProductDrop.new)
+      tpl.render!('product' => ProductDrop.new)
-      tpl.render!(context)
+      assert_match /tainted/, tpl.warnings.first
      assert_equal [Liquid::TaintedError], context.warnings.map(&:class)
      assert_equal "variable 'product.user_input' is tainted and was not escaped", context.warnings.first.to_s(false)
    end
  end
@@ -153,37 +151,37 @@ class DropsTest < Minitest::Test
  end
  def test_text_drop
-    output = Liquid::Template.parse(' {{ product.texts.text }} ').render!('product' => ProductDrop.new)
+    output = Liquid::Template.parse( ' {{ product.texts.text }} '  ).render!('product' => ProductDrop.new)
    assert_equal ' text1 ', output
  end
-  def test_catchall_unknown_method
+  def test_unknown_method
-    output = Liquid::Template.parse(' {{ product.catchall.unknown }} ').render!('product' => ProductDrop.new)
+    output = Liquid::Template.parse( ' {{ product.catchall.unknown }} '  ).render!('product' => ProductDrop.new)
-    assert_equal ' catchall_method: unknown ', output
+    assert_equal ' method: unknown ', output
  end
-  def test_catchall_integer_argument_drop
+  def test_integer_argument_drop
-    output = Liquid::Template.parse(' {{ product.catchall[8] }} ').render!('product' => ProductDrop.new)
+    output = Liquid::Template.parse( ' {{ product.catchall[8] }} '  ).render!('product' => ProductDrop.new)
-    assert_equal ' catchall_method: 8 ', output
+    assert_equal ' method: 8 ', output
  end
  def test_text_array_drop
-    output = Liquid::Template.parse('{% for text in product.texts.array %} {{text}} {% endfor %}').render!('product' => ProductDrop.new)
+    output = Liquid::Template.parse( '{% for text in product.texts.array %} {{text}} {% endfor %}'  ).render!('product' => ProductDrop.new)
    assert_equal ' text1  text2 ', output
  end
  def test_context_drop
-    output = Liquid::Template.parse(' {{ context.bar }} ').render!('context' => ContextDrop.new, 'bar' => "carrot")
+    output = Liquid::Template.parse( ' {{ context.bar }} '  ).render!('context' => ContextDrop.new, 'bar' => "carrot")
    assert_equal ' carrot ', output
  end
  def test_nested_context_drop
-    output = Liquid::Template.parse(' {{ product.context.foo }} ').render!('product' => ProductDrop.new, 'foo' => "monkey")
+    output = Liquid::Template.parse( ' {{ product.context.foo }} '  ).render!('product' => ProductDrop.new, 'foo' => "monkey")
    assert_equal ' monkey ', output
  end
  def test_protected
-    output = Liquid::Template.parse(' {{ product.callmenot }} ').render!('product' => ProductDrop.new)
+    output = Liquid::Template.parse( ' {{ product.callmenot }} '  ).render!('product' => ProductDrop.new)
    assert_equal '  ', output
  end
@@ -195,43 +193,43 @@ class DropsTest < Minitest::Test
  end
  def test_scope
-    assert_equal '1', Liquid::Template.parse('{{ context.scopes }}').render!('context' => ContextDrop.new)
+    assert_equal '1', Liquid::Template.parse( '{{ context.scopes }}'  ).render!('context' => ContextDrop.new)
-    assert_equal '2', Liquid::Template.parse('{%for i in dummy%}{{ context.scopes }}{%endfor%}').render!('context' => ContextDrop.new, 'dummy' => [1])
+    assert_equal '2', Liquid::Template.parse( '{%for i in dummy%}{{ context.scopes }}{%endfor%}'  ).render!('context' => ContextDrop.new, 'dummy' => [1])
-    assert_equal '3', Liquid::Template.parse('{%for i in dummy%}{%for i in dummy%}{{ context.scopes }}{%endfor%}{%endfor%}').render!('context' => ContextDrop.new, 'dummy' => [1])
+    assert_equal '3', Liquid::Template.parse( '{%for i in dummy%}{%for i in dummy%}{{ context.scopes }}{%endfor%}{%endfor%}'  ).render!('context' => ContextDrop.new, 'dummy' => [1])
  end
  def test_scope_though_proc
-    assert_equal '1', Liquid::Template.parse('{{ s }}').render!('context' => ContextDrop.new, 's' => proc{ |c| c['context.scopes'] })
+    assert_equal '1', Liquid::Template.parse( '{{ s }}'  ).render!('context' => ContextDrop.new, 's' => Proc.new{|c| c['context.scopes'] })
-    assert_equal '2', Liquid::Template.parse('{%for i in dummy%}{{ s }}{%endfor%}').render!('context' => ContextDrop.new, 's' => proc{ |c| c['context.scopes'] }, 'dummy' => [1])
+    assert_equal '2', Liquid::Template.parse( '{%for i in dummy%}{{ s }}{%endfor%}'  ).render!('context' => ContextDrop.new, 's' => Proc.new{|c| c['context.scopes'] }, 'dummy' => [1])
-    assert_equal '3', Liquid::Template.parse('{%for i in dummy%}{%for i in dummy%}{{ s }}{%endfor%}{%endfor%}').render!('context' => ContextDrop.new, 's' => proc{ |c| c['context.scopes'] }, 'dummy' => [1])
+    assert_equal '3', Liquid::Template.parse( '{%for i in dummy%}{%for i in dummy%}{{ s }}{%endfor%}{%endfor%}'  ).render!('context' => ContextDrop.new, 's' => Proc.new{|c| c['context.scopes'] }, 'dummy' => [1])
  end
  def test_scope_with_assigns
-    assert_equal 'variable', Liquid::Template.parse('{% assign a = "variable"%}{{a}}').render!('context' => ContextDrop.new)
+    assert_equal 'variable', Liquid::Template.parse( '{% assign a = "variable"%}{{a}}'  ).render!('context' => ContextDrop.new)
-    assert_equal 'variable', Liquid::Template.parse('{% assign a = "variable"%}{%for i in dummy%}{{a}}{%endfor%}').render!('context' => ContextDrop.new, 'dummy' => [1])
+    assert_equal 'variable', Liquid::Template.parse( '{% assign a = "variable"%}{%for i in dummy%}{{a}}{%endfor%}'  ).render!('context' => ContextDrop.new, 'dummy' => [1])
-    assert_equal 'test', Liquid::Template.parse('{% assign header_gif = "test"%}{{header_gif}}').render!('context' => ContextDrop.new)
+    assert_equal 'test', Liquid::Template.parse( '{% assign header_gif = "test"%}{{header_gif}}'  ).render!('context' => ContextDrop.new)
-    assert_equal 'test', Liquid::Template.parse("{% assign header_gif = 'test'%}{{header_gif}}").render!('context' => ContextDrop.new)
+    assert_equal 'test', Liquid::Template.parse( "{% assign header_gif = 'test'%}{{header_gif}}"  ).render!('context' => ContextDrop.new)
  end
  def test_scope_from_tags
-    assert_equal '1', Liquid::Template.parse('{% for i in context.scopes_as_array %}{{i}}{% endfor %}').render!('context' => ContextDrop.new, 'dummy' => [1])
+    assert_equal '1', Liquid::Template.parse( '{% for i in context.scopes_as_array %}{{i}}{% endfor %}'  ).render!('context' => ContextDrop.new, 'dummy' => [1])
-    assert_equal '12', Liquid::Template.parse('{%for a in dummy%}{% for i in context.scopes_as_array %}{{i}}{% endfor %}{% endfor %}').render!('context' => ContextDrop.new, 'dummy' => [1])
+    assert_equal '12', Liquid::Template.parse( '{%for a in dummy%}{% for i in context.scopes_as_array %}{{i}}{% endfor %}{% endfor %}'  ).render!('context' => ContextDrop.new, 'dummy' => [1])
-    assert_equal '123', Liquid::Template.parse('{%for a in dummy%}{%for a in dummy%}{% for i in context.scopes_as_array %}{{i}}{% endfor %}{% endfor %}{% endfor %}').render!('context' => ContextDrop.new, 'dummy' => [1])
+    assert_equal '123', Liquid::Template.parse( '{%for a in dummy%}{%for a in dummy%}{% for i in context.scopes_as_array %}{{i}}{% endfor %}{% endfor %}{% endfor %}'  ).render!('context' => ContextDrop.new, 'dummy' => [1])
  end
  def test_access_context_from_drop
-    assert_equal '123', Liquid::Template.parse('{%for a in dummy%}{{ context.loop_pos }}{% endfor %}').render!('context' => ContextDrop.new, 'dummy' => [1, 2, 3])
+    assert_equal '123', Liquid::Template.parse( '{%for a in dummy%}{{ context.loop_pos }}{% endfor %}'  ).render!('context' => ContextDrop.new, 'dummy' => [1,2,3])
  end
  def test_enumerable_drop
-    assert_equal '123', Liquid::Template.parse('{% for c in collection %}{{c}}{% endfor %}').render!('collection' => EnumerableDrop.new)
+    assert_equal '123', Liquid::Template.parse( '{% for c in collection %}{{c}}{% endfor %}').render!('collection' => EnumerableDrop.new)
  end
  def test_enumerable_drop_size
-    assert_equal '3', Liquid::Template.parse('{{collection.size}}').render!('collection' => EnumerableDrop.new)
+    assert_equal '3', Liquid::Template.parse( '{{collection.size}}').render!('collection' => EnumerableDrop.new)
  end
-  def test_enumerable_drop_will_invoke_liquid_method_missing_for_clashing_method_names
+  def test_enumerable_drop_will_invoke_before_method_for_clashing_method_names
    ["select", "each", "map", "cycle"].each do |method|
      assert_equal method.to_s, Liquid::Template.parse("{{collection.#{method}}}").render!('collection' => EnumerableDrop.new)
      assert_equal method.to_s, Liquid::Template.parse("{{collection[\"#{method}\"]}}").render!('collection' => EnumerableDrop.new)
--- a/test/integration/error_handling_test.rb
+++ b/test/integration/error_handling_test.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,24 @@
 require 'test_helper'
 class ErrorDrop < Liquid::Drop
  def standard_error
    raise Liquid::StandardError, 'standard error'
  end
  def argument_error
    raise Liquid::ArgumentError, 'argument error'
  end
  def syntax_error
    raise Liquid::SyntaxError, 'syntax error'
  end
  def exception
    raise Exception, 'exception'
  end
 end
 class ErrorHandlingTest < Minitest::Test
  include Liquid
@@ -37,7 +56,7 @@ class ErrorHandlingTest < Minitest::Test
  end
  def test_standard_error
-    template = Liquid::Template.parse(' {{ errors.standard_error }} ')
+    template = Liquid::Template.parse( ' {{ errors.standard_error }} '  )
    assert_equal ' Liquid error: standard error ', template.render('errors' => ErrorDrop.new)
    assert_equal 1, template.errors.size
@@ -45,7 +64,7 @@ class ErrorHandlingTest < Minitest::Test
  end
  def test_syntax
-    template = Liquid::Template.parse(' {{ errors.syntax_error }} ')
+    template = Liquid::Template.parse( ' {{ errors.syntax_error }} '  )
    assert_equal ' Liquid syntax error: syntax error ', template.render('errors' => ErrorDrop.new)
    assert_equal 1, template.errors.size
@@ -53,7 +72,7 @@ class ErrorHandlingTest < Minitest::Test
  end
  def test_argument
-    template = Liquid::Template.parse(' {{ errors.argument_error }} ')
+    template = Liquid::Template.parse( ' {{ errors.argument_error }} '  )
    assert_equal ' Liquid error: argument error ', template.render('errors' => ErrorDrop.new)
    assert_equal 1, template.errors.size
@@ -75,7 +94,7 @@ class ErrorHandlingTest < Minitest::Test
  end
  def test_lax_unrecognized_operator
-    template = Liquid::Template.parse(' {% if 1 =! 2 %}ok{% endif %} ', error_mode: :lax)
+    template = Liquid::Template.parse(' {% if 1 =! 2 %}ok{% endif %} ', :error_mode => :lax)
    assert_equal ' Liquid error: Unknown operator =! ', template.render
    assert_equal 1, template.errors.size
    assert_equal Liquid::ArgumentError, template.errors.first.class
@@ -83,46 +102,30 @@ class ErrorHandlingTest < Minitest::Test
  def test_with_line_numbers_adds_numbers_to_parser_errors
    err = assert_raises(SyntaxError) do
-      Liquid::Template.parse(%q(
+      template = Liquid::Template.parse(%q{
          foobar
          {% "cat" | foobar %}
          bla
-        ),
+        },
-        line_numbers: true
+        :line_numbers => true
      )
    end
-    assert_match(/Liquid syntax error \(line 4\)/, err.message)
+    assert_match /Liquid syntax error \(line 4\)/, err.message
  end
  def test_with_line_numbers_adds_numbers_to_parser_errors_with_whitespace_trim
    err = assert_raises(SyntaxError) do
      Liquid::Template.parse(%q(
          foobar
          {%- "cat" | foobar -%}
          bla
        ),
        line_numbers: true
      )
    end
    assert_match(/Liquid syntax error \(line 4\)/, err.message)
  end
  def test_parsing_warn_with_line_numbers_adds_numbers_to_lexer_errors
-    template = Liquid::Template.parse('
+    template = Liquid::Template.parse(%q{
        foobar
        {% if 1 =! 2 %}ok{% endif %}
        bla
-            ',
+      },
-      error_mode: :warn,
+      :error_mode => :warn,
-      line_numbers: true
+      :line_numbers => true
    )
    assert_equal ['Liquid syntax error (line 4): Unexpected character = in "1 =! 2"'],
@@ -131,15 +134,15 @@ class ErrorHandlingTest < Minitest::Test
  def test_parsing_strict_with_line_numbers_adds_numbers_to_lexer_errors
    err = assert_raises(SyntaxError) do
-      Liquid::Template.parse('
+      Liquid::Template.parse(%q{
          foobar
          {% if 1 =! 2 %}ok{% endif %}
          bla
-                ',
+        },
-        error_mode: :strict,
+        :error_mode => :strict,
-        line_numbers: true
+        :line_numbers => true
      )
    end
@@ -148,7 +151,7 @@ class ErrorHandlingTest < Minitest::Test
  def test_syntax_errors_in_nested_blocks_have_correct_line_number
    err = assert_raises(SyntaxError) do
-      Liquid::Template.parse('
+      Liquid::Template.parse(%q{
          foobar
          {% if 1 != 2 %}
@@ -156,8 +159,8 @@ class ErrorHandlingTest < Minitest::Test
          {% endif %}
          bla
-                ',
+        },
-        line_numbers: true
+        :line_numbers => true
      )
    end
@@ -166,18 +169,18 @@ class ErrorHandlingTest < Minitest::Test
  def test_strict_error_messages
    err = assert_raises(SyntaxError) do
-      Liquid::Template.parse(' {% if 1 =! 2 %}ok{% endif %} ', error_mode: :strict)
+      Liquid::Template.parse(' {% if 1 =! 2 %}ok{% endif %} ', :error_mode => :strict)
    end
    assert_equal 'Liquid syntax error: Unexpected character = in "1 =! 2"', err.message
    err = assert_raises(SyntaxError) do
-      Liquid::Template.parse('{{%%%}}', error_mode: :strict)
+      Liquid::Template.parse('{{%%%}}', :error_mode => :strict)
    end
    assert_equal 'Liquid syntax error: Unexpected character % in "{{%%%}}"', err.message
  end
  def test_warnings
-    template = Liquid::Template.parse('{% if ~~~ %}{{%%%}}{% else %}{{ hello. }}{% endif %}', error_mode: :warn)
+    template = Liquid::Template.parse('{% if ~~~ %}{{%%%}}{% else %}{{ hello. }}{% endif %}', :error_mode => :warn)
    assert_equal 3, template.warnings.size
    assert_equal 'Unexpected character ~ in "~~~"', template.warnings[0].to_s(false)
    assert_equal 'Unexpected character % in "{{%%%}}"', template.warnings[1].to_s(false)
@@ -186,12 +189,12 @@ class ErrorHandlingTest < Minitest::Test
  end
  def test_warning_line_numbers
-    template = Liquid::Template.parse("{% if ~~~ %}\n{{%%%}}{% else %}\n{{ hello. }}{% endif %}", error_mode: :warn, line_numbers: true)
+    template = Liquid::Template.parse("{% if ~~~ %}\n{{%%%}}{% else %}\n{{ hello. }}{% endif %}", :error_mode => :warn, :line_numbers => true)
    assert_equal 'Liquid syntax error (line 1): Unexpected character ~ in "~~~"', template.warnings[0].message
    assert_equal 'Liquid syntax error (line 2): Unexpected character % in "{{%%%}}"', template.warnings[1].message
    assert_equal 'Liquid syntax error (line 3): Expected id but found end_of_string in "{{ hello. }}"', template.warnings[2].message
    assert_equal 3, template.warnings.size
-    assert_equal [1, 2, 3], template.warnings.map(&:line_number)
+    assert_equal [1,2,3], template.warnings.map(&:line_number)
  end
  # Liquid should not catch Exceptions that are not subclasses of StandardError, like Interrupt and NoMemoryError
@@ -201,60 +204,4 @@ class ErrorHandlingTest < Minitest::Test
      template.render('errors' => ErrorDrop.new)
    end
  end
  def test_default_exception_renderer_with_internal_error
    template = Liquid::Template.parse('This is a runtime error: {{ errors.runtime_error }}', line_numbers: true)
    output = template.render({ 'errors' => ErrorDrop.new })
    assert_equal 'This is a runtime error: Liquid error (line 1): internal', output
    assert_equal [Liquid::InternalError], template.errors.map(&:class)
  end
  def test_setting_default_exception_renderer
    old_exception_renderer = Liquid::Template.default_exception_renderer
    exceptions = []
    Liquid::Template.default_exception_renderer = ->(e) { exceptions << e; '' }
    template = Liquid::Template.parse('This is a runtime error: {{ errors.argument_error }}')
    output = template.render({ 'errors' => ErrorDrop.new })
    assert_equal 'This is a runtime error: ', output
    assert_equal [Liquid::ArgumentError], template.errors.map(&:class)
  ensure
    Liquid::Template.default_exception_renderer = old_exception_renderer if old_exception_renderer
  end
  def test_exception_renderer_exposing_non_liquid_error
    template = Liquid::Template.parse('This is a runtime error: {{ errors.runtime_error }}', line_numbers: true)
    exceptions = []
    handler = ->(e) { exceptions << e; e.cause }
    output = template.render({ 'errors' => ErrorDrop.new }, exception_renderer: handler)
    assert_equal 'This is a runtime error: runtime error', output
    assert_equal [Liquid::InternalError], exceptions.map(&:class)
    assert_equal exceptions, template.errors
    assert_equal '#<RuntimeError: runtime error>', exceptions.first.cause.inspect
  end
  class TestFileSystem
    def read_template_file(template_path)
      "{{ errors.argument_error }}"
    end
  end
  def test_included_template_name_with_line_numbers
    old_file_system = Liquid::Template.file_system
    begin
      Liquid::Template.file_system = TestFileSystem.new
      template = Liquid::Template.parse("Argument error:\n{% include 'product' %}", line_numbers: true)
      page = template.render('errors' => ErrorDrop.new)
    ensure
      Liquid::Template.file_system = old_file_system
    end
    assert_equal "Argument error:\nLiquid error (product line 1): argument error", page
    assert_equal "product", template.errors.first.template_name
  end
 end
--- a/test/integration/filter_test.rb
+++ b/test/integration/filter_test.rb
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ module CanadianMoneyFilter
 end
 module SubstituteFilter
-  def substitute(input, params = {})
+  def substitute(input, params={})
    input.gsub(/%\{(\w+)\}/) { |match| params[$1] }
  end
 end
@@ -39,13 +39,13 @@ class FiltersTest < Minitest::Test
    @context['var'] = 1000
    @context.add_filters(MoneyFilter)
-    assert_equal ' 1000$ ', Template.parse("{{var | money}}").render(@context)
+    assert_equal ' 1000$ ', Variable.new("var | money").render(@context)
  end
  def test_underscore_in_filter_name
    @context['var'] = 1000
    @context.add_filters(MoneyFilter)
-    assert_equal ' 1000$ ', Template.parse("{{var | money_with_underscore}}").render(@context)
+    assert_equal ' 1000$ ', Variable.new("var | money_with_underscore").render(@context)
  end
  def test_second_filter_overwrites_first
@@ -53,100 +53,90 @@ class FiltersTest < Minitest::Test
    @context.add_filters(MoneyFilter)
    @context.add_filters(CanadianMoneyFilter)
-    assert_equal ' 1000$ CAD ', Template.parse("{{var | money}}").render(@context)
+    assert_equal ' 1000$ CAD ', Variable.new("var | money").render(@context)
  end
  def test_size
    @context['var'] = 'abcd'
    @context.add_filters(MoneyFilter)
-    assert_equal '4', Template.parse("{{var | size}}").render(@context)
+    assert_equal 4, Variable.new("var | size").render(@context)
  end
  def test_join
-    @context['var'] = [1, 2, 3, 4]
+    @context['var'] = [1,2,3,4]
-    assert_equal "1 2 3 4", Template.parse("{{var | join}}").render(@context)
+    assert_equal "1 2 3 4", Variable.new("var | join").render(@context)
  end
  def test_sort
    @context['value'] = 3
-    @context['numbers'] = [2, 1, 4, 3]
+    @context['numbers'] = [2,1,4,3]
    @context['words'] = ['expected', 'as', 'alphabetic']
    @context['arrays'] = ['flower', 'are']
    @context['case_sensitive'] = ['sensitive', 'Expected', 'case']
-    assert_equal '1 2 3 4', Template.parse("{{numbers | sort | join}}").render(@context)
+    assert_equal [1,2,3,4], Variable.new("numbers | sort").render(@context)
-    assert_equal 'alphabetic as expected', Template.parse("{{words | sort | join}}").render(@context)
+    assert_equal ['alphabetic', 'as', 'expected'], Variable.new("words | sort").render(@context)
-    assert_equal '3', Template.parse("{{value | sort}}").render(@context)
+    assert_equal [3], Variable.new("value | sort").render(@context)
-    assert_equal 'are flower', Template.parse("{{arrays | sort | join}}").render(@context)
+    assert_equal ['are', 'flower'], Variable.new("arrays | sort").render(@context)
-    assert_equal 'Expected case sensitive', Template.parse("{{case_sensitive | sort | join}}").render(@context)
+    assert_equal ['Expected', 'case', 'sensitive'], Variable.new("case_sensitive | sort").render(@context)
  end
  def test_sort_natural
    @context['words'] = ['case', 'Assert', 'Insensitive']
-    @context['hashes'] = [{ 'a' => 'A' }, { 'a' => 'b' }, { 'a' => 'C' }]
+    @context['hashes'] = [{ 'a' => 'A'}, { 'a' => 'b'}, { 'a' => 'C' }]
    @context['objects'] = [TestObject.new('A'), TestObject.new('b'), TestObject.new('C')]
    # Test strings
-    assert_equal 'Assert case Insensitive', Template.parse("{{words | sort_natural | join}}").render(@context)
+    assert_equal ['Assert', 'case', 'Insensitive'], Variable.new("words | sort_natural").render(@context)
    # Test hashes
-    assert_equal 'A b C', Template.parse("{{hashes | sort_natural: 'a' | map: 'a' | join}}").render(@context)
+    sorted = Variable.new("hashes | sort_natural: 'a'").render(@context)
    assert_equal sorted[0]['a'], 'A'
    assert_equal sorted[1]['a'], 'b'
    assert_equal sorted[2]['a'], 'C'
    # Test objects
-    assert_equal 'A b C', Template.parse("{{objects | sort_natural: 'a' | map: 'a' | join}}").render(@context)
+    sorted = Variable.new("objects | sort_natural: 'a'").render(@context)
-  end
+    assert_equal sorted[0].a, 'A'
-
+    assert_equal sorted[1].a, 'b'
-  def test_compact
+    assert_equal sorted[2].a, 'C'
    @context['words'] = ['a', nil, 'b', nil, 'c']
    @context['hashes'] = [{ 'a' => 'A' }, { 'a' => nil }, { 'a' => 'C' }]
    @context['objects'] = [TestObject.new('A'), TestObject.new(nil), TestObject.new('C')]
    # Test strings
    assert_equal 'a b c', Template.parse("{{words | compact | join}}").render(@context)
    # Test hashes
    assert_equal 'A C', Template.parse("{{hashes | compact: 'a' | map: 'a' | join}}").render(@context)
    # Test objects
    assert_equal 'A C', Template.parse("{{objects | compact: 'a' | map: 'a' | join}}").render(@context)
  end
  def test_strip_html
    @context['var'] = "<b>bla blub</a>"
-    assert_equal "bla blub", Template.parse("{{ var | strip_html }}").render(@context)
+    assert_equal "bla blub", Variable.new("var | strip_html").render(@context)
  end
  def test_strip_html_ignore_comments_with_html
    @context['var'] = "<!-- split and some <ul> tag --><b>bla blub</a>"
-    assert_equal "bla blub", Template.parse("{{ var | strip_html }}").render(@context)
+    assert_equal "bla blub", Variable.new("var | strip_html").render(@context)
  end
  def test_capitalize
    @context['var'] = "blub"
-    assert_equal "Blub", Template.parse("{{ var | capitalize }}").render(@context)
+    assert_equal "Blub", Variable.new("var | capitalize").render(@context)
  end
  def test_nonexistent_filter_is_ignored
    @context['var'] = 1000
-    assert_equal '1000', Template.parse("{{ var | xyzzy }}").render(@context)
+    assert_equal 1000, Variable.new("var | xyzzy").render(@context)
  end
  def test_filter_with_keyword_arguments
    @context['surname'] = 'john'
    @context['input'] = 'hello %{first_name}, %{last_name}'
    @context.add_filters(SubstituteFilter)
-    output = Template.parse(%({{ input | substitute: first_name: surname, last_name: 'doe' }})).render(@context)
+    output = Variable.new(%! 'hello %{first_name}, %{last_name}' | substitute: first_name: surname, last_name: 'doe' !).render(@context)
    assert_equal 'hello john, doe', output
  end
  def test_override_object_method_in_filter
-    assert_equal "tap overridden", Template.parse("{{var | tap}}").render!({ 'var' => 1000 }, filters: [OverrideObjectMethodFilter])
+    assert_equal "tap overridden", Template.parse("{{var | tap}}").render!({ 'var' => 1000 }, :filters => [OverrideObjectMethodFilter])
    # tap still treated as a non-existent filter
    assert_equal "1000", Template.parse("{{var | tap}}").render!({ 'var' => 1000 })
@@ -159,8 +149,8 @@ class FiltersInTemplate < Minitest::Test
  def test_local_global
    with_global_filter(MoneyFilter) do
      assert_equal " 1000$ ", Template.parse("{{1000 | money}}").render!(nil, nil)
-      assert_equal " 1000$ CAD ", Template.parse("{{1000 | money}}").render!(nil, filters: CanadianMoneyFilter)
+      assert_equal " 1000$ CAD ", Template.parse("{{1000 | money}}").render!(nil, :filters => CanadianMoneyFilter)
-      assert_equal " 1000$ CAD ", Template.parse("{{1000 | money}}").render!(nil, filters: [CanadianMoneyFilter])
+      assert_equal " 1000$ CAD ", Template.parse("{{1000 | money}}").render!(nil, :filters => [CanadianMoneyFilter])
    end
  end
@@ -170,7 +160,7 @@ class FiltersInTemplate < Minitest::Test
  end
 end # FiltersTest
-class TestObject < Liquid::Drop
+class TestObject
  attr_accessor :a
  def initialize(a)
    @a = a
--- a/test/integration/hash_ordering_test.rb
+++ b/test/integration/hash_ordering_test.rb
@@ -1,18 +1,18 @@
 require 'test_helper'
 module MoneyFilter
  def money(input)
    sprintf(' %d$ ', input)
  end
 end
 module CanadianMoneyFilter
  def money(input)
    sprintf(' %d$ CAD ', input)
  end
 end
 class HashOrderingTest < Minitest::Test
  module MoneyFilter
    def money(input)
      sprintf(' %d$ ', input)
    end
  end
  module CanadianMoneyFilter
    def money(input)
      sprintf(' %d$ CAD ', input)
    end
  end
  include Liquid
  def test_global_register_order
--- a/test/integration/output_test.rb
+++ b/test/integration/output_test.rb
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ module FunnyFilter
  end
  def add_tag(input, tag = "p", id = "foo")
-    %(<#{tag} id="#{id}">#{input}</#{tag}>)
+    %|<#{tag} id="#{id}">#{input}</#{tag}>|
  end
  def paragraph(input)
@@ -22,8 +22,9 @@ module FunnyFilter
  end
  def link_to(name, url)
-    %(<a href="#{url}">#{name}</a>)
+    %|<a href="#{url}">#{name}</a>|
  end
 end
 class OutputTest < Minitest::Test
@@ -32,92 +33,84 @@ class OutputTest < Minitest::Test
  def setup
    @assigns = {
      'best_cars' => 'bmw',
-      'car' => { 'bmw' => 'good', 'gm' => 'bad' }
+      'car' => {'bmw' => 'good', 'gm' => 'bad'}
-    }
+      }
  end
  def test_variable
-    text = %( {{best_cars}} )
+    text = %| {{best_cars}} |
-    expected = %( bmw )
+    expected = %| bmw |
    assert_equal expected, Template.parse(text).render!(@assigns)
  end
  def test_variable_traversing_with_two_brackets
    text = %({{ site.data.menu[include.menu][include.locale] }})
    assert_equal "it works!", Template.parse(text).render!(
      "site" => { "data" => { "menu" => { "foo" => { "bar" => "it works!" } } } },
      "include" => { "menu" => "foo", "locale" => "bar" }
    )
  end
  def test_variable_traversing
-    text = %( {{car.bmw}} {{car.gm}} {{car.bmw}} )
+    text = %| {{car.bmw}} {{car.gm}} {{car.bmw}} |
-    expected = %( good bad good )
+    expected = %| good bad good |
    assert_equal expected, Template.parse(text).render!(@assigns)
  end
  def test_variable_piping
    text = %( {{ car.gm | make_funny }} )
-    expected = %( LOL )
+    expected = %| LOL |
-    assert_equal expected, Template.parse(text).render!(@assigns, filters: [FunnyFilter])
+    assert_equal expected, Template.parse(text).render!(@assigns, :filters => [FunnyFilter])
  end
  def test_variable_piping_with_input
    text = %( {{ car.gm | cite_funny }} )
-    expected = %( LOL: bad )
+    expected = %| LOL: bad |
-    assert_equal expected, Template.parse(text).render!(@assigns, filters: [FunnyFilter])
+    assert_equal expected, Template.parse(text).render!(@assigns, :filters => [FunnyFilter])
  end
  def test_variable_piping_with_args
    text = %! {{ car.gm | add_smiley : ':-(' }} !
    expected = %| bad :-( |
-    assert_equal expected, Template.parse(text).render!(@assigns, filters: [FunnyFilter])
+    assert_equal expected, Template.parse(text).render!(@assigns, :filters => [FunnyFilter])
  end
  def test_variable_piping_with_no_args
-    text = %( {{ car.gm | add_smiley }} )
+    text = %! {{ car.gm | add_smiley }} !
    expected = %| bad :-) |
-    assert_equal expected, Template.parse(text).render!(@assigns, filters: [FunnyFilter])
+    assert_equal expected, Template.parse(text).render!(@assigns, :filters => [FunnyFilter])
  end
  def test_multiple_variable_piping_with_args
    text = %! {{ car.gm | add_smiley : ':-(' | add_smiley : ':-('}} !
    expected = %| bad :-( :-( |
-    assert_equal expected, Template.parse(text).render!(@assigns, filters: [FunnyFilter])
+    assert_equal expected, Template.parse(text).render!(@assigns, :filters => [FunnyFilter])
  end
  def test_variable_piping_with_multiple_args
-    text = %( {{ car.gm | add_tag : 'span', 'bar'}} )
+    text = %! {{ car.gm | add_tag : 'span', 'bar'}} !
-    expected = %( <span id="bar">bad</span> )
+    expected = %| <span id="bar">bad</span> |
-    assert_equal expected, Template.parse(text).render!(@assigns, filters: [FunnyFilter])
+    assert_equal expected, Template.parse(text).render!(@assigns, :filters => [FunnyFilter])
  end
  def test_variable_piping_with_variable_args
-    text = %( {{ car.gm | add_tag : 'span', car.bmw}} )
+    text = %! {{ car.gm | add_tag : 'span', car.bmw}} !
-    expected = %( <span id="good">bad</span> )
+    expected = %| <span id="good">bad</span> |
-    assert_equal expected, Template.parse(text).render!(@assigns, filters: [FunnyFilter])
+    assert_equal expected, Template.parse(text).render!(@assigns, :filters => [FunnyFilter])
  end
  def test_multiple_pipings
    text = %( {{ best_cars | cite_funny | paragraph }} )
-    expected = %( <p>LOL: bmw</p> )
+    expected = %| <p>LOL: bmw</p> |
-    assert_equal expected, Template.parse(text).render!(@assigns, filters: [FunnyFilter])
+    assert_equal expected, Template.parse(text).render!(@assigns, :filters => [FunnyFilter])
  end
  def test_link_to
    text = %( {{ 'Typo' | link_to: 'http://typo.leetsoft.com' }} )
-    expected = %( <a href="http://typo.leetsoft.com">Typo</a> )
+    expected = %| <a href="http://typo.leetsoft.com">Typo</a> |
-    assert_equal expected, Template.parse(text).render!(@assigns, filters: [FunnyFilter])
+    assert_equal expected, Template.parse(text).render!(@assigns, :filters => [FunnyFilter])
  end
 end # OutputTest
--- a/test/integration/parse_tree_visitor_test.rb
+++ b/test/integration/parse_tree_visitor_test.rb
@@ -1,247 +0,0 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true
 require 'test_helper'
 class ParseTreeVisitorTest < Minitest::Test
  include Liquid
  def test_variable
    assert_equal(
      ["test"],
      visit(%({{ test }}))
    )
  end
  def test_varible_with_filter
    assert_equal(
      ["test", "infilter"],
      visit(%({{ test | split: infilter }}))
    )
  end
  def test_dynamic_variable
    assert_equal(
      ["test", "inlookup"],
      visit(%({{ test[inlookup] }}))
    )
  end
  def test_if_condition
    assert_equal(
      ["test"],
      visit(%({% if test %}{% endif %}))
    )
  end
  def test_complex_if_condition
    assert_equal(
      ["test"],
      visit(%({% if 1 == 1 and 2 == test %}{% endif %}))
    )
  end
  def test_if_body
    assert_equal(
      ["test"],
      visit(%({% if 1 == 1 %}{{ test }}{% endif %}))
    )
  end
  def test_unless_condition
    assert_equal(
      ["test"],
      visit(%({% unless test %}{% endunless %}))
    )
  end
  def test_complex_unless_condition
    assert_equal(
      ["test"],
      visit(%({% unless 1 == 1 and 2 == test %}{% endunless %}))
    )
  end
  def test_unless_body
    assert_equal(
      ["test"],
      visit(%({% unless 1 == 1 %}{{ test }}{% endunless %}))
    )
  end
  def test_elsif_condition
    assert_equal(
      ["test"],
      visit(%({% if 1 == 1 %}{% elsif test %}{% endif %}))
    )
  end
  def test_complex_elsif_condition
    assert_equal(
      ["test"],
      visit(%({% if 1 == 1 %}{% elsif 1 == 1 and 2 == test %}{% endif %}))
    )
  end
  def test_elsif_body
    assert_equal(
      ["test"],
      visit(%({% if 1 == 1 %}{% elsif 2 == 2 %}{{ test }}{% endif %}))
    )
  end
  def test_else_body
    assert_equal(
      ["test"],
      visit(%({% if 1 == 1 %}{% else %}{{ test }}{% endif %}))
    )
  end
  def test_case_left
    assert_equal(
      ["test"],
      visit(%({% case test %}{% endcase %}))
    )
  end
  def test_case_condition
    assert_equal(
      ["test"],
      visit(%({% case 1 %}{% when test %}{% endcase %}))
    )
  end
  def test_case_when_body
    assert_equal(
      ["test"],
      visit(%({% case 1 %}{% when 2 %}{{ test }}{% endcase %}))
    )
  end
  def test_case_else_body
    assert_equal(
      ["test"],
      visit(%({% case 1 %}{% else %}{{ test }}{% endcase %}))
    )
  end
  def test_for_in
    assert_equal(
      ["test"],
      visit(%({% for x in test %}{% endfor %}))
    )
  end
  def test_for_limit
    assert_equal(
      ["test"],
      visit(%({% for x in (1..5) limit: test %}{% endfor %}))
    )
  end
  def test_for_offset
    assert_equal(
      ["test"],
      visit(%({% for x in (1..5) offset: test %}{% endfor %}))
    )
  end
  def test_for_body
    assert_equal(
      ["test"],
      visit(%({% for x in (1..5) %}{{ test }}{% endfor %}))
    )
  end
  def test_tablerow_in
    assert_equal(
      ["test"],
      visit(%({% tablerow x in test %}{% endtablerow %}))
    )
  end
  def test_tablerow_limit
    assert_equal(
      ["test"],
      visit(%({% tablerow x in (1..5) limit: test %}{% endtablerow %}))
    )
  end
  def test_tablerow_offset
    assert_equal(
      ["test"],
      visit(%({% tablerow x in (1..5) offset: test %}{% endtablerow %}))
    )
  end
  def test_tablerow_body
    assert_equal(
      ["test"],
      visit(%({% tablerow x in (1..5) %}{{ test }}{% endtablerow %}))
    )
  end
  def test_cycle
    assert_equal(
      ["test"],
      visit(%({% cycle test %}))
    )
  end
  def test_assign
    assert_equal(
      ["test"],
      visit(%({% assign x = test %}))
    )
  end
  def test_capture
    assert_equal(
      ["test"],
      visit(%({% capture x %}{{ test }}{% endcapture %}))
    )
  end
  def test_include
    assert_equal(
      ["test"],
      visit(%({% include test %}))
    )
  end
  def test_include_with
    assert_equal(
      ["test"],
      visit(%({% include "hai" with test %}))
    )
  end
  def test_include_for
    assert_equal(
      ["test"],
      visit(%({% include "hai" for test %}))
    )
  end
  def test_preserve_tree_structure
    assert_equal(
      [[nil, [
        [nil, [[nil, [["other", []]]]]],
        ["test", []],
        ["xs", []]
      ]]],
      traversal(%({% for x in xs offset: test %}{{ other }}{% endfor %})).visit
    )
  end
  private
  def traversal(template)
    ParseTreeVisitor
      .for(Template.parse(template).root)
      .add_callback_for(VariableLookup, &:name)
  end
  def visit(template)
    traversal(template).visit.flatten.compact
  end
 end
--- a/test/integration/parsing_quirks_test.rb
+++ b/test/integration/parsing_quirks_test.rb
@@ -62,25 +62,25 @@ class ParsingQuirksTest < Minitest::Test
  end
  def test_no_error_on_lax_empty_filter
-    assert Template.parse("{{test |a|b|}}", error_mode: :lax)
+    assert Template.parse("{{test |a|b|}}", :error_mode => :lax)
-    assert Template.parse("{{test}}", error_mode: :lax)
+    assert Template.parse("{{test}}", :error_mode => :lax)
-    assert Template.parse("{{|test|}}", error_mode: :lax)
+    assert Template.parse("{{|test|}}", :error_mode => :lax)
  end
  def test_meaningless_parens_lax
    with_error_mode(:lax) do
-      assigns = { 'b' => 'bar', 'c' => 'baz' }
+      assigns = {'b' => 'bar', 'c' => 'baz'}
      markup = "a == 'foo' or (b == 'bar' and c == 'baz') or false"
-      assert_template_result(' YES ', "{% if #{markup} %} YES {% endif %}", assigns)
+      assert_template_result(' YES ',"{% if #{markup} %} YES {% endif %}", assigns)
    end
  end
  def test_unexpected_characters_silently_eat_logic_lax
    with_error_mode(:lax) do
      markup = "true && false"
-      assert_template_result(' YES ', "{% if #{markup} %} YES {% endif %}")
+      assert_template_result(' YES ',"{% if #{markup} %} YES {% endif %}")
      markup = "false || true"
-      assert_template_result('', "{% if #{markup} %} YES {% endif %}")
+      assert_template_result('',"{% if #{markup} %} YES {% endif %}")
    end
  end
@@ -92,14 +92,14 @@ class ParsingQuirksTest < Minitest::Test
  def test_unanchored_filter_arguments
    with_error_mode(:lax) do
-      assert_template_result('hi', "{{ 'hi there' | split$$$:' ' | first }}")
+      assert_template_result('hi',"{{ 'hi there' | split$$$:' ' | first }}")
      assert_template_result('x', "{{ 'X' | downcase) }}")
      # After the messed up quotes a filter without parameters (reverse) should work
      # but one with parameters (remove) shouldn't be detected.
      assert_template_result('here',  "{{ 'hi there' | split:\"t\"\" | reverse | first}}")
-      assert_template_result('hi ', "{{ 'hi there' | split:\"t\"\" | remove:\"i\" | first}}")
+      assert_template_result('hi ',  "{{ 'hi there' | split:\"t\"\" | remove:\"i\" | first}}")
    end
  end
@@ -116,7 +116,4 @@ class ParsingQuirksTest < Minitest::Test
    end
  end
  def test_contains_in_id
    assert_template_result(' YES ', '{% if containsallshipments == true %} YES {% endif %}', 'containsallshipments' => true)
  end
 end # ParsingQuirksTest
--- a/test/integration/render_profiling_test.rb
+++ b/test/integration/render_profiling_test.rb
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ class RenderProfilingTest < Minitest::Test
  end
  def test_parse_makes_available_simple_profiling
-    t = Template.parse("{{ 'a string' | upcase }}", profile: true)
+    t = Template.parse("{{ 'a string' | upcase }}", :profile => true)
    t.render!
    assert_equal 1, t.profiler.length
@@ -31,14 +31,14 @@ class RenderProfilingTest < Minitest::Test
  end
  def test_render_ignores_raw_strings_when_profiling
-    t = Template.parse("This is raw string\nstuff\nNewline", profile: true)
+    t = Template.parse("This is raw string\nstuff\nNewline", :profile => true)
    t.render!
    assert_equal 0, t.profiler.length
  end
  def test_profiling_includes_line_numbers_of_liquid_nodes
-    t = Template.parse("{{ 'a string' | upcase }}\n{% increment test %}", profile: true)
+    t = Template.parse("{{ 'a string' | upcase }}\n{% increment test %}", :profile => true)
    t.render!
    assert_equal 2, t.profiler.length
@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ class RenderProfilingTest < Minitest::Test
  end
  def test_profiling_includes_line_numbers_of_included_partials
-    t = Template.parse("{% include 'a_template' %}", profile: true)
+    t = Template.parse("{% include 'a_template' %}", :profile => true)
    t.render!
    included_children = t.profiler[0].children
@@ -61,7 +61,7 @@ class RenderProfilingTest < Minitest::Test
  end
  def test_profiling_times_the_rendering_of_tokens
-    t = Template.parse("{% include 'a_template' %}", profile: true)
+    t = Template.parse("{% include 'a_template' %}", :profile => true)
    t.render!
    node = t.profiler[0]
@@ -69,14 +69,14 @@ class RenderProfilingTest < Minitest::Test
  end
  def test_profiling_times_the_entire_render
-    t = Template.parse("{% include 'a_template' %}", profile: true)
+    t = Template.parse("{% include 'a_template' %}", :profile => true)
    t.render!
    assert t.profiler.total_render_time >= 0, "Total render time was not calculated"
  end
  def test_profiling_uses_include_to_mark_children
-    t = Template.parse("{{ 'a string' | upcase }}\n{% include 'a_template' %}", profile: true)
+    t = Template.parse("{{ 'a string' | upcase }}\n{% include 'a_template' %}", :profile => true)
    t.render!
    include_node = t.profiler[1]
@@ -84,7 +84,7 @@ class RenderProfilingTest < Minitest::Test
  end
  def test_profiling_marks_children_with_the_name_of_included_partial
-    t = Template.parse("{{ 'a string' | upcase }}\n{% include 'a_template' %}", profile: true)
+    t = Template.parse("{{ 'a string' | upcase }}\n{% include 'a_template' %}", :profile => true)
    t.render!
    include_node = t.profiler[1]
@@ -94,7 +94,7 @@ class RenderProfilingTest < Minitest::Test
  end
  def test_profiling_supports_multiple_templates
-    t = Template.parse("{{ 'a string' | upcase }}\n{% include 'a_template' %}\n{% include 'b_template' %}", profile: true)
+    t = Template.parse("{{ 'a string' | upcase }}\n{% include 'a_template' %}\n{% include 'b_template' %}", :profile => true)
    t.render!
    a_template = t.profiler[1]
@@ -109,7 +109,7 @@ class RenderProfilingTest < Minitest::Test
  end
  def test_profiling_supports_rendering_the_same_partial_multiple_times
-    t = Template.parse("{{ 'a string' | upcase }}\n{% include 'a_template' %}\n{% include 'a_template' %}", profile: true)
+    t = Template.parse("{{ 'a string' | upcase }}\n{% include 'a_template' %}\n{% include 'a_template' %}", :profile => true)
    t.render!
    a_template1 = t.profiler[1]
@@ -124,7 +124,7 @@ class RenderProfilingTest < Minitest::Test
  end
  def test_can_iterate_over_each_profiling_entry
-    t = Template.parse("{{ 'a string' | upcase }}\n{% increment test %}", profile: true)
+    t = Template.parse("{{ 'a string' | upcase }}\n{% increment test %}", :profile => true)
    t.render!
    timing_count = 0
@@ -136,7 +136,7 @@ class RenderProfilingTest < Minitest::Test
  end
  def test_profiling_marks_children_of_if_blocks
-    t = Template.parse("{% if true %} {% increment test %} {{ test }} {% endif %}", profile: true)
+    t = Template.parse("{% if true %} {% increment test %} {{ test }} {% endif %}", :profile => true)
    t.render!
    assert_equal 1, t.profiler.length
@@ -144,8 +144,8 @@ class RenderProfilingTest < Minitest::Test
  end
  def test_profiling_marks_children_of_for_blocks
-    t = Template.parse("{% for item in collection %} {{ item }} {% endfor %}", profile: true)
+    t = Template.parse("{% for item in collection %} {{ item }} {% endfor %}", :profile => true)
-    t.render!({ "collection" => ["one", "two"] })
+    t.render!({"collection" => ["one", "two"]})
    assert_equal 1, t.profiler.length
    # Will profile each invocation of the for block
--- a/test/integration/security_test.rb
+++ b/test/integration/security_test.rb
@@ -9,36 +9,34 @@ end
 class SecurityTest < Minitest::Test
  include Liquid
  def setup
    @assigns = {}
  end
  def test_no_instance_eval
    text = %( {{ '1+1' | instance_eval }} )
-    expected = %( 1+1 )
+    expected = %| 1+1 |
    assert_equal expected, Template.parse(text).render!(@assigns)
  end
  def test_no_existing_instance_eval
    text = %( {{ '1+1' | __instance_eval__ }} )
-    expected = %( 1+1 )
+    expected = %| 1+1 |
    assert_equal expected, Template.parse(text).render!(@assigns)
  end
  def test_no_instance_eval_after_mixing_in_new_filter
    text = %( {{ '1+1' | instance_eval }} )
-    expected = %( 1+1 )
+    expected = %| 1+1 |
    assert_equal expected, Template.parse(text).render!(@assigns)
  end
  def test_no_instance_eval_later_in_chain
    text = %( {{ '1+1' | add_one | instance_eval }} )
-    expected = %( 1+1 + 1 )
+    expected = %| 1+1 + 1 |
-    assert_equal expected, Template.parse(text).render!(@assigns, filters: SecurityFilter)
+    assert_equal expected, Template.parse(text).render!(@assigns, :filters => SecurityFilter)
  end
  def test_does_not_add_filters_to_symbol_table
@@ -63,18 +61,4 @@ class SecurityTest < Minitest::Test
    assert_equal [], (Symbol.all_symbols - current_symbols)
  end
  def test_max_depth_nested_blocks_does_not_raise_exception
    depth = Liquid::Block::MAX_DEPTH
    code = "{% if true %}" * depth + "rendered" + "{% endif %}" * depth
    assert_equal "rendered", Template.parse(code).render!
  end
  def test_more_than_max_depth_nested_blocks_raises_exception
    depth = Liquid::Block::MAX_DEPTH + 1
    code = "{% if true %}" * depth + "rendered" + "{% endif %}" * depth
    assert_raises(Liquid::StackLevelError) do
      Template.parse(code).render!
    end
  end
 end # SecurityTest
--- a/test/integration/standard_filter_test.rb
+++ b/test/integration/standard_filter_test.rb
@@ -41,16 +41,6 @@ class TestEnumerable < Liquid::Drop
  end
 end
 class NumberLikeThing < Liquid::Drop
  def initialize(amount)
    @amount = amount
  end
  def to_number
    @amount
  end
 end
 class StandardFiltersTest < Minitest::Test
  include Liquid
@@ -59,7 +49,7 @@ class StandardFiltersTest < Minitest::Test
  end
  def test_size
-    assert_equal 3, @filters.size([1, 2, 3])
+    assert_equal 3, @filters.size([1,2,3])
    assert_equal 0, @filters.size([])
    assert_equal 0, @filters.size(nil)
  end
@@ -86,27 +76,20 @@ class StandardFiltersTest < Minitest::Test
    assert_equal '', @filters.slice(nil, 0)
    assert_equal '', @filters.slice('foobar', 100, 10)
    assert_equal '', @filters.slice('foobar', -100, 10)
    assert_equal 'oob', @filters.slice('foobar', '1', '3')
    assert_raises(Liquid::ArgumentError) do
      @filters.slice('foobar', nil)
    end
    assert_raises(Liquid::ArgumentError) do
      @filters.slice('foobar', 0, "")
    end
  end
  def test_slice_on_arrays
    input = 'foobar'.split(//)
-    assert_equal %w(o o b), @filters.slice(input, 1, 3)
+    assert_equal %w{o o b}, @filters.slice(input, 1, 3)
-    assert_equal %w(o o b a r), @filters.slice(input, 1, 1000)
+    assert_equal %w{o o b a r}, @filters.slice(input, 1, 1000)
-    assert_equal %w(), @filters.slice(input, 1, 0)
+    assert_equal %w{}, @filters.slice(input, 1, 0)
-    assert_equal %w(o), @filters.slice(input, 1, 1)
+    assert_equal %w{o}, @filters.slice(input, 1, 1)
-    assert_equal %w(b a r), @filters.slice(input, 3, 3)
+    assert_equal %w{b a r}, @filters.slice(input, 3, 3)
-    assert_equal %w(a r), @filters.slice(input, -2, 2)
+    assert_equal %w{a r}, @filters.slice(input, -2, 2)
-    assert_equal %w(a r), @filters.slice(input, -2, 1000)
+    assert_equal %w{a r}, @filters.slice(input, -2, 1000)
-    assert_equal %w(r), @filters.slice(input, -1)
+    assert_equal %w{r}, @filters.slice(input, -1)
-    assert_equal %w(), @filters.slice(input, 100, 10)
+    assert_equal %w{}, @filters.slice(input, 100, 10)
-    assert_equal %w(), @filters.slice(input, -100, 10)
+    assert_equal %w{}, @filters.slice(input, -100, 10)
  end
  def test_truncate
@@ -115,29 +98,20 @@ class StandardFiltersTest < Minitest::Test
    assert_equal '...', @filters.truncate('1234567890', 0)
    assert_equal '1234567890', @filters.truncate('1234567890')
    assert_equal "测试...", @filters.truncate("测试测试测试测试", 5)
    assert_equal '12341', @filters.truncate("1234567890", 5, 1)
  end
  def test_split
-    assert_equal ['12', '34'], @filters.split('12~34', '~')
+    assert_equal ['12','34'], @filters.split('12~34', '~')
-    assert_equal ['A? ', ' ,Z'], @filters.split('A? ~ ~ ~ ,Z', '~ ~ ~')
+    assert_equal ['A? ',' ,Z'], @filters.split('A? ~ ~ ~ ,Z', '~ ~ ~')
    assert_equal ['A?Z'], @filters.split('A?Z', '~')
    # Regexp works although Liquid does not support.
    assert_equal ['A','Z'], @filters.split('AxZ', /x/)
    assert_equal [], @filters.split(nil, ' ')
    assert_equal ['A', 'Z'], @filters.split('A1Z', 1)
  end
  def test_escape
    assert_equal '&lt;strong&gt;', @filters.escape('<strong>')
    assert_equal '1', @filters.escape(1)
    assert_equal '2001-02-03', @filters.escape(Date.new(2001, 2, 3))
    assert_nil @filters.escape(nil)
  end
  def test_h
    assert_equal '&lt;strong&gt;', @filters.h('<strong>')
    assert_equal '1', @filters.h(1)
    assert_equal '2001-02-03', @filters.h(Date.new(2001, 2, 3))
    assert_nil @filters.h(nil)
  end
  def test_escape_once
@@ -146,22 +120,7 @@ class StandardFiltersTest < Minitest::Test
  def test_url_encode
    assert_equal 'foo%2B1%40example.com', @filters.url_encode('foo+1@example.com')
-    assert_equal '1', @filters.url_encode(1)
+    assert_equal nil, @filters.url_encode(nil)
    assert_equal '2001-02-03', @filters.url_encode(Date.new(2001, 2, 3))
    assert_nil @filters.url_encode(nil)
  end
  def test_url_decode
    assert_equal 'foo bar', @filters.url_decode('foo+bar')
    assert_equal 'foo bar', @filters.url_decode('foo%20bar')
    assert_equal 'foo+1@example.com', @filters.url_decode('foo%2B1%40example.com')
    assert_equal '1', @filters.url_decode(1)
    assert_equal '2001-02-03', @filters.url_decode(Date.new(2001, 2, 3))
    assert_nil @filters.url_decode(nil)
    exception = assert_raises Liquid::ArgumentError do
      @filters.url_decode('%ff')
    end
    assert_equal 'Liquid error: invalid byte sequence in UTF-8', exception.message
  end
  def test_truncatewords
@@ -170,7 +129,6 @@ class StandardFiltersTest < Minitest::Test
    assert_equal 'one two three', @filters.truncatewords('one two three')
    assert_equal 'Two small (13&#8221; x 5.5&#8221; x 10&#8221; high) baskets fit inside one large basket (13&#8221;...', @filters.truncatewords('Two small (13&#8221; x 5.5&#8221; x 10&#8221; high) baskets fit inside one large basket (13&#8221; x 16&#8221; x 10.5&#8221; high) with cover.', 15)
    assert_equal "测试测试测试测试", @filters.truncatewords('测试测试测试测试', 5)
    assert_equal 'one two1', @filters.truncatewords("one two three", 2, 1)
  end
  def test_strip_html
@@ -181,191 +139,48 @@ class StandardFiltersTest < Minitest::Test
    assert_equal 'test', @filters.strip_html("<div\nclass='multiline'>test</div>")
    assert_equal 'test', @filters.strip_html("<!-- foo bar \n test -->test")
    assert_equal '', @filters.strip_html(nil)
    # Quirk of the existing implementation
    assert_equal 'foo;', @filters.strip_html("<<<script </script>script>foo;</script>")
  end
  def test_join
-    assert_equal '1 2 3 4', @filters.join([1, 2, 3, 4])
+    assert_equal '1 2 3 4', @filters.join([1,2,3,4])
-    assert_equal '1 - 2 - 3 - 4', @filters.join([1, 2, 3, 4], ' - ')
+    assert_equal '1 - 2 - 3 - 4', @filters.join([1,2,3,4], ' - ')
    assert_equal '1121314', @filters.join([1, 2, 3, 4], 1)
  end
  def test_sort
-    assert_equal [1, 2, 3, 4], @filters.sort([4, 3, 2, 1])
+    assert_equal [1,2,3,4], @filters.sort([4,3,2,1])
-    assert_equal [{ "a" => 1 }, { "a" => 2 }, { "a" => 3 }, { "a" => 4 }], @filters.sort([{ "a" => 4 }, { "a" => 3 }, { "a" => 1 }, { "a" => 2 }], "a")
+    assert_equal [{"a" => 1}, {"a" => 2}, {"a" => 3}, {"a" => 4}], @filters.sort([{"a" => 4}, {"a" => 3}, {"a" => 1}, {"a" => 2}], "a")
  end
  def test_sort_with_nils
    assert_equal [1, 2, 3, 4, nil], @filters.sort([nil, 4, 3, 2, 1])
    assert_equal [{ "a" => 1 }, { "a" => 2 }, { "a" => 3 }, { "a" => 4 }, {}], @filters.sort([{ "a" => 4 }, { "a" => 3 }, {}, { "a" => 1 }, { "a" => 2 }], "a")
  end
  def test_sort_when_property_is_sometimes_missing_puts_nils_last
    input = [
      { "price" => 4, "handle" => "alpha" },
      { "handle" => "beta" },
      { "price" => 1, "handle" => "gamma" },
      { "handle" => "delta" },
      { "price" => 2, "handle" => "epsilon" }
    ]
    expectation = [
      { "price" => 1, "handle" => "gamma" },
      { "price" => 2, "handle" => "epsilon" },
      { "price" => 4, "handle" => "alpha" },
      { "handle" => "delta" },
      { "handle" => "beta" }
    ]
    assert_equal expectation, @filters.sort(input, "price")
  end
  def test_sort_natural
    assert_equal ["a", "B", "c", "D"], @filters.sort_natural(["c", "D", "a", "B"])
    assert_equal [{ "a" => "a" }, { "a" => "B" }, { "a" => "c" }, { "a" => "D" }], @filters.sort_natural([{ "a" => "D" }, { "a" => "c" }, { "a" => "a" }, { "a" => "B" }], "a")
  end
  def test_sort_natural_with_nils
    assert_equal ["a", "B", "c", "D", nil], @filters.sort_natural([nil, "c", "D", "a", "B"])
    assert_equal [{ "a" => "a" }, { "a" => "B" }, { "a" => "c" }, { "a" => "D" }, {}], @filters.sort_natural([{ "a" => "D" }, { "a" => "c" }, {}, { "a" => "a" }, { "a" => "B" }], "a")
  end
  def test_sort_natural_when_property_is_sometimes_missing_puts_nils_last
    input = [
      { "price" => "4", "handle" => "alpha" },
      { "handle" => "beta" },
      { "price" => "1", "handle" => "gamma" },
      { "handle" => "delta" },
      { "price" => 2, "handle" => "epsilon" }
    ]
    expectation = [
      { "price" => "1", "handle" => "gamma" },
      { "price" => 2, "handle" => "epsilon" },
      { "price" => "4", "handle" => "alpha" },
      { "handle" => "delta" },
      { "handle" => "beta" }
    ]
    assert_equal expectation, @filters.sort_natural(input, "price")
  end
  def test_sort_natural_case_check
    input = [
      { "key" => "X" },
      { "key" => "Y" },
      { "key" => "Z" },
      { "fake" => "t" },
      { "key" => "a" },
      { "key" => "b" },
      { "key" => "c" }
    ]
    expectation = [
      { "key" => "a" },
      { "key" => "b" },
      { "key" => "c" },
      { "key" => "X" },
      { "key" => "Y" },
      { "key" => "Z" },
      { "fake" => "t" }
    ]
    assert_equal expectation, @filters.sort_natural(input, "key")
    assert_equal ["a", "b", "c", "X", "Y", "Z"], @filters.sort_natural(["X", "Y", "Z", "a", "b", "c"])
  end
  def test_sort_empty_array
    assert_equal [], @filters.sort([], "a")
  end
  def test_sort_invalid_property
    foo = [
      [1],
      [2],
      [3]
    ]
    assert_raises Liquid::ArgumentError do
      @filters.sort(foo, "bar")
    end
  end
  def test_sort_natural_empty_array
    assert_equal [], @filters.sort_natural([], "a")
  end
  def test_sort_natural_invalid_property
    foo = [
      [1],
      [2],
      [3]
    ]
    assert_raises Liquid::ArgumentError do
      @filters.sort_natural(foo, "bar")
    end
  end
  def test_legacy_sort_hash
-    assert_equal [{ a: 1, b: 2 }], @filters.sort({ a: 1, b: 2 })
+    assert_equal [{a:1, b:2}], @filters.sort({a:1, b:2})
  end
  def test_numerical_vs_lexicographical_sort
    assert_equal [2, 10], @filters.sort([10, 2])
-    assert_equal [{ "a" => 2 }, { "a" => 10 }], @filters.sort([{ "a" => 10 }, { "a" => 2 }], "a")
+    assert_equal [{"a" => 2}, {"a" => 10}], @filters.sort([{"a" => 10}, {"a" => 2}], "a")
    assert_equal ["10", "2"], @filters.sort(["10", "2"])
-    assert_equal [{ "a" => "10" }, { "a" => "2" }], @filters.sort([{ "a" => "10" }, { "a" => "2" }], "a")
+    assert_equal [{"a" => "10"}, {"a" => "2"}], @filters.sort([{"a" => "10"}, {"a" => "2"}], "a")
  end
  def test_uniq
-    assert_equal ["foo"], @filters.uniq("foo")
+    assert_equal [1,3,2,4], @filters.uniq([1,1,3,2,3,1,4,3,2,1])
-    assert_equal [1, 3, 2, 4], @filters.uniq([1, 1, 3, 2, 3, 1, 4, 3, 2, 1])
+    assert_equal [{"a" => 1}, {"a" => 3}, {"a" => 2}], @filters.uniq([{"a" => 1}, {"a" => 3}, {"a" => 1}, {"a" => 2}], "a")
    assert_equal [{ "a" => 1 }, { "a" => 3 }, { "a" => 2 }], @filters.uniq([{ "a" => 1 }, { "a" => 3 }, { "a" => 1 }, { "a" => 2 }], "a")
    testdrop = TestDrop.new
    assert_equal [testdrop], @filters.uniq([testdrop, TestDrop.new], 'test')
  end
  def test_uniq_empty_array
    assert_equal [], @filters.uniq([], "a")
  end
  def test_uniq_invalid_property
    foo = [
      [1],
      [2],
      [3]
    ]
    assert_raises Liquid::ArgumentError do
      @filters.uniq(foo, "bar")
    end
  end
  def test_compact_empty_array
    assert_equal [], @filters.compact([], "a")
  end
  def test_compact_invalid_property
    foo = [
      [1],
      [2],
      [3]
    ]
    assert_raises Liquid::ArgumentError do
      @filters.compact(foo, "bar")
    end
  end
  def test_reverse
-    assert_equal [4, 3, 2, 1], @filters.reverse([1, 2, 3, 4])
+    assert_equal [4,3,2,1], @filters.reverse([1,2,3,4])
  end
  def test_legacy_reverse_hash
-    assert_equal [{ a: 1, b: 2 }], @filters.reverse(a: 1, b: 2)
+    assert_equal [{a:1, b:2}], @filters.reverse(a:1, b:2)
  end
  def test_map
-    assert_equal [1, 2, 3, 4], @filters.map([{ "a" => 1 }, { "a" => 2 }, { "a" => 3 }, { "a" => 4 }], 'a')
+    assert_equal [1,2,3,4], @filters.map([{"a" => 1}, {"a" => 2}, {"a" => 3}, {"a" => 4}], 'a')
    assert_template_result 'abc', "{{ ary | map:'foo' | map:'bar' }}",
-      'ary' => [{ 'foo' => { 'bar' => 'a' } }, { 'foo' => { 'bar' => 'b' } }, { 'foo' => { 'bar' => 'c' } }]
+      'ary' => [{'foo' => {'bar' => 'a'}}, {'foo' => {'bar' => 'b'}}, {'foo' => {'bar' => 'c'}}]
  end
  def test_map_doesnt_call_arbitrary_stuff
@@ -397,51 +212,15 @@ class StandardFiltersTest < Minitest::Test
  def test_map_over_proc
    drop = TestDrop.new
-    p = proc{ drop }
+    p = Proc.new{ drop }
    templ = '{{ procs | map: "test" }}'
    assert_template_result "testfoo", templ, "procs" => [p]
  end
  def test_map_over_drops_returning_procs
    drops = [
      {
        "proc" => ->{ "foo" },
      },
      {
        "proc" => ->{ "bar" },
      },
    ]
    templ = '{{ drops | map: "proc" }}'
    assert_template_result "foobar", templ, "drops" => drops
  end
  def test_map_works_on_enumerables
    assert_template_result "123", '{{ foo | map: "foo" }}', "foo" => TestEnumerable.new
  end
  def test_map_returns_empty_on_2d_input_array
    foo = [
      [1],
      [2],
      [3]
    ]
    assert_raises Liquid::ArgumentError do
      @filters.map(foo, "bar")
    end
  end
  def test_map_returns_empty_with_no_property
    foo = [
      [1],
      [2],
      [3]
    ]
    assert_raises Liquid::ArgumentError do
      @filters.map(foo, nil)
    end
  end
  def test_sort_works_on_enumerables
    assert_template_result "213", '{{ foo | sort: "bar" | map: "foo" }}', "foo" => TestEnumerable.new
  end
@@ -451,10 +230,6 @@ class StandardFiltersTest < Minitest::Test
    assert_template_result 'foobar', '{{ foo | last }}', 'foo' => [ThingWithToLiquid.new]
  end
  def test_truncate_calls_to_liquid
    assert_template_result "wo...", '{{ foo | truncate: 5 }}', "foo" => TestThing.new
  end
  def test_date
    assert_equal 'May', @filters.date(Time.parse("2006-05-05 10:00:00"), "%B")
    assert_equal 'June', @filters.date(Time.parse("2006-06-05 10:00:00"), "%B")
@@ -472,40 +247,34 @@ class StandardFiltersTest < Minitest::Test
    assert_equal '07/05/2006', @filters.date("2006-07-05 10:00:00", "%m/%d/%Y")
    assert_equal "07/16/2004", @filters.date("Fri Jul 16 01:00:00 2004", "%m/%d/%Y")
-    assert_equal Date.today.year.to_s, @filters.date('now', '%Y')
+    assert_equal "#{Date.today.year}", @filters.date('now', '%Y')
-    assert_equal Date.today.year.to_s, @filters.date('today', '%Y')
+    assert_equal "#{Date.today.year}", @filters.date('today', '%Y')
-    assert_equal Date.today.year.to_s, @filters.date('Today', '%Y')
+    assert_equal "#{Date.today.year}", @filters.date('Today', '%Y')
-    assert_nil @filters.date(nil, "%B")
+    assert_equal nil, @filters.date(nil, "%B")
    assert_equal '', @filters.date('', "%B")
-    with_timezone("UTC") do
+    assert_equal "07/05/2006", @filters.date(1152098955, "%m/%d/%Y")
-      assert_equal "07/05/2006", @filters.date(1152098955, "%m/%d/%Y")
+    assert_equal "07/05/2006", @filters.date("1152098955", "%m/%d/%Y")
      assert_equal "07/05/2006", @filters.date("1152098955", "%m/%d/%Y")
    end
  end
  def test_first_last
-    assert_equal 1, @filters.first([1, 2, 3])
+    assert_equal 1, @filters.first([1,2,3])
-    assert_equal 3, @filters.last([1, 2, 3])
+    assert_equal 3, @filters.last([1,2,3])
-    assert_nil @filters.first([])
+    assert_equal nil, @filters.first([])
-    assert_nil @filters.last([])
+    assert_equal nil, @filters.last([])
  end
  def test_replace
    assert_equal '2 2 2 2', @filters.replace('1 1 1 1', '1', 2)
    assert_equal '2 2 2 2', @filters.replace('1 1 1 1', 1, 2)
    assert_equal '2 1 1 1', @filters.replace_first('1 1 1 1', '1', 2)
    assert_equal '2 1 1 1', @filters.replace_first('1 1 1 1', 1, 2)
    assert_template_result '2 1 1 1', "{{ '1 1 1 1' | replace_first: '1', 2 }}"
  end
  def test_remove
    assert_equal '   ', @filters.remove("a a a a", 'a')
    assert_equal '   ', @filters.remove("1 1 1 1", 1)
    assert_equal 'a a a', @filters.remove_first("a a a a", 'a ')
    assert_equal ' 1 1 1', @filters.remove_first("1 1 1 1", 1)
    assert_template_result 'a a a', "{{ 'a a a a' | remove_first: 'a ' }}"
  end
@@ -540,38 +309,20 @@ class StandardFiltersTest < Minitest::Test
  def test_plus
    assert_template_result "2", "{{ 1 | plus:1 }}"
    assert_template_result "2.0", "{{ '1' | plus:'1.0' }}"
    assert_template_result "5", "{{ price | plus:'2' }}", 'price' => NumberLikeThing.new(3)
  end
  def test_minus
    assert_template_result "4", "{{ input | minus:operand }}", 'input' => 5, 'operand' => 1
    assert_template_result "2.3", "{{ '4.3' | minus:'2' }}"
    assert_template_result "5", "{{ price | minus:'2' }}", 'price' => NumberLikeThing.new(7)
  end
  def test_abs
    assert_template_result "17", "{{ 17 | abs }}"
    assert_template_result "17", "{{ -17 | abs }}"
    assert_template_result "17", "{{ '17' | abs }}"
    assert_template_result "17", "{{ '-17' | abs }}"
    assert_template_result "0", "{{ 0 | abs }}"
    assert_template_result "0", "{{ '0' | abs }}"
    assert_template_result "17.42", "{{ 17.42 | abs }}"
    assert_template_result "17.42", "{{ -17.42 | abs }}"
    assert_template_result "17.42", "{{ '17.42' | abs }}"
    assert_template_result "17.42", "{{ '-17.42' | abs }}"
  end
  def test_times
    assert_template_result "12", "{{ 3 | times:4 }}"
    assert_template_result "0", "{{ 'foo' | times:4 }}"
    assert_template_result "6", "{{ '2.1' | times:3 | replace: '.','-' | plus:0}}"
    assert_template_result "7.25", "{{ 0.0725 | times:100 }}"
    assert_template_result "-7.25", '{{ "-0.0725" | times:100 }}'
    assert_template_result "7.25", '{{ "-0.0725" | times: -100 }}'
    assert_template_result "4", "{{ price | times:2 }}", 'price' => NumberLikeThing.new(2)
  end
  def test_divided_by
@@ -582,80 +333,32 @@ class StandardFiltersTest < Minitest::Test
    assert_equal "Liquid error: divided by 0", Template.parse("{{ 5 | divided_by:0 }}").render
    assert_template_result "0.5", "{{ 2.0 | divided_by:4 }}"
    assert_raises(Liquid::ZeroDivisionError) do
      assert_template_result "4", "{{ 1 | modulo: 0 }}"
    end
    assert_template_result "5", "{{ price | divided_by:2 }}", 'price' => NumberLikeThing.new(10)
  end
  def test_modulo
    assert_template_result "1", "{{ 3 | modulo:2 }}"
    assert_raises(Liquid::ZeroDivisionError) do
      assert_template_result "4", "{{ 1 | modulo: 0 }}"
    end
    assert_template_result "1", "{{ price | modulo:2 }}", 'price' => NumberLikeThing.new(3)
  end
  def test_round
    assert_template_result "5", "{{ input | round }}", 'input' => 4.6
    assert_template_result "4", "{{ '4.3' | round }}"
    assert_template_result "4.56", "{{ input | round: 2 }}", 'input' => 4.5612
    assert_raises(Liquid::FloatDomainError) do
      assert_template_result "4", "{{ 1.0 | divided_by: 0.0 | round }}"
    end
    assert_template_result "5", "{{ price | round }}", 'price' => NumberLikeThing.new(4.6)
    assert_template_result "4", "{{ price | round }}", 'price' => NumberLikeThing.new(4.3)
  end
  def test_ceil
    assert_template_result "5", "{{ input | ceil }}", 'input' => 4.6
    assert_template_result "5", "{{ '4.3' | ceil }}"
    assert_raises(Liquid::FloatDomainError) do
      assert_template_result "4", "{{ 1.0 | divided_by: 0.0 | ceil }}"
    end
    assert_template_result "5", "{{ price | ceil }}", 'price' => NumberLikeThing.new(4.6)
  end
  def test_floor
    assert_template_result "4", "{{ input | floor }}", 'input' => 4.6
    assert_template_result "4", "{{ '4.3' | floor }}"
    assert_raises(Liquid::FloatDomainError) do
      assert_template_result "4", "{{ 1.0 | divided_by: 0.0 | floor }}"
    end
    assert_template_result "5", "{{ price | floor }}", 'price' => NumberLikeThing.new(5.4)
  end
  def test_at_most
    assert_template_result "4", "{{ 5 | at_most:4 }}"
    assert_template_result "5", "{{ 5 | at_most:5 }}"
    assert_template_result "5", "{{ 5 | at_most:6 }}"
    assert_template_result "4.5", "{{ 4.5 | at_most:5 }}"
    assert_template_result "5", "{{ width | at_most:5 }}", 'width' => NumberLikeThing.new(6)
    assert_template_result "4", "{{ width | at_most:5 }}", 'width' => NumberLikeThing.new(4)
    assert_template_result "4", "{{ 5 | at_most: width }}", 'width' => NumberLikeThing.new(4)
  end
  def test_at_least
    assert_template_result "5", "{{ 5 | at_least:4 }}"
    assert_template_result "5", "{{ 5 | at_least:5 }}"
    assert_template_result "6", "{{ 5 | at_least:6 }}"
    assert_template_result "5", "{{ 4.5 | at_least:5 }}"
    assert_template_result "6", "{{ width | at_least:5 }}", 'width' => NumberLikeThing.new(6)
    assert_template_result "5", "{{ width | at_least:5 }}", 'width' => NumberLikeThing.new(4)
    assert_template_result "6", "{{ 5 | at_least: width }}", 'width' => NumberLikeThing.new(6)
  end
  def test_append
-    assigns = { 'a' => 'bc', 'b' => 'd' }
+    assigns = {'a' => 'bc', 'b' => 'd' }
-    assert_template_result('bcd', "{{ a | append: 'd'}}", assigns)
+    assert_template_result('bcd',"{{ a | append: 'd'}}",assigns)
-    assert_template_result('bcd', "{{ a | append: b}}", assigns)
+    assert_template_result('bcd',"{{ a | append: b}}",assigns)
  end
  def test_concat
@@ -663,15 +366,16 @@ class StandardFiltersTest < Minitest::Test
    assert_equal [1, 2, 'a'],  @filters.concat([1, 2], ['a'])
    assert_equal [1, 2, 10],   @filters.concat([1, 2], [10])
-    assert_raises(Liquid::ArgumentError, "concat filter requires an array argument") do
+    assert_raises(TypeError) do
      # no implicit conversion of Fixnum into Array
      @filters.concat([1, 2], 10)
    end
  end
  def test_prepend
-    assigns = { 'a' => 'bc', 'b' => 'a' }
+    assigns = {'a' => 'bc', 'b' => 'a' }
-    assert_template_result('abc', "{{ a | prepend: 'a'}}", assigns)
+    assert_template_result('abc',"{{ a | prepend: 'a'}}",assigns)
-    assert_template_result('abc', "{{ a | prepend: b}}", assigns)
+    assert_template_result('abc',"{{ a | prepend: b}}",assigns)
  end
  def test_default
@@ -684,93 +388,6 @@ class StandardFiltersTest < Minitest::Test
  end
  def test_cannot_access_private_methods
-    assert_template_result('a', "{{ 'a' | to_number }}")
+    assert_template_result('a',"{{ 'a' | to_number }}")
  end
  def test_date_raises_nothing
    assert_template_result('', "{{ '' | date: '%D' }}")
    assert_template_result('abc', "{{ 'abc' | date: '%D' }}")
  end
  def test_where
    input = [
      { "handle" => "alpha", "ok" => true },
      { "handle" => "beta", "ok" => false },
      { "handle" => "gamma", "ok" => false },
      { "handle" => "delta", "ok" => true }
    ]
    expectation = [
      { "handle" => "alpha", "ok" => true },
      { "handle" => "delta", "ok" => true }
    ]
    assert_equal expectation, @filters.where(input, "ok", true)
    assert_equal expectation, @filters.where(input, "ok")
  end
  def test_where_no_key_set
    input = [
      { "handle" => "alpha", "ok" => true },
      { "handle" => "beta" },
      { "handle" => "gamma" },
      { "handle" => "delta", "ok" => true }
    ]
    expectation = [
      { "handle" => "alpha", "ok" => true },
      { "handle" => "delta", "ok" => true }
    ]
    assert_equal expectation, @filters.where(input, "ok", true)
    assert_equal expectation, @filters.where(input, "ok")
  end
  def test_where_non_array_map_input
    assert_equal [{ "a" => "ok" }], @filters.where({ "a" => "ok" }, "a", "ok")
    assert_equal [], @filters.where({ "a" => "not ok" }, "a", "ok")
  end
  def test_where_indexable_but_non_map_value
    assert_raises(Liquid::ArgumentError) { @filters.where(1, "ok", true) }
    assert_raises(Liquid::ArgumentError) { @filters.where(1, "ok") }
  end
  def test_where_non_boolean_value
    input = [
      { "message" => "Bonjour!", "language" => "French" },
      { "message" => "Hello!", "language" => "English" },
      { "message" => "Hallo!", "language" => "German" }
    ]
    assert_equal [{ "message" => "Bonjour!", "language" => "French" }], @filters.where(input, "language", "French")
    assert_equal [{ "message" => "Hallo!", "language" => "German" }], @filters.where(input, "language", "German")
    assert_equal [{ "message" => "Hello!", "language" => "English" }], @filters.where(input, "language", "English")
  end
  def test_where_array_of_only_unindexable_values
    assert_nil @filters.where([nil], "ok", true)
    assert_nil @filters.where([nil], "ok")
  end
  def test_where_no_target_value
    input = [
      { "foo" => false },
      { "foo" => true },
      { "foo" => "for sure" },
      { "bar" => true }
    ]
    assert_equal [{ "foo" => true }, { "foo" => "for sure" }], @filters.where(input, "foo")
  end
  private
  def with_timezone(tz)
    old_tz = ENV['TZ']
    ENV['TZ'] = tz
    yield
  ensure
    ENV['TZ'] = old_tz
  end
 end # StandardFiltersTest
--- a/test/integration/tags/break_tag_test.rb
+++ b/test/integration/tags/break_tag_test.rb
@@ -6,10 +6,11 @@ class BreakTagTest < Minitest::Test
  # tests that no weird errors are raised if break is called outside of a
  # block
  def test_break_with_no_block
-    assigns = { 'i' => 1 }
+    assigns = {'i' => 1}
    markup = '{% break %}'
    expected = ''
    assert_template_result(expected, markup, assigns)
  end
 end
--- a/test/integration/tags/continue_tag_test.rb
+++ b/test/integration/tags/continue_tag_test.rb
@@ -12,4 +12,5 @@ class ContinueTagTest < Minitest::Test
    assert_template_result(expected, markup, assigns)
  end
 end
--- a/test/integration/tags/echo_test.rb
+++ b/test/integration/tags/echo_test.rb
@@ -1,11 +0,0 @@
 require 'test_helper'
 class EchoTest < Minitest::Test
  include Liquid
  def test_echo_outputs_its_input
    assert_template_result('BAR', <<~LIQUID, { 'variable-name' => 'bar' })
      {%- echo variable-name | upcase -%}
    LIQUID
  end
 end
--- a/test/integration/tags/for_tag_test.rb
+++ b/test/integration/tags/for_tag_test.rb
@@ -10,10 +10,10 @@ class ForTagTest < Minitest::Test
  include Liquid
  def test_for
-    assert_template_result(' yo  yo  yo  yo ', '{%for item in array%} yo {%endfor%}', 'array' => [1, 2, 3, 4])
+    assert_template_result(' yo  yo  yo  yo ','{%for item in array%} yo {%endfor%}','array' => [1,2,3,4])
-    assert_template_result('yoyo', '{%for item in array%}yo{%endfor%}', 'array' => [1, 2])
+    assert_template_result('yoyo','{%for item in array%}yo{%endfor%}','array' => [1,2])
-    assert_template_result(' yo ', '{%for item in array%} yo {%endfor%}', 'array' => [1])
+    assert_template_result(' yo ','{%for item in array%} yo {%endfor%}','array' => [1])
-    assert_template_result('', '{%for item in array%}{%endfor%}', 'array' => [1, 2])
+    assert_template_result('','{%for item in array%}{%endfor%}','array' => [1,2])
    expected = <<HERE
  yo
@@ -28,52 +28,46 @@ HERE
  yo
 {%endfor%}
 HERE
-    assert_template_result(expected, template, 'array' => [1, 2, 3])
+    assert_template_result(expected,template,'array' => [1,2,3])
  end
  def test_for_reversed
-    assigns = { 'array' => [ 1, 2, 3] }
+    assigns = {'array' => [ 1, 2, 3] }
-    assert_template_result('321', '{%for item in array reversed %}{{item}}{%endfor%}', assigns)
+    assert_template_result('321','{%for item in array reversed %}{{item}}{%endfor%}',assigns)
  end
  def test_for_with_range
-    assert_template_result(' 1  2  3 ', '{%for item in (1..3) %} {{item}} {%endfor%}')
+    assert_template_result(' 1  2  3 ','{%for item in (1..3) %} {{item}} {%endfor%}')
    assert_raises(Liquid::ArgumentError) do
      Template.parse('{% for i in (a..2) %}{% endfor %}').render!("a" => [1, 2])
    end
    assert_template_result(' 0  1  2  3 ', '{% for item in (a..3) %} {{item}} {% endfor %}', "a" => "invalid integer")
  end
  def test_for_with_variable_range
-    assert_template_result(' 1  2  3 ', '{%for item in (1..foobar) %} {{item}} {%endfor%}', "foobar" => 3)
+    assert_template_result(' 1  2  3 ','{%for item in (1..foobar) %} {{item}} {%endfor%}', "foobar" => 3)
  end
  def test_for_with_hash_value_range
    foobar = { "value" => 3 }
-    assert_template_result(' 1  2  3 ', '{%for item in (1..foobar.value) %} {{item}} {%endfor%}', "foobar" => foobar)
+    assert_template_result(' 1  2  3 ','{%for item in (1..foobar.value) %} {{item}} {%endfor%}', "foobar" => foobar)
  end
  def test_for_with_drop_value_range
    foobar = ThingWithValue.new
-    assert_template_result(' 1  2  3 ', '{%for item in (1..foobar.value) %} {{item}} {%endfor%}', "foobar" => foobar)
+    assert_template_result(' 1  2  3 ','{%for item in (1..foobar.value) %} {{item}} {%endfor%}', "foobar" => foobar)
  end
  def test_for_with_variable
-    assert_template_result(' 1  2  3 ', '{%for item in array%} {{item}} {%endfor%}', 'array' => [1, 2, 3])
+    assert_template_result(' 1  2  3 ','{%for item in array%} {{item}} {%endfor%}','array' => [1,2,3])
-    assert_template_result('123', '{%for item in array%}{{item}}{%endfor%}', 'array' => [1, 2, 3])
+    assert_template_result('123','{%for item in array%}{{item}}{%endfor%}','array' => [1,2,3])
-    assert_template_result('123', '{% for item in array %}{{item}}{% endfor %}', 'array' => [1, 2, 3])
+    assert_template_result('123','{% for item in array %}{{item}}{% endfor %}','array' => [1,2,3])
-    assert_template_result('abcd', '{%for item in array%}{{item}}{%endfor%}', 'array' => ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd'])
+    assert_template_result('abcd','{%for item in array%}{{item}}{%endfor%}','array' => ['a','b','c','d'])
-    assert_template_result('a b c', '{%for item in array%}{{item}}{%endfor%}', 'array' => ['a', ' ', 'b', ' ', 'c'])
+    assert_template_result('a b c','{%for item in array%}{{item}}{%endfor%}','array' => ['a',' ','b',' ','c'])
-    assert_template_result('abc', '{%for item in array%}{{item}}{%endfor%}', 'array' => ['a', '', 'b', '', 'c'])
+    assert_template_result('abc','{%for item in array%}{{item}}{%endfor%}','array' => ['a','','b','','c'])
  end
  def test_for_helpers
-    assigns = { 'array' => [1, 2, 3] }
+    assigns = {'array' => [1,2,3] }
    assert_template_result(' 1/3  2/3  3/3 ',
-      '{%for item in array%} {{forloop.index}}/{{forloop.length}} {%endfor%}',
+                           '{%for item in array%} {{forloop.index}}/{{forloop.length}} {%endfor%}',
-      assigns)
+                           assigns)
    assert_template_result(' 1  2  3 ', '{%for item in array%} {{forloop.index}} {%endfor%}', assigns)
    assert_template_result(' 0  1  2 ', '{%for item in array%} {{forloop.index0}} {%endfor%}', assigns)
    assert_template_result(' 2  1  0 ', '{%for item in array%} {{forloop.rindex0}} {%endfor%}', assigns)
@@ -83,56 +77,28 @@ HERE
  end
  def test_for_and_if
-    assigns = { 'array' => [1, 2, 3] }
+    assigns = {'array' => [1,2,3] }
    assert_template_result('+--',
-      '{%for item in array%}{% if forloop.first %}+{% else %}-{% endif %}{%endfor%}',
+                           '{%for item in array%}{% if forloop.first %}+{% else %}-{% endif %}{%endfor%}',
-      assigns)
+                           assigns)
  end
  def test_for_else
-    assert_template_result('+++', '{%for item in array%}+{%else%}-{%endfor%}', 'array' => [1, 2, 3])
+    assert_template_result('+++', '{%for item in array%}+{%else%}-{%endfor%}', 'array'=>[1,2,3])
-    assert_template_result('-',   '{%for item in array%}+{%else%}-{%endfor%}', 'array' => [])
+    assert_template_result('-',   '{%for item in array%}+{%else%}-{%endfor%}', 'array'=>[])
-    assert_template_result('-',   '{%for item in array%}+{%else%}-{%endfor%}', 'array' => nil)
+    assert_template_result('-',   '{%for item in array%}+{%else%}-{%endfor%}', 'array'=>nil)
  end
  def test_limiting
-    assigns = { 'array' => [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 0] }
+    assigns = {'array' => [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,0]}
    assert_template_result('12', '{%for i in array limit:2 %}{{ i }}{%endfor%}', assigns)
    assert_template_result('1234', '{%for i in array limit:4 %}{{ i }}{%endfor%}', assigns)
    assert_template_result('3456', '{%for i in array limit:4 offset:2 %}{{ i }}{%endfor%}', assigns)
    assert_template_result('3456', '{%for i in array limit: 4 offset: 2 %}{{ i }}{%endfor%}', assigns)
  end
  def test_limiting_with_invalid_limit
    assigns = { 'array' => [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 0] }
    template = <<-MKUP
      {% for i in array limit: true offset: 1 %}
        {{ i }}
      {% endfor %}
    MKUP
    exception = assert_raises(Liquid::ArgumentError) do
      Template.parse(template).render!(assigns)
    end
    assert_equal("Liquid error: invalid integer", exception.message)
  end
  def test_limiting_with_invalid_offset
    assigns = { 'array' => [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 0] }
    template = <<-MKUP
      {% for i in array limit: 1 offset: true %}
        {{ i }}
      {% endfor %}
    MKUP
    exception = assert_raises(Liquid::ArgumentError) do
      Template.parse(template).render!(assigns)
    end
    assert_equal("Liquid error: invalid integer", exception.message)
  end
  def test_dynamic_variable_limiting
-    assigns = { 'array' => [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 0] }
+    assigns = {'array' => [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,0]}
    assigns['limit'] = 2
    assigns['offset'] = 2
@@ -140,17 +106,17 @@ HERE
  end
  def test_nested_for
-    assigns = { 'array' => [[1, 2], [3, 4], [5, 6]] }
+    assigns = {'array' => [[1,2],[3,4],[5,6]] }
    assert_template_result('123456', '{%for item in array%}{%for i in item%}{{ i }}{%endfor%}{%endfor%}', assigns)
  end
  def test_offset_only
-    assigns = { 'array' => [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 0] }
+    assigns = {'array' => [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,0]}
    assert_template_result('890', '{%for i in array offset:7 %}{{ i }}{%endfor%}', assigns)
  end
  def test_pause_resume
-    assigns = { 'array' => { 'items' => [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 0] } }
+    assigns = {'array' => {'items' => [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,0]}}
    markup = <<-MKUP
      {%for i in array.items limit: 3 %}{{i}}{%endfor%}
      next
@@ -165,11 +131,11 @@ HERE
      next
      789
      XPCTD
-    assert_template_result(expected, markup, assigns)
+    assert_template_result(expected,markup,assigns)
  end
  def test_pause_resume_limit
-    assigns = { 'array' => { 'items' => [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 0] } }
+    assigns = {'array' => {'items' => [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,0]}}
    markup = <<-MKUP
      {%for i in array.items limit:3 %}{{i}}{%endfor%}
      next
@@ -184,11 +150,11 @@ HERE
      next
      7
      XPCTD
-    assert_template_result(expected, markup, assigns)
+    assert_template_result(expected,markup,assigns)
  end
-  def test_pause_resume_big_limit
+  def test_pause_resume_BIG_limit
-    assigns = { 'array' => { 'items' => [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 0] } }
+    assigns = {'array' => {'items' => [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,0]}}
    markup = <<-MKUP
      {%for i in array.items limit:3 %}{{i}}{%endfor%}
      next
@@ -203,102 +169,103 @@ HERE
      next
      7890
      XPCTD
-    assert_template_result(expected, markup, assigns)
+      assert_template_result(expected,markup,assigns)
  end
-  def test_pause_resume_big_offset
+
-    assigns = { 'array' => { 'items' => [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 0] } }
+  def test_pause_resume_BIG_offset
-    markup = '{%for i in array.items limit:3 %}{{i}}{%endfor%}
+    assigns = {'array' => {'items' => [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,0]}}
    markup = %q({%for i in array.items limit:3 %}{{i}}{%endfor%}
      next
      {%for i in array.items offset:continue limit:3 %}{{i}}{%endfor%}
      next
-      {%for i in array.items offset:continue limit:3 offset:1000 %}{{i}}{%endfor%}'
+      {%for i in array.items offset:continue limit:3 offset:1000 %}{{i}}{%endfor%})
-    expected = '123
+    expected = %q(123
      next
      456
      next
-      '
+      )
-    assert_template_result(expected, markup, assigns)
+      assert_template_result(expected,markup,assigns)
  end
  def test_for_with_break
-    assigns = { 'array' => { 'items' => [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10] } }
+    assigns = {'array' => {'items' => [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10]}}
    markup = '{% for i in array.items %}{% break %}{% endfor %}'
    expected = ""
-    assert_template_result(expected, markup, assigns)
+    assert_template_result(expected,markup,assigns)
    markup = '{% for i in array.items %}{{ i }}{% break %}{% endfor %}'
    expected = "1"
-    assert_template_result(expected, markup, assigns)
+    assert_template_result(expected,markup,assigns)
    markup = '{% for i in array.items %}{% break %}{{ i }}{% endfor %}'
    expected = ""
-    assert_template_result(expected, markup, assigns)
+    assert_template_result(expected,markup,assigns)
    markup = '{% for i in array.items %}{{ i }}{% if i > 3 %}{% break %}{% endif %}{% endfor %}'
    expected = "1234"
-    assert_template_result(expected, markup, assigns)
+    assert_template_result(expected,markup,assigns)
    # tests to ensure it only breaks out of the local for loop
    # and not all of them.
-    assigns = { 'array' => [[1, 2], [3, 4], [5, 6]] }
+    assigns = {'array' => [[1,2],[3,4],[5,6]] }
-    markup = '{% for item in array %}' \
+    markup = '{% for item in array %}' +
-               '{% for i in item %}' \
+               '{% for i in item %}' +
-                 '{% if i == 1 %}' \
+                 '{% if i == 1 %}' +
-                   '{% break %}' \
+                   '{% break %}' +
-                 '{% endif %}' \
+                 '{% endif %}' +
-                 '{{ i }}' \
+                 '{{ i }}' +
-               '{% endfor %}' \
+               '{% endfor %}' +
             '{% endfor %}'
    expected = '3456'
    assert_template_result(expected, markup, assigns)
    # test break does nothing when unreached
-    assigns = { 'array' => { 'items' => [1, 2, 3, 4, 5] } }
+    assigns = {'array' => {'items' => [1,2,3,4,5]}}
    markup = '{% for i in array.items %}{% if i == 9999 %}{% break %}{% endif %}{{ i }}{% endfor %}'
    expected = '12345'
    assert_template_result(expected, markup, assigns)
  end
  def test_for_with_continue
-    assigns = { 'array' => { 'items' => [1, 2, 3, 4, 5] } }
+    assigns = {'array' => {'items' => [1,2,3,4,5]}}
    markup = '{% for i in array.items %}{% continue %}{% endfor %}'
    expected = ""
-    assert_template_result(expected, markup, assigns)
+    assert_template_result(expected,markup,assigns)
    markup = '{% for i in array.items %}{{ i }}{% continue %}{% endfor %}'
    expected = "12345"
-    assert_template_result(expected, markup, assigns)
+    assert_template_result(expected,markup,assigns)
    markup = '{% for i in array.items %}{% continue %}{{ i }}{% endfor %}'
    expected = ""
-    assert_template_result(expected, markup, assigns)
+    assert_template_result(expected,markup,assigns)
    markup = '{% for i in array.items %}{% if i > 3 %}{% continue %}{% endif %}{{ i }}{% endfor %}'
    expected = "123"
-    assert_template_result(expected, markup, assigns)
+    assert_template_result(expected,markup,assigns)
    markup = '{% for i in array.items %}{% if i == 3 %}{% continue %}{% else %}{{ i }}{% endif %}{% endfor %}'
    expected = "1245"
-    assert_template_result(expected, markup, assigns)
+    assert_template_result(expected,markup,assigns)
    # tests to ensure it only continues the local for loop and not all of them.
-    assigns = { 'array' => [[1, 2], [3, 4], [5, 6]] }
+    assigns = {'array' => [[1,2],[3,4],[5,6]] }
-    markup = '{% for item in array %}' \
+    markup = '{% for item in array %}' +
-               '{% for i in item %}' \
+               '{% for i in item %}' +
-                 '{% if i == 1 %}' \
+                 '{% if i == 1 %}' +
-                   '{% continue %}' \
+                   '{% continue %}' +
-                 '{% endif %}' \
+                 '{% endif %}' +
-                 '{{ i }}' \
+                 '{{ i }}' +
-               '{% endfor %}' \
+               '{% endfor %}' +
             '{% endfor %}'
    expected = '23456'
    assert_template_result(expected, markup, assigns)
    # test continue does nothing when unreached
-    assigns = { 'array' => { 'items' => [1, 2, 3, 4, 5] } }
+    assigns = {'array' => {'items' => [1,2,3,4,5]}}
    markup = '{% for i in array.items %}{% if i == 9999 %}{% continue %}{% endif %}{{ i }}{% endfor %}'
    expected = '12345'
    assert_template_result(expected, markup, assigns)
@@ -310,45 +277,41 @@ HERE
    # the functionality for backwards compatibility
    assert_template_result('test string',
-      '{%for val in string%}{{val}}{%endfor%}',
+                '{%for val in string%}{{val}}{%endfor%}',
-      'string' => "test string")
+                'string' => "test string")
    assert_template_result('test string',
-      '{%for val in string limit:1%}{{val}}{%endfor%}',
+                '{%for val in string limit:1%}{{val}}{%endfor%}',
-      'string' => "test string")
+                'string' => "test string")
    assert_template_result('val-string-1-1-0-1-0-true-true-test string',
-      '{%for val in string%}' \
+                '{%for val in string%}' +
-      '{{forloop.name}}-' \
+                '{{forloop.name}}-' +
-      '{{forloop.index}}-' \
+                '{{forloop.index}}-' +
-      '{{forloop.length}}-' \
+                '{{forloop.length}}-' +
-      '{{forloop.index0}}-' \
+                '{{forloop.index0}}-' +
-      '{{forloop.rindex}}-' \
+                '{{forloop.rindex}}-' +
-      '{{forloop.rindex0}}-' \
+                '{{forloop.rindex0}}-' +
-      '{{forloop.first}}-' \
+                '{{forloop.first}}-' +
-      '{{forloop.last}}-' \
+                '{{forloop.last}}-' +
-      '{{val}}{%endfor%}',
+                '{{val}}{%endfor%}',
-      'string' => "test string")
+                'string' => "test string")
  end
  def test_for_parentloop_references_parent_loop
    assert_template_result('1.1 1.2 1.3 2.1 2.2 2.3 ',
-      '{% for inner in outer %}{% for k in inner %}' \
+                           '{% for inner in outer %}{% for k in inner %}' +
-      '{{ forloop.parentloop.index }}.{{ forloop.index }} ' \
+                           '{{ forloop.parentloop.index }}.{{ forloop.index }} ' +
-      '{% endfor %}{% endfor %}',
+                           '{% endfor %}{% endfor %}',
-      'outer' => [[1, 1, 1], [1, 1, 1]])
+                           'outer' => [[1, 1, 1], [1, 1, 1]])
  end
  def test_for_parentloop_nil_when_not_present
    assert_template_result('.1 .2 ',
-      '{% for inner in outer %}' \
+                           '{% for inner in outer %}' +
-      '{{ forloop.parentloop.index }}.{{ forloop.index }} ' \
+                           '{{ forloop.parentloop.index }}.{{ forloop.index }} ' +
-      '{% endfor %}',
+                           '{% endfor %}',
-      'outer' => [[1, 1, 1], [1, 1, 1]])
+                           'outer' => [[1, 1, 1], [1, 1, 1]])
  end
  def test_inner_for_over_empty_input
    assert_template_result 'oo', '{% for a in (1..2) %}o{% for b in empty %}{% endfor %}{% endfor %}'
  end
  def test_blank_string_not_iterable
@@ -364,7 +327,7 @@ HERE
  def test_spacing_with_variable_naming_in_for_loop
    expected = '12345'
    template = '{% for       item   in   items %}{{item}}{% endfor %}'
-    assigns  = { 'items' => [1, 2, 3, 4, 5] }
+    assigns  = {'items' => [1,2,3,4,5]}
    assert_template_result(expected, template, assigns)
  end
@@ -382,13 +345,13 @@ HERE
    def load_slice(from, to)
      @load_slice_called = true
-      @data[(from..to - 1)]
+      @data[(from..to-1)]
    end
  end
  def test_iterate_with_each_when_no_limit_applied
-    loader = LoaderDrop.new([1, 2, 3, 4, 5])
+    loader = LoaderDrop.new([1,2,3,4,5])
-    assigns = { 'items' => loader }
+    assigns = {'items' => loader}
    expected = '12345'
    template = '{% for item in items %}{{item}}{% endfor %}'
    assert_template_result(expected, template, assigns)
@@ -397,8 +360,8 @@ HERE
  end
  def test_iterate_with_load_slice_when_limit_applied
-    loader = LoaderDrop.new([1, 2, 3, 4, 5])
+    loader = LoaderDrop.new([1,2,3,4,5])
-    assigns = { 'items' => loader }
+    assigns = {'items' => loader}
    expected = '1'
    template = '{% for item in items limit:1 %}{{item}}{% endfor %}'
    assert_template_result(expected, template, assigns)
@@ -407,8 +370,8 @@ HERE
  end
  def test_iterate_with_load_slice_when_limit_and_offset_applied
-    loader = LoaderDrop.new([1, 2, 3, 4, 5])
+    loader = LoaderDrop.new([1,2,3,4,5])
-    assigns = { 'items' => loader }
+    assigns = {'items' => loader}
    expected = '34'
    template = '{% for item in items offset:2 limit:2 %}{{item}}{% endfor %}'
    assert_template_result(expected, template, assigns)
@@ -417,22 +380,12 @@ HERE
  end
  def test_iterate_with_load_slice_returns_same_results_as_without
-    loader = LoaderDrop.new([1, 2, 3, 4, 5])
+    loader = LoaderDrop.new([1,2,3,4,5])
-    loader_assigns = { 'items' => loader }
+    loader_assigns = {'items' => loader}
-    array_assigns = { 'items' => [1, 2, 3, 4, 5] }
+    array_assigns = {'items' => [1,2,3,4,5]}
    expected = '34'
    template = '{% for item in items offset:2 limit:2 %}{{item}}{% endfor %}'
    assert_template_result(expected, template, loader_assigns)
    assert_template_result(expected, template, array_assigns)
  end
  def test_for_cleans_up_registers
    context = Context.new(ErrorDrop.new)
    assert_raises(StandardError) do
      Liquid::Template.parse('{% for i in (1..2) %}{{ standard_error }}{% endfor %}').render!(context)
    end
    assert context.registers[:for_stack].empty?
  end
 end
--- a/test/integration/tags/if_else_tag_test.rb
+++ b/test/integration/tags/if_else_tag_test.rb
@@ -4,100 +4,101 @@ class IfElseTagTest < Minitest::Test
  include Liquid
  def test_if
-    assert_template_result('  ', ' {% if false %} this text should not go into the output {% endif %} ')
+    assert_template_result('  ',' {% if false %} this text should not go into the output {% endif %} ')
    assert_template_result('  this text should go into the output  ',
-      ' {% if true %} this text should go into the output {% endif %} ')
+                           ' {% if true %} this text should go into the output {% endif %} ')
-    assert_template_result('  you rock ?', '{% if false %} you suck {% endif %} {% if true %} you rock {% endif %}?')
+    assert_template_result('  you rock ?','{% if false %} you suck {% endif %} {% if true %} you rock {% endif %}?')
  end
  def test_literal_comparisons
-    assert_template_result(' NO ', '{% assign v = false %}{% if v %} YES {% else %} NO {% endif %}')
+    assert_template_result(' NO ','{% assign v = false %}{% if v %} YES {% else %} NO {% endif %}')
-    assert_template_result(' YES ', '{% assign v = nil %}{% if v == nil %} YES {% else %} NO {% endif %}')
+    assert_template_result(' YES ','{% assign v = nil %}{% if v == nil %} YES {% else %} NO {% endif %}')
  end
  def test_if_else
-    assert_template_result(' YES ', '{% if false %} NO {% else %} YES {% endif %}')
+    assert_template_result(' YES ','{% if false %} NO {% else %} YES {% endif %}')
-    assert_template_result(' YES ', '{% if true %} YES {% else %} NO {% endif %}')
+    assert_template_result(' YES ','{% if true %} YES {% else %} NO {% endif %}')
-    assert_template_result(' YES ', '{% if "foo" %} YES {% else %} NO {% endif %}')
+    assert_template_result(' YES ','{% if "foo" %} YES {% else %} NO {% endif %}')
  end
  def test_if_boolean
-    assert_template_result(' YES ', '{% if var %} YES {% endif %}', 'var' => true)
+    assert_template_result(' YES ','{% if var %} YES {% endif %}', 'var' => true)
  end
  def test_if_or
-    assert_template_result(' YES ', '{% if a or b %} YES {% endif %}', 'a' => true, 'b' => true)
+    assert_template_result(' YES ','{% if a or b %} YES {% endif %}', 'a' => true, 'b' => true)
-    assert_template_result(' YES ', '{% if a or b %} YES {% endif %}', 'a' => true, 'b' => false)
+    assert_template_result(' YES ','{% if a or b %} YES {% endif %}', 'a' => true, 'b' => false)
-    assert_template_result(' YES ', '{% if a or b %} YES {% endif %}', 'a' => false, 'b' => true)
+    assert_template_result(' YES ','{% if a or b %} YES {% endif %}', 'a' => false, 'b' => true)
-    assert_template_result('',      '{% if a or b %} YES {% endif %}', 'a' => false, 'b' => false)
+    assert_template_result('',     '{% if a or b %} YES {% endif %}', 'a' => false, 'b' => false)
-    assert_template_result(' YES ', '{% if a or b or c %} YES {% endif %}', 'a' => false, 'b' => false, 'c' => true)
+    assert_template_result(' YES ','{% if a or b or c %} YES {% endif %}', 'a' => false, 'b' => false, 'c' => true)
-    assert_template_result('',      '{% if a or b or c %} YES {% endif %}', 'a' => false, 'b' => false, 'c' => false)
+    assert_template_result('',     '{% if a or b or c %} YES {% endif %}', 'a' => false, 'b' => false, 'c' => false)
  end
  def test_if_or_with_operators
-    assert_template_result(' YES ', '{% if a == true or b == true %} YES {% endif %}', 'a' => true, 'b' => true)
+    assert_template_result(' YES ','{% if a == true or b == true %} YES {% endif %}', 'a' => true, 'b' => true)
-    assert_template_result(' YES ', '{% if a == true or b == false %} YES {% endif %}', 'a' => true, 'b' => true)
+    assert_template_result(' YES ','{% if a == true or b == false %} YES {% endif %}', 'a' => true, 'b' => true)
-    assert_template_result('', '{% if a == false or b == false %} YES {% endif %}', 'a' => true, 'b' => true)
+    assert_template_result('','{% if a == false or b == false %} YES {% endif %}', 'a' => true, 'b' => true)
  end
  def test_comparison_of_strings_containing_and_or_or
    awful_markup = "a == 'and' and b == 'or' and c == 'foo and bar' and d == 'bar or baz' and e == 'foo' and foo and bar"
-    assigns = { 'a' => 'and', 'b' => 'or', 'c' => 'foo and bar', 'd' => 'bar or baz', 'e' => 'foo', 'foo' => true, 'bar' => true }
+    assigns = {'a' => 'and', 'b' => 'or', 'c' => 'foo and bar', 'd' => 'bar or baz', 'e' => 'foo', 'foo' => true, 'bar' => true}
-    assert_template_result(' YES ', "{% if #{awful_markup} %} YES {% endif %}", assigns)
+    assert_template_result(' YES ',"{% if #{awful_markup} %} YES {% endif %}", assigns)
  end
  def test_comparison_of_expressions_starting_with_and_or_or
-    assigns = { 'order' => { 'items_count' => 0 }, 'android' => { 'name' => 'Roy' } }
+    assigns = {'order' => {'items_count' => 0}, 'android' => {'name' => 'Roy'}}
-    assert_template_result("YES",
+    assert_template_result( "YES",
-      "{% if android.name == 'Roy' %}YES{% endif %}",
+                            "{% if android.name == 'Roy' %}YES{% endif %}",
-      assigns)
+                            assigns)
-    assert_template_result("YES",
+    assert_template_result( "YES",
-      "{% if order.items_count == 0 %}YES{% endif %}",
+                            "{% if order.items_count == 0 %}YES{% endif %}",
-      assigns)
+                            assigns)
  end
  def test_if_and
-    assert_template_result(' YES ', '{% if true and true %} YES {% endif %}')
+    assert_template_result(' YES ','{% if true and true %} YES {% endif %}')
-    assert_template_result('', '{% if false and true %} YES {% endif %}')
+    assert_template_result('','{% if false and true %} YES {% endif %}')
-    assert_template_result('', '{% if false and true %} YES {% endif %}')
+    assert_template_result('','{% if false and true %} YES {% endif %}')
  end
  def test_hash_miss_generates_false
-    assert_template_result('', '{% if foo.bar %} NO {% endif %}', 'foo' => {})
+    assert_template_result('','{% if foo.bar %} NO {% endif %}', 'foo' => {})
  end
  def test_if_from_variable
-    assert_template_result('', '{% if var %} NO {% endif %}', 'var' => false)
+    assert_template_result('','{% if var %} NO {% endif %}', 'var' => false)
-    assert_template_result('', '{% if var %} NO {% endif %}', 'var' => nil)
+    assert_template_result('','{% if var %} NO {% endif %}', 'var' => nil)
-    assert_template_result('', '{% if foo.bar %} NO {% endif %}', 'foo' => { 'bar' => false })
+    assert_template_result('','{% if foo.bar %} NO {% endif %}', 'foo' => {'bar' => false})
-    assert_template_result('', '{% if foo.bar %} NO {% endif %}', 'foo' => {})
+    assert_template_result('','{% if foo.bar %} NO {% endif %}', 'foo' => {})
-    assert_template_result('', '{% if foo.bar %} NO {% endif %}', 'foo' => nil)
+    assert_template_result('','{% if foo.bar %} NO {% endif %}', 'foo' => nil)
-    assert_template_result('', '{% if foo.bar %} NO {% endif %}', 'foo' => true)
+    assert_template_result('','{% if foo.bar %} NO {% endif %}', 'foo' => true)
-    assert_template_result(' YES ', '{% if var %} YES {% endif %}', 'var' => "text")
+    assert_template_result(' YES ','{% if var %} YES {% endif %}', 'var' => "text")
-    assert_template_result(' YES ', '{% if var %} YES {% endif %}', 'var' => true)
+    assert_template_result(' YES ','{% if var %} YES {% endif %}', 'var' => true)
-    assert_template_result(' YES ', '{% if var %} YES {% endif %}', 'var' => 1)
+    assert_template_result(' YES ','{% if var %} YES {% endif %}', 'var' => 1)
-    assert_template_result(' YES ', '{% if var %} YES {% endif %}', 'var' => {})
+    assert_template_result(' YES ','{% if var %} YES {% endif %}', 'var' => {})
-    assert_template_result(' YES ', '{% if var %} YES {% endif %}', 'var' => [])
+    assert_template_result(' YES ','{% if var %} YES {% endif %}', 'var' => [])
-    assert_template_result(' YES ', '{% if "foo" %} YES {% endif %}')
+    assert_template_result(' YES ','{% if "foo" %} YES {% endif %}')
-    assert_template_result(' YES ', '{% if foo.bar %} YES {% endif %}', 'foo' => { 'bar' => true })
+    assert_template_result(' YES ','{% if foo.bar %} YES {% endif %}', 'foo' => {'bar' => true})
-    assert_template_result(' YES ', '{% if foo.bar %} YES {% endif %}', 'foo' => { 'bar' => "text" })
+    assert_template_result(' YES ','{% if foo.bar %} YES {% endif %}', 'foo' => {'bar' => "text"})
-    assert_template_result(' YES ', '{% if foo.bar %} YES {% endif %}', 'foo' => { 'bar' => 1 })
+    assert_template_result(' YES ','{% if foo.bar %} YES {% endif %}', 'foo' => {'bar' => 1 })
-    assert_template_result(' YES ', '{% if foo.bar %} YES {% endif %}', 'foo' => { 'bar' => {} })
+    assert_template_result(' YES ','{% if foo.bar %} YES {% endif %}', 'foo' => {'bar' => {} })
-    assert_template_result(' YES ', '{% if foo.bar %} YES {% endif %}', 'foo' => { 'bar' => [] })
+    assert_template_result(' YES ','{% if foo.bar %} YES {% endif %}', 'foo' => {'bar' => [] })
-    assert_template_result(' YES ', '{% if var %} NO {% else %} YES {% endif %}', 'var' => false)
+    assert_template_result(' YES ','{% if var %} NO {% else %} YES {% endif %}', 'var' => false)
-    assert_template_result(' YES ', '{% if var %} NO {% else %} YES {% endif %}', 'var' => nil)
+    assert_template_result(' YES ','{% if var %} NO {% else %} YES {% endif %}', 'var' => nil)
-    assert_template_result(' YES ', '{% if var %} YES {% else %} NO {% endif %}', 'var' => true)
+    assert_template_result(' YES ','{% if var %} YES {% else %} NO {% endif %}', 'var' => true)
-    assert_template_result(' YES ', '{% if "foo" %} YES {% else %} NO {% endif %}', 'var' => "text")
+    assert_template_result(' YES ','{% if "foo" %} YES {% else %} NO {% endif %}', 'var' => "text")
-    assert_template_result(' YES ', '{% if foo.bar %} NO {% else %} YES {% endif %}', 'foo' => { 'bar' => false })
+    assert_template_result(' YES ','{% if foo.bar %} NO {% else %} YES {% endif %}', 'foo' => {'bar' => false})
-    assert_template_result(' YES ', '{% if foo.bar %} YES {% else %} NO {% endif %}', 'foo' => { 'bar' => true })
+    assert_template_result(' YES ','{% if foo.bar %} YES {% else %} NO {% endif %}', 'foo' => {'bar' => true})
-    assert_template_result(' YES ', '{% if foo.bar %} YES {% else %} NO {% endif %}', 'foo' => { 'bar' => "text" })
+    assert_template_result(' YES ','{% if foo.bar %} YES {% else %} NO {% endif %}', 'foo' => {'bar' => "text"})
-    assert_template_result(' YES ', '{% if foo.bar %} NO {% else %} YES {% endif %}', 'foo' => { 'notbar' => true })
+    assert_template_result(' YES ','{% if foo.bar %} NO {% else %} YES {% endif %}', 'foo' => {'notbar' => true})
-    assert_template_result(' YES ', '{% if foo.bar %} NO {% else %} YES {% endif %}', 'foo' => {})
+    assert_template_result(' YES ','{% if foo.bar %} NO {% else %} YES {% endif %}', 'foo' => {})
-    assert_template_result(' YES ', '{% if foo.bar %} NO {% else %} YES {% endif %}', 'notfoo' => { 'bar' => true })
+    assert_template_result(' YES ','{% if foo.bar %} NO {% else %} YES {% endif %}', 'notfoo' => {'bar' => true})
  end
  def test_nested_if
@@ -109,30 +110,31 @@ class IfElseTagTest < Minitest::Test
    assert_template_result(' YES ', '{% if true %}{% if true %} YES {% else %} NO {% endif %}{% else %} NO {% endif %}')
    assert_template_result(' YES ', '{% if true %}{% if false %} NO {% else %} YES {% endif %}{% else %} NO {% endif %}')
    assert_template_result(' YES ', '{% if false %}{% if true %} NO {% else %} NONO {% endif %}{% else %} YES {% endif %}')
  end
  def test_comparisons_on_null
-    assert_template_result('', '{% if null < 10 %} NO {% endif %}')
+    assert_template_result('','{% if null < 10 %} NO {% endif %}')
-    assert_template_result('', '{% if null <= 10 %} NO {% endif %}')
+    assert_template_result('','{% if null <= 10 %} NO {% endif %}')
-    assert_template_result('', '{% if null >= 10 %} NO {% endif %}')
+    assert_template_result('','{% if null >= 10 %} NO {% endif %}')
-    assert_template_result('', '{% if null > 10 %} NO {% endif %}')
+    assert_template_result('','{% if null > 10 %} NO {% endif %}')
-    assert_template_result('', '{% if 10 < null %} NO {% endif %}')
+    assert_template_result('','{% if 10 < null %} NO {% endif %}')
-    assert_template_result('', '{% if 10 <= null %} NO {% endif %}')
+    assert_template_result('','{% if 10 <= null %} NO {% endif %}')
-    assert_template_result('', '{% if 10 >= null %} NO {% endif %}')
+    assert_template_result('','{% if 10 >= null %} NO {% endif %}')
-    assert_template_result('', '{% if 10 > null %} NO {% endif %}')
+    assert_template_result('','{% if 10 > null %} NO {% endif %}')
  end
  def test_else_if
-    assert_template_result('0', '{% if 0 == 0 %}0{% elsif 1 == 1%}1{% else %}2{% endif %}')
+    assert_template_result('0','{% if 0 == 0 %}0{% elsif 1 == 1%}1{% else %}2{% endif %}')
-    assert_template_result('1', '{% if 0 != 0 %}0{% elsif 1 == 1%}1{% else %}2{% endif %}')
+    assert_template_result('1','{% if 0 != 0 %}0{% elsif 1 == 1%}1{% else %}2{% endif %}')
-    assert_template_result('2', '{% if 0 != 0 %}0{% elsif 1 != 1%}1{% else %}2{% endif %}')
+    assert_template_result('2','{% if 0 != 0 %}0{% elsif 1 != 1%}1{% else %}2{% endif %}')
-    assert_template_result('elsif', '{% if false %}if{% elsif true %}elsif{% endif %}')
+    assert_template_result('elsif','{% if false %}if{% elsif true %}elsif{% endif %}')
  end
  def test_syntax_error_no_variable
-    assert_raises(SyntaxError){ assert_template_result('', '{% if jerry == 1 %}') }
+    assert_raises(SyntaxError){ assert_template_result('', '{% if jerry == 1 %}')}
  end
  def test_syntax_error_no_expression
@@ -154,7 +156,7 @@ class IfElseTagTest < Minitest::Test
    Condition.operators['contains'] = :[]
    assert_template_result('yes',
-      %({% if 'gnomeslab-and-or-liquid' contains 'gnomeslab-and-or-liquid' %}yes{% endif %}))
+                           %({% if 'gnomeslab-and-or-liquid' contains 'gnomeslab-and-or-liquid' %}yes{% endif %}))
  ensure
    Condition.operators['contains'] = original_op
  end
@@ -164,25 +166,4 @@ class IfElseTagTest < Minitest::Test
      assert_template_result('', %({% if 1 or throw or or 1 %}yes{% endif %}))
    end
  end
  def test_multiple_conditions
    tpl = "{% if a or b and c %}true{% else %}false{% endif %}"
    tests = {
      [true, true, true] => true,
      [true, true, false] => true,
      [true, false, true] => true,
      [true, false, false] => true,
      [false, true, true] => true,
      [false, true, false] => false,
      [false, false, true] => false,
      [false, false, false] => false,
    }
    tests.each do |vals, expected|
      a, b, c = vals
      assigns = { 'a' => a, 'b' => b, 'c' => c }
      assert_template_result expected.to_s, tpl, assigns, assigns.to_s
    end
  end
 end
--- a/test/integration/tags/include_tag_test.rb
+++ b/test/integration/tags/include_tag_test.rb
@@ -30,9 +30,6 @@ class TestFileSystem
    when 'assignments'
      "{% assign foo = 'bar' %}"
    when 'break'
      "{% break %}"
    else
      template_path
    end
@@ -66,9 +63,8 @@ class CustomInclude < Liquid::Tag
  def parse(tokens)
  end
-  def render_to_output_buffer(context, output)
+  def render(context)
-    output << @template_name[1..-2]
+    @template_name[1..-2]
    output
  end
 end
@@ -81,22 +77,23 @@ class IncludeTagTest < Minitest::Test
  def test_include_tag_looks_for_file_system_in_registers_first
    assert_equal 'from OtherFileSystem',
-      Template.parse("{% include 'pick_a_source' %}").render!({}, registers: { file_system: OtherFileSystem.new })
+      Template.parse("{% include 'pick_a_source' %}").render!({}, :registers => {:file_system => OtherFileSystem.new})
  end
  def test_include_tag_with
    assert_template_result "Product: Draft 151cm ",
-      "{% include 'product' with products[0] %}", "products" => [ { 'title' => 'Draft 151cm' }, { 'title' => 'Element 155cm' } ]
+      "{% include 'product' with products[0] %}", "products" => [ {'title' => 'Draft 151cm'}, {'title' => 'Element 155cm'} ]
  end
  def test_include_tag_with_default_name
    assert_template_result "Product: Draft 151cm ",
-      "{% include 'product' %}", "product" => { 'title' => 'Draft 151cm' }
+      "{% include 'product' %}", "product" => {'title' => 'Draft 151cm'}
  end
  def test_include_tag_for
    assert_template_result "Product: Draft 151cm Product: Element 155cm ",
-      "{% include 'product' for products %}", "products" => [ { 'title' => 'Draft 151cm' }, { 'title' => 'Element 155cm' } ]
+      "{% include 'product' for products %}", "products" => [ {'title' => 'Draft 151cm'}, {'title' => 'Element 155cm'} ]
  end
  def test_include_tag_with_local_variables
@@ -111,7 +108,7 @@ class IncludeTagTest < Minitest::Test
  def test_include_tag_with_multiple_local_variables_from_context
    assert_template_result "Locale: test123 test321",
      "{% include 'locale_variables' echo1: echo1, echo2: more_echos.echo2 %}",
-      'echo1' => 'test123', 'more_echos' => { "echo2" => 'test321' }
+      'echo1' => 'test123', 'more_echos' => { "echo2" => 'test321'}
  end
  def test_included_templates_assigns_variables
@@ -126,13 +123,14 @@ class IncludeTagTest < Minitest::Test
  def test_nested_include_with_variable
    assert_template_result "Product: Draft 151cm details ",
-      "{% include 'nested_product_template' with product %}", "product" => { "title" => 'Draft 151cm' }
+      "{% include 'nested_product_template' with product %}", "product" => {"title" => 'Draft 151cm'}
    assert_template_result "Product: Draft 151cm details Product: Element 155cm details ",
-      "{% include 'nested_product_template' for products %}", "products" => [{ "title" => 'Draft 151cm' }, { "title" => 'Element 155cm' }]
+      "{% include 'nested_product_template' for products %}", "products" => [{"title" => 'Draft 151cm'}, {"title" => 'Element 155cm'}]
  end
  def test_recursively_included_template_does_not_produce_endless_loop
    infinite_file_system = Class.new do
      def read_template_file(template_path)
        "-{% include 'loop' %}"
@@ -141,9 +139,10 @@ class IncludeTagTest < Minitest::Test
    Liquid::Template.file_system = infinite_file_system.new
-    assert_raises(Liquid::StackLevelError) do
+    assert_raises(Liquid::StackLevelError, SystemStackError) do
      Template.parse("{% include 'loop' %}").render!
    end
  end
  def test_dynamically_choosen_template
@@ -151,24 +150,24 @@ class IncludeTagTest < Minitest::Test
    assert_template_result "Test321", "{% include template %}", "template" => 'Test321'
    assert_template_result "Product: Draft 151cm ", "{% include template for product %}",
-      "template" => 'product', 'product' => { 'title' => 'Draft 151cm' }
+      "template" => 'product', 'product' => { 'title' => 'Draft 151cm'}
  end
  def test_include_tag_caches_second_read_of_same_partial
    file_system = CountingFileSystem.new
    assert_equal 'from CountingFileSystemfrom CountingFileSystem',
-      Template.parse("{% include 'pick_a_source' %}{% include 'pick_a_source' %}").render!({}, registers: { file_system: file_system })
+      Template.parse("{% include 'pick_a_source' %}{% include 'pick_a_source' %}").render!({}, :registers => {:file_system => file_system})
    assert_equal 1, file_system.count
  end
  def test_include_tag_doesnt_cache_partials_across_renders
    file_system = CountingFileSystem.new
    assert_equal 'from CountingFileSystem',
-      Template.parse("{% include 'pick_a_source' %}").render!({}, registers: { file_system: file_system })
+      Template.parse("{% include 'pick_a_source' %}").render!({}, :registers => {:file_system => file_system})
    assert_equal 1, file_system.count
    assert_equal 'from CountingFileSystem',
-      Template.parse("{% include 'pick_a_source' %}").render!({}, registers: { file_system: file_system })
+      Template.parse("{% include 'pick_a_source' %}").render!({}, :registers => {:file_system => file_system})
    assert_equal 2, file_system.count
  end
@@ -221,34 +220,11 @@ class IncludeTagTest < Minitest::Test
    end
  end
  def test_render_raise_argument_error_when_template_is_undefined
    assert_raises(Liquid::ArgumentError) do
      template = Liquid::Template.parse('{% include undefined_variable %}')
      template.render!
    end
    assert_raises(Liquid::ArgumentError) do
      template = Liquid::Template.parse('{% include nil %}')
      template.render!
    end
  end
  def test_including_via_variable_value
    assert_template_result "from TestFileSystem", "{% assign page = 'pick_a_source' %}{% include page %}"
-    assert_template_result "Product: Draft 151cm ", "{% assign page = 'product' %}{% include page %}", "product" => { 'title' => 'Draft 151cm' }
+    assert_template_result "Product: Draft 151cm ", "{% assign page = 'product' %}{% include page %}", "product" => {'title' => 'Draft 151cm'}
-    assert_template_result "Product: Draft 151cm ", "{% assign page = 'product' %}{% include page for foo %}", "foo" => { 'title' => 'Draft 151cm' }
+    assert_template_result "Product: Draft 151cm ", "{% assign page = 'product' %}{% include page for foo %}", "foo" => {'title' => 'Draft 151cm'}
  end
  def test_including_with_strict_variables
    template = Liquid::Template.parse("{% include 'simple' %}", error_mode: :warn)
    template.render(nil, strict_variables: true)
    assert_equal [], template.errors
  end
  def test_break_through_include
    assert_template_result "1", "{% for i in (1..3) %}{{ i }}{% break %}{{ i }}{% endfor %}"
    assert_template_result "1", "{% for i in (1..3) %}{{ i }}{% include 'break' %}{{ i }}{% endfor %}"
  end
 end # IncludeTagTest
--- a/Show More
+++ b/Show More