Prefer string interpolation in simple cases

Co-Authored-By: Dylan Thacker-Smith <dylan.smith@shopify.com>
Update rubocop config
2026-01-01 15:55:40 +03:00 · 2019-09-17 00:31:19 +10:00 · 2019-09-16 18:15:37 +10:00 · 2019-09-16 12:54:33 +10:00 · 2019-09-16 12:14:50 +10:00 · 2019-09-16 12:14:32 +10:00
128 changed files with 2272 additions and 969 deletions
--- a/.rubocop-https---shopify-github-io-ruby-style-guide-rubocop-yml
+++ b/.rubocop-https---shopify-github-io-ruby-style-guide-rubocop-yml
--- a/.rubocop.yml
+++ b/.rubocop.yml
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 inherit_from:
+  - https://shopify.github.io/ruby-style-guide/rubocop.yml
  - .rubocop_todo.yml
-  - ./.rubocop_todo.yml

 require: rubocop-performance

@@ -9,124 +9,8 @@ Performance:

 AllCops:
  Exclude:
-    - 'performance/shopify/*'
    - 'vendor/bundle/**/*'
-    - 'pkg/**'
-
-Metrics/BlockNesting:
-  Max: 3
-
-Metrics/ModuleLength:
-  Enabled: false
-
-Metrics/ClassLength:
-  Enabled: false
-
-Lint/AssignmentInCondition:
-  Enabled: false
-
-Lint/AmbiguousOperator:
-  Enabled: false
-
-Lint/AmbiguousRegexpLiteral:
-  Enabled: false
-
-Lint/ParenthesesAsGroupedExpression:
-  Enabled: false
-
-Lint/UnusedBlockArgument:
-  Enabled: false
-
-Layout/EndAlignment:
-  EnforcedStyleAlignWith: variable
-
-Lint/UnusedMethodArgument:
-  Enabled: false
-
-Style/SingleLineBlockParams:
-  Enabled: false
-
-Style/DoubleNegation:
-  Enabled: false
-
-Style/StringLiteralsInInterpolation:
-  Enabled: false
-
-Style/AndOr:
-  Enabled: false
-
-Style/SignalException:
-  Enabled: false
-
-Style/StringLiterals:
-  Enabled: false
-
-Style/BracesAroundHashParameters:
-  Enabled: false
-
-Style/NumericLiterals:
-  Enabled: false
-
-Layout/SpaceInsideArrayLiteralBrackets:
-  Enabled: false
-
-Layout/SpaceBeforeBlockBraces:
-  Enabled: false
-
-Style/Documentation:
-  Enabled: false
-
-Style/ClassAndModuleChildren:
-  Enabled: false
-
-Style/TrailingCommaInArrayLiteral:
-  Enabled: false
-
-Style/TrailingCommaInHashLiteral:
-  Enabled: false
-
-Style/FormatString:
-  Enabled: false
-
-Layout/AlignParameters:
-  EnforcedStyle: with_fixed_indentation
-
-Layout/MultilineOperationIndentation:
-  EnforcedStyle: indented
-
-Style/IfUnlessModifier:
-  Enabled: false
-
-Style/RaiseArgs:
-  Enabled: false
-
-Style/PreferredHashMethods:
-  Enabled: false
-
-Style/RegexpLiteral:
-  Enabled: false
-
-Style/SymbolLiteral:
-  Enabled: false
-
-Naming/ConstantName:
-  Enabled: false
-
-Layout/CaseIndentation:
-  Enabled: false
-
-Style/ClassVars:
-  Enabled: false
-
-Style/PerlBackrefs:
-  Enabled: false
-
-Style/TrivialAccessors:
-  AllowPredicates: true
-
-Style/WordArray:
-  Enabled: false
-
+      
 Naming/MethodName:
  Exclude:
-    - 'example/server/liquid_servlet.rb'
+    - 'example/server/liquid_servlet.rb'
--- a/.rubocop_todo.yml
+++ b/.rubocop_todo.yml
@@ -1,94 +1,30 @@
 # This configuration was generated by
 # `rubocop --auto-gen-config`
-# on 2019-08-29 00:43:36 +1000 using RuboCop version 0.74.0.
+# on 2019-09-11 06:34:25 +1000 using RuboCop version 0.74.0.
 # The point is for the user to remove these configuration records
 # one by one as the offenses are removed from the code base.
 # Note that changes in the inspected code, or installation of new
 # versions of RuboCop, may require this file to be generated again.

-# Offense count: 1
-# Cop supports --auto-correct.
-# Configuration parameters: TreatCommentsAsGroupSeparators, Include.
-# Include: **/*.gemspec
-Gemspec/OrderedDependencies:
+# Offense count: 2
+Lint/AmbiguousOperator:
  Exclude:
-    - 'liquid.gemspec'
+    - 'test/unit/condition_unit_test.rb'

-# Offense count: 1
-# Configuration parameters: Include.
-# Include: **/*.gemspec, 
-Gemspec/RequiredRubyVersion:
+# Offense count: 21
+# Configuration parameters: AllowSafeAssignment.
+Lint/AssignmentInCondition:
  Exclude:
-    - 'liquid.gemspec'
-
-# Offense count: 124
-# Cop supports --auto-correct.
-# Configuration parameters: EnforcedStyle, IndentationWidth.
-# SupportedStyles: with_first_argument, with_fixed_indentation
-Layout/AlignArguments:
-  Enabled: false
-
-# Offense count: 7
-# Cop supports --auto-correct.
-# Configuration parameters: AllowMultipleStyles, EnforcedHashRocketStyle, EnforcedColonStyle, EnforcedLastArgumentHashStyle.
-# SupportedHashRocketStyles: key, separator, table
-# SupportedColonStyles: key, separator, table
-# SupportedLastArgumentHashStyles: always_inspect, always_ignore, ignore_implicit, ignore_explicit
-Layout/AlignHash:
-  Exclude:
-    - 'lib/liquid/condition.rb'
-    - 'lib/liquid/expression.rb'
-    - 'test/unit/context_unit_test.rb'
-
-# Offense count: 6
-# Cop supports --auto-correct.
-Layout/ClosingHeredocIndentation:
-  Exclude:
-    - 'test/integration/tags/for_tag_test.rb'
-
-# Offense count: 27
-# Cop supports --auto-correct.
-Layout/EmptyLineAfterGuardClause:
-  Exclude:
-    - 'lib/liquid/block.rb'
    - 'lib/liquid/block_body.rb'
-    - 'lib/liquid/context.rb'
-    - 'lib/liquid/drop.rb'
    - 'lib/liquid/lexer.rb'
-    - 'lib/liquid/parser.rb'
    - 'lib/liquid/standardfilters.rb'
-    - 'lib/liquid/strainer.rb'
    - 'lib/liquid/tags/for.rb'
    - 'lib/liquid/tags/if.rb'
-    - 'lib/liquid/tags/include.rb'
-    - 'lib/liquid/utils.rb'
+    - 'lib/liquid/tags/raw.rb'
    - 'lib/liquid/variable.rb'
-    - 'lib/liquid/variable_lookup.rb'
-
-# Offense count: 5
-# Cop supports --auto-correct.
-# Configuration parameters: EnforcedStyle.
-# SupportedStyles: squiggly, active_support, powerpack, unindent
-Layout/IndentHeredoc:
-  Exclude:
-    - 'test/integration/tags/for_tag_test.rb'
-    - 'test/integration/trim_mode_test.rb'
-
-# Offense count: 6
-# Cop supports --auto-correct.
-# Configuration parameters: EnforcedStyle.
-# SupportedStyles: symmetrical, new_line, same_line
-Layout/MultilineMethodCallBraceLayout:
-  Exclude:
-    - 'test/integration/error_handling_test.rb'
-    - 'test/unit/strainer_unit_test.rb'
-
-# Offense count: 1
-# Cop supports --auto-correct.
-# Configuration parameters: AllowForAlignment.
-Layout/SpaceAroundOperators:
-  Exclude:
-    - 'lib/liquid/condition.rb'
+    - 'performance/profile.rb'
+    - 'test/test_helper.rb'
+    - 'test/unit/tokenizer_unit_test.rb'

 # Offense count: 2
 # Cop supports --auto-correct.
@@ -98,207 +34,55 @@ Lint/InheritException:
  Exclude:
    - 'lib/liquid/interrupts.rb'

+# Offense count: 2
+Lint/UselessAssignment:
+  Exclude:
+    - 'performance/shopify/database.rb'
+
 # Offense count: 1
 # Configuration parameters: CheckForMethodsWithNoSideEffects.
 Lint/Void:
  Exclude:
    - 'lib/liquid/parse_context.rb'

-# Offense count: 53
-Metrics/AbcSize:
-  Max: 56
-
-# Offense count: 12
-Metrics/CyclomaticComplexity:
-  Max: 13
-
-# Offense count: 118
-# Configuration parameters: CountComments, ExcludedMethods.
-Metrics/MethodLength:
-  Max: 38
-
-# Offense count: 9
-Metrics/PerceivedComplexity:
-  Max: 11
-
-# Offense count: 1
+# Offense count: 98
 # Cop supports --auto-correct.
-# Configuration parameters: PreferredName.
-Naming/RescuedExceptionsVariableName:
-  Exclude:
-    - 'lib/liquid/context.rb'
+# Configuration parameters: AutoCorrect, AllowHeredoc, AllowURI, URISchemes, IgnoreCopDirectives, IgnoredPatterns.
+# URISchemes: http, https
+Metrics/LineLength:
+  Max: 294

-# Offense count: 20
-# Configuration parameters: MinNameLength, AllowNamesEndingInNumbers, AllowedNames, ForbiddenNames.
-# AllowedNames: io, id, to, by, on, in, at, ip, db
-Naming/UncommunicativeMethodParamName:
-  Exclude:
-    - 'example/server/example_servlet.rb'
-    - 'lib/liquid/condition.rb'
-    - 'lib/liquid/context.rb'
-    - 'lib/liquid/standardfilters.rb'
-    - 'lib/liquid/tags/if.rb'
-    - 'lib/liquid/variable.rb'
-    - 'test/integration/filter_test.rb'
-    - 'test/integration/standard_filter_test.rb'
-    - 'test/integration/template_test.rb'
-    - 'test/unit/condition_unit_test.rb'
-
-# Offense count: 5
-# Configuration parameters: EnforcedStyle.
-# SupportedStyles: inline, group
-Style/AccessModifierDeclarations:
+# Offense count: 44
+Naming/ConstantName:
  Exclude:
+    - 'lib/liquid.rb'
    - 'lib/liquid/block_body.rb'
-    - 'lib/liquid/tag.rb'
-    - 'lib/liquid/tags/include.rb'
-    - 'test/unit/strainer_unit_test.rb'
-
-# Offense count: 10
-# Cop supports --auto-correct.
-# Configuration parameters: EnforcedStyle.
-# SupportedStyles: prefer_alias, prefer_alias_method
-Style/Alias:
-  Exclude:
-    - 'lib/liquid/drop.rb'
-    - 'lib/liquid/i18n.rb'
-    - 'lib/liquid/profiler/hooks.rb'
-    - 'lib/liquid/standardfilters.rb'
-    - 'lib/liquid/tag.rb'
-    - 'lib/liquid/tags/include.rb'
-    - 'lib/liquid/variable.rb'
-
-# Offense count: 22
-Style/CommentedKeyword:
-  Enabled: false
-
-# Offense count: 1
-# Cop supports --auto-correct.
-# Configuration parameters: EnforcedStyle, SingleLineConditionsOnly, IncludeTernaryExpressions.
-# SupportedStyles: assign_to_condition, assign_inside_condition
-Style/ConditionalAssignment:
-  Exclude:
-    - 'lib/liquid/errors.rb'
-
-# Offense count: 1
-# Cop supports --auto-correct.
-Style/EmptyCaseCondition:
-  Exclude:
-    - 'lib/liquid/lexer.rb'
-
-# Offense count: 5
-# Cop supports --auto-correct.
-# Configuration parameters: EnforcedStyle.
-# SupportedStyles: compact, expanded
-Style/EmptyMethod:
-  Exclude:
-    - 'lib/liquid/tag.rb'
-    - 'lib/liquid/tags/comment.rb'
-    - 'lib/liquid/tags/include.rb'
-    - 'test/integration/tags/include_tag_test.rb'
-    - 'test/unit/context_unit_test.rb'
-
-# Offense count: 3
-# Cop supports --auto-correct.
-Style/Encoding:
-  Exclude:
-    - 'lib/liquid/version.rb'
-    - 'liquid.gemspec'
-    - 'test/integration/standard_filter_test.rb'
-
-# Offense count: 2
-# Cop supports --auto-correct.
-Style/ExpandPathArguments:
-  Exclude:
-    - 'Rakefile'
-    - 'liquid.gemspec'
-
-# Offense count: 7
-# Configuration parameters: EnforcedStyle.
-# SupportedStyles: annotated, template, unannotated
-Style/FormatStringToken:
-  Exclude:
-    - 'test/integration/filter_test.rb'
-    - 'test/integration/hash_ordering_test.rb'
-
-# Offense count: 106
-# Cop supports --auto-correct.
-# Configuration parameters: EnforcedStyle.
-# SupportedStyles: always, never
-Style/FrozenStringLiteralComment:
-  Enabled: false
-
-# Offense count: 14
-# Configuration parameters: MinBodyLength.
-Style/GuardClause:
-  Exclude:
-    - 'lib/liquid/condition.rb'
-    - 'lib/liquid/lexer.rb'
-    - 'lib/liquid/strainer.rb'
    - 'lib/liquid/tags/assign.rb'
    - 'lib/liquid/tags/capture.rb'
    - 'lib/liquid/tags/case.rb'
+    - 'lib/liquid/tags/cycle.rb'
    - 'lib/liquid/tags/for.rb'
+    - 'lib/liquid/tags/if.rb'
    - 'lib/liquid/tags/include.rb'
    - 'lib/liquid/tags/raw.rb'
    - 'lib/liquid/tags/table_row.rb'
    - 'lib/liquid/variable.rb'
-    - 'test/unit/tokenizer_unit_test.rb'
+    - 'performance/shopify/comment_form.rb'
+    - 'performance/shopify/paginate.rb'
+    - 'test/integration/tags/include_tag_test.rb'

-# Offense count: 53
-# Cop supports --auto-correct.
-# Configuration parameters: EnforcedStyle.
-# SupportedStyles: literals, strict
-Style/MutableConstant:
-  Enabled: false
+# Offense count: 5
+Style/ClassVars:
+  Exclude:
+    - 'lib/liquid/condition.rb'
+    - 'lib/liquid/strainer.rb'
+    - 'lib/liquid/template.rb'

 # Offense count: 1
-# Cop supports --auto-correct.
-# Configuration parameters: EnforcedStyle, MinBodyLength.
-# SupportedStyles: skip_modifier_ifs, always
-Style/Next:
+# Configuration parameters: AllowCoercion.
+Style/DateTime:
  Exclude:
-    - 'lib/liquid/tags/for.rb'
-
-# Offense count: 13
-# Cop supports --auto-correct.
-# Configuration parameters: AutoCorrect, EnforcedStyle, IgnoredMethods.
-# SupportedStyles: predicate, comparison
-Style/NumericPredicate:
-  Exclude:
-    - 'spec/**/*'
-    - 'lib/liquid/context.rb'
-    - 'lib/liquid/forloop_drop.rb'
-    - 'lib/liquid/standardfilters.rb'
-    - 'lib/liquid/tablerowloop_drop.rb'
-    - 'test/integration/standard_filter_test.rb'
-    - 'test/integration/template_test.rb'
-
-# Offense count: 14
-# Cop supports --auto-correct.
-# Configuration parameters: PreferredDelimiters.
-Style/PercentLiteralDelimiters:
-  Exclude:
-    - 'lib/liquid/tags/if.rb'
-    - 'liquid.gemspec'
-    - 'test/integration/assign_test.rb'
-    - 'test/integration/standard_filter_test.rb'
-
-# Offense count: 1
-# Cop supports --auto-correct.
-Style/RedundantSelf:
-  Exclude:
-    - 'lib/liquid/strainer.rb'
-
-# Offense count: 3
-# Cop supports --auto-correct.
-# Configuration parameters: ConvertCodeThatCanStartToReturnNil, Whitelist.
-# Whitelist: present?, blank?, presence, try, try!
-Style/SafeNavigation:
-  Exclude:
-    - 'lib/liquid/drop.rb'
-    - 'lib/liquid/strainer.rb'
-    - 'lib/liquid/tokenizer.rb'
+    - 'test/unit/context_unit_test.rb'

 # Offense count: 9
 # Cop supports --auto-correct.
@@ -308,38 +92,3 @@ Style/Semicolon:
    - 'test/integration/error_handling_test.rb'
    - 'test/integration/template_test.rb'
    - 'test/unit/context_unit_test.rb'
-
-# Offense count: 7
-# Cop supports --auto-correct.
-# Configuration parameters: MinSize.
-# SupportedStyles: percent, brackets
-Style/SymbolArray:
-  EnforcedStyle: brackets
-
-# Offense count: 2
-# Cop supports --auto-correct.
-# Configuration parameters: EnforcedStyle, AllowSafeAssignment.
-# SupportedStyles: require_parentheses, require_no_parentheses, require_parentheses_when_complex
-Style/TernaryParentheses:
-  Exclude:
-    - 'lib/liquid/context.rb'
-    - 'lib/liquid/utils.rb'
-
-# Offense count: 2
-# Cop supports --auto-correct.
-Style/UnneededPercentQ:
-  Exclude:
-    - 'test/integration/error_handling_test.rb'
-
-# Offense count: 1
-# Cop supports --auto-correct.
-Style/WhileUntilModifier:
-  Exclude:
-    - 'lib/liquid/tags/case.rb'
-
-# Offense count: 665
-# Cop supports --auto-correct.
-# Configuration parameters: AutoCorrect, AllowHeredoc, AllowURI, URISchemes, IgnoreCopDirectives, IgnoredPatterns.
-# URISchemes: http, https
-Metrics/LineLength:
-  Max: 294
--- a/.travis.yml
+++ b/.travis.yml
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 language: ruby
+cache: bundler

 rvm:
  - 2.4
@@ -9,7 +10,6 @@ rvm:
  - jruby-head
  - truffleruby

-
 matrix:
  include:
    - rvm: *latest_ruby
@@ -20,9 +20,11 @@ matrix:
    - rvm: jruby-head
    - rvm: truffleruby

-cache: bundler
-
-script: bundle exec rake
+branches:
+  only:
+    - master
+    - gh-pages
+    - /.*-stable/

 notifications:
  disable: true
--- a/4
+++ b/4
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 source 'https://rubygems.org'
 git_source(:github) do |repo_name|
  "https://github.com/#{repo_name}.git"
@@ -20,6 +22,6 @@ group :test do
  gem 'rubocop-performance', require: false

  platform :mri, :truffleruby do
-    gem 'liquid-c', github: 'Shopify/liquid-c', ref: 'liquid-tag'
+    gem 'liquid-c', github: 'Shopify/liquid-c', ref: 'master'
  end
 end
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -106,3 +106,9 @@ template = Liquid::Template.parse("{{x}} {{y}}")
 template.render!({ 'x' => 1}, { strict_variables: true })
 #=> Liquid::UndefinedVariable: Liquid error: undefined variable y
 ```
+
+### Usage tracking
+
+To help track usages of a feature or code path in production, we have released opt-in usage tracking. To enable this, we provide an empty `Liquid:: Usage.increment` method which you can customize to your needs. The feature is well suited to https://github.com/Shopify/statsd-instrument. However, the choice of implementation is up to you.
+
+Once you have enabled usage tracking, we recommend reporting any events through Github Issues that your system may be logging. It is highly likely this event has been added to consider deprecating or improving code specific to this event, so please raise any concerns.
--- a/16
+++ b/16
@@ -1,18 +1,20 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 require 'rake'
 require 'rake/testtask'
-$LOAD_PATH.unshift File.expand_path("../lib", __FILE__)
+$LOAD_PATH.unshift(File.expand_path("../lib", __FILE__))
 require "liquid/version"

-task default: [:test, :rubocop]
+task(default: [:test, :rubocop])

-desc 'run test suite with default parser'
+desc('run test suite with default parser')
 Rake::TestTask.new(:base_test) do |t|
  t.libs << '.' << 'lib' << 'test'
  t.test_files = FileList['test/{integration,unit}/**/*_test.rb']
  t.verbose = false
 end

-desc 'run test suite with warn error mode'
+desc('run test suite with warn error mode')
 task :warn_test do
  ENV['LIQUID_PARSER_MODE'] = 'warn'
  Rake::Task['base_test'].invoke
@@ -25,7 +27,7 @@ task :rubocop do
  end
 end

-desc 'runs test suite with both strict and lax parsers'
+desc('runs test suite with both strict and lax parsers')
 task :test do
  ENV['LIQUID_PARSER_MODE'] = 'lax'
  Rake::Task['base_test'].invoke
@@ -47,7 +49,7 @@ task :test do
  end
 end

-task gem: :build
+task(gem: :build)
 task :build do
  system "gem build liquid.gemspec"
 end
@@ -94,7 +96,7 @@ namespace :memory_profile do
  end
 end

-desc "Run example"
+desc("Run example")
 task :example do
  ruby "-w -d -Ilib example/server/server.rb"
 end
--- a/example/server/example_servlet.rb
+++ b/example/server/example_servlet.rb
@@ -1,6 +1,8 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 module ProductsFilter
  def price(integer)
-    sprintf("$%.2d USD", integer / 100.0)
+    format("$%.2d USD", integer / 100.0)
  end

  def prettyprint(text)
--- a/example/server/liquid_servlet.rb
+++ b/example/server/liquid_servlet.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 class LiquidServlet < WEBrick::HTTPServlet::AbstractServlet
  def do_GET(req, res)
    handle(:get, req, res)
@@ -9,12 +11,12 @@ class LiquidServlet < WEBrick::HTTPServlet::AbstractServlet

  private

-  def handle(type, req, res)
+  def handle(_type, req, res)
    @request = req
    @response = res

    @request.path_info =~ /(\w+)\z/
-    @action = $1 || 'index'
+    @action = Regexp.last_match(1) || 'index'
    @assigns = send(@action) if respond_to?(@action)

    @response['Content-Type'] = "text/html"
--- a/example/server/server.rb
+++ b/example/server/server.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 require 'webrick'
 require 'rexml/document'

@@ -8,5 +10,5 @@ require_relative 'example_servlet'
 # Setup webrick
 server = WEBrick::HTTPServer.new(Port: ARGV[1] || 3000)
 server.mount('/', Servlet)
-trap("INT"){ server.shutdown }
+trap("INT") { server.shutdown }
 server.start
--- a/lib/liquid.rb
+++ b/lib/liquid.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 # Copyright (c) 2005 Tobias Luetke
 #
 # Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining
@@ -21,10 +23,10 @@

 module Liquid
  FilterSeparator             = /\|/
-  ArgumentSeparator           = ','.freeze
-  FilterArgumentSeparator     = ':'.freeze
-  VariableAttributeSeparator  = '.'.freeze
-  WhitespaceControl           = '-'.freeze
+  ArgumentSeparator           = ','
+  FilterArgumentSeparator     = ':'
+  VariableAttributeSeparator  = '.'
+  WhitespaceControl           = '-'
  TagStart                    = /\{\%/
  TagEnd                      = /\%\}/
  VariableSignature           = /\(?[\w\-\.\[\]]\)?/
@@ -74,6 +76,8 @@ require 'liquid/condition'
 require 'liquid/utils'
 require 'liquid/tokenizer'
 require 'liquid/parse_context'
+require 'liquid/partial_cache'
+require 'liquid/usage'

 # Load all the tags of the standard library
 #
--- a/lib/liquid/block.rb
+++ b/lib/liquid/block.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 module Liquid
  class Block < Tag
    MAX_DEPTH = 100
@@ -27,16 +29,16 @@ module Liquid
    end

    def unknown_tag(tag, _params, _tokens)
-      if tag == 'else'.freeze
-        raise SyntaxError.new(parse_context.locale.t("errors.syntax.unexpected_else".freeze,
-          block_name: block_name))
-      elsif tag.start_with?('end'.freeze)
-        raise SyntaxError.new(parse_context.locale.t("errors.syntax.invalid_delimiter".freeze,
+      if tag == 'else'
+        raise SyntaxError, parse_context.locale.t("errors.syntax.unexpected_else",
+          block_name: block_name)
+      elsif tag.start_with?('end')
+        raise SyntaxError, parse_context.locale.t("errors.syntax.invalid_delimiter",
          tag: tag,
          block_name: block_name,
-          block_delimiter: block_delimiter))
+          block_delimiter: block_delimiter)
      else
-        raise SyntaxError.new(parse_context.locale.t("errors.syntax.unknown_tag".freeze, tag: tag))
+        raise SyntaxError, parse_context.locale.t("errors.syntax.unknown_tag", tag: tag)
      end
    end

@@ -52,7 +54,7 @@ module Liquid

    def parse_body(body, tokens)
      if parse_context.depth >= MAX_DEPTH
-        raise StackLevelError, "Nesting too deep".freeze
+        raise StackLevelError, "Nesting too deep"
      end
      parse_context.depth += 1
      begin
@@ -61,7 +63,7 @@ module Liquid

          return false if end_tag_name == block_delimiter
          unless end_tag_name
-            raise SyntaxError.new(parse_context.locale.t("errors.syntax.tag_never_closed".freeze, block_name: block_name))
+            raise SyntaxError, parse_context.locale.t("errors.syntax.tag_never_closed", block_name: block_name)
          end

          # this tag is not registered with the system
--- a/lib/liquid/block_body.rb
+++ b/lib/liquid/block_body.rb
@@ -1,11 +1,13 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 module Liquid
  class BlockBody
    LiquidTagToken = /\A\s*(\w+)\s*(.*?)\z/o
    FullToken = /\A#{TagStart}#{WhitespaceControl}?(\s*)(\w+)(\s*)(.*?)#{WhitespaceControl}?#{TagEnd}\z/om
    ContentOfVariable = /\A#{VariableStart}#{WhitespaceControl}?(.*?)#{WhitespaceControl}?#{VariableEnd}\z/om
    WhitespaceOrNothing = /\A\s*\z/
-    TAGSTART = "{%".freeze
-    VARSTART = "{{".freeze
+    TAGSTART = "{%"
+    VARSTART = "{{"

    attr_reader :nodelist

@@ -32,8 +34,8 @@ module Liquid
            # caller raise a syntax error
            return yield token, token
          end
-          tag_name = $1
-          markup = $2
+          tag_name = Regexp.last_match(1)
+          markup = Regexp.last_match(2)
          unless tag = registered_tags[tag_name]
            # end parsing if we reach an unknown tag and let the caller decide
            # determine how to proceed
@@ -58,16 +60,16 @@ module Liquid
          unless token =~ FullToken
            raise_missing_tag_terminator(token, parse_context)
          end
-          tag_name = $2
-          markup = $4
+          tag_name = Regexp.last_match(2)
+          markup = Regexp.last_match(4)

          if parse_context.line_number
            # newlines inside the tag should increase the line number,
            # particularly important for multiline {% liquid %} tags
-            parse_context.line_number += $1.count("\n".freeze) + $3.count("\n".freeze)
+            parse_context.line_number += Regexp.last_match(1).count("\n") + Regexp.last_match(3).count("\n")
          end

-          if tag_name == 'liquid'.freeze
+          if tag_name == 'liquid'
            liquid_tag_tokenizer = Tokenizer.new(markup, line_number: parse_context.line_number, for_liquid_tag: true)
            next parse_for_liquid_tag(liquid_tag_tokenizer, parse_context, &block)
          end
@@ -101,7 +103,7 @@ module Liquid
    def whitespace_handler(token, parse_context)
      if token[2] == WhitespaceControl
        previous_token = @nodelist.last
-        if previous_token.is_a? String
+        if previous_token.is_a?(String)
          previous_token.rstrip!
        end
      end
@@ -113,7 +115,7 @@ module Liquid
    end

    def render(context)
-      render_to_output_buffer(context, '')
+      render_to_output_buffer(context, +'')
    end

    def render_to_output_buffer(context, output)
@@ -129,7 +131,7 @@ module Liquid
        when Variable
          render_node(context, output, node)
        when Block
-          render_node(context, node.blank? ? '' : output, node)
+          render_node(context, node.blank? ? +'' : output, node)
          break if context.interrupt? # might have happened in a for-block
        when Continue, Break
          # If we get an Interrupt that means the block must stop processing. An
@@ -163,7 +165,7 @@ module Liquid
    def raise_if_resource_limits_reached(context, length)
      context.resource_limits.render_length += length
      return unless context.resource_limits.reached?
-      raise MemoryError.new("Memory limits exceeded".freeze)
+      raise MemoryError, "Memory limits exceeded"
    end

    def create_variable(token, parse_context)
@@ -175,11 +177,11 @@ module Liquid
    end

    def raise_missing_tag_terminator(token, parse_context)
-      raise SyntaxError.new(parse_context.locale.t("errors.syntax.tag_termination".freeze, token: token, tag_end: TagEnd.inspect))
+      raise SyntaxError, parse_context.locale.t("errors.syntax.tag_termination", token: token, tag_end: TagEnd.inspect)
    end

    def raise_missing_variable_terminator(token, parse_context)
-      raise SyntaxError.new(parse_context.locale.t("errors.syntax.variable_termination".freeze, token: token, tag_end: VariableEnd.inspect))
+      raise SyntaxError, parse_context.locale.t("errors.syntax.variable_termination", token: token, tag_end: VariableEnd.inspect)
    end

    def registered_tags
--- a/lib/liquid/condition.rb
+++ b/lib/liquid/condition.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 module Liquid
  # Container for liquid nodes which conveniently wraps decision making logic
  #
@@ -8,21 +10,21 @@ module Liquid
  #
  class Condition #:nodoc:
    @@operators = {
-      '=='.freeze => ->(cond, left, right) {  cond.send(:equal_variables, left, right) },
-      '!='.freeze => ->(cond, left, right) { !cond.send(:equal_variables, left, right) },
-      '<>'.freeze => ->(cond, left, right) { !cond.send(:equal_variables, left, right) },
-      '<'.freeze  => :<,
-      '>'.freeze  => :>,
-      '>='.freeze => :>=,
-      '<='.freeze => :<=,
-      'contains'.freeze => lambda do |cond, left, right|
+      '==' => ->(cond, left, right) {  cond.send(:equal_variables, left, right) },
+      '!=' => ->(cond, left, right) { !cond.send(:equal_variables, left, right) },
+      '<>' => ->(cond, left, right) { !cond.send(:equal_variables, left, right) },
+      '<' => :<,
+      '>' => :>,
+      '>=' => :>=,
+      '<=' => :<=,
+      'contains' => lambda do |_cond, left, right|
        if left && right && left.respond_to?(:include?)
          right = right.to_s if left.is_a?(String)
          left.include?(right)
        else
          false
        end
-      end
+      end,
    }

    def self.operators
@@ -36,7 +38,7 @@ module Liquid
      @left = left
      @operator = operator
      @right = right
-      @child_relation  = nil
+      @child_relation = nil
      @child_condition = nil
    end

@@ -78,7 +80,7 @@ module Liquid
    end

    def inspect
-      "#<Condition #{[@left, @operator, @right].compact.join(' '.freeze)}>"
+      "#<Condition #{[@left, @operator, @right].compact.join(' ')}>"
    end

    protected
@@ -116,7 +118,7 @@ module Liquid
      left = context.evaluate(left)
      right = context.evaluate(right)

-      operation = self.class.operators[op] || raise(Liquid::ArgumentError.new("Unknown operator #{op}"))
+      operation = self.class.operators[op] || raise(Liquid::ArgumentError, "Unknown operator #{op}")

      if operation.respond_to?(:call)
        operation.call(self, left, right)
@@ -124,7 +126,7 @@ module Liquid
        begin
          left.send(operation, right)
        rescue ::ArgumentError => e
-          raise Liquid::ArgumentError.new(e.message)
+          raise Liquid::ArgumentError, e.message
        end
      end
    end
--- a/lib/liquid/context.rb
+++ b/lib/liquid/context.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 module Liquid
  # Context keeps the variable stack and resolves variables, as well as keywords
  #
@@ -12,30 +14,39 @@ module Liquid
  #
  #   context['bob']  #=> nil  class Context
  class Context
-    attr_reader :scopes, :errors, :registers, :environments, :resource_limits
+    attr_reader :scopes, :errors, :registers, :environments, :resource_limits, :static_registers, :static_environments
    attr_accessor :exception_renderer, :template_name, :partial, :global_filter, :strict_variables, :strict_filters

-    def initialize(environments = {}, outer_scope = {}, registers = {}, rethrow_errors = false, resource_limits = nil)
-      @environments     = [environments].flatten
-      @scopes           = [(outer_scope || {})]
-      @registers        = registers
-      @errors           = []
-      @partial          = false
-      @strict_variables = false
-      @resource_limits  = resource_limits || ResourceLimits.new(Template.default_resource_limits)
-      squash_instance_assigns_with_environments
+    # rubocop:disable Metrics/ParameterLists
+    def self.build(environments: {}, outer_scope: {}, registers: {}, rethrow_errors: false, resource_limits: nil, static_registers: {}, static_environments: {})
+      new(environments, outer_scope, registers, rethrow_errors, resource_limits, static_registers, static_environments)
+    end

-      @this_stack_used = false
+    def initialize(environments = {}, outer_scope = {}, registers = {}, rethrow_errors = false, resource_limits = nil, static_registers = {}, static_environments = {})
+      @environments = [environments]
+      @environments.flatten!
+
+      @static_environments = [static_environments].flat_map(&:freeze).freeze
+      @scopes              = [(outer_scope || {})]
+      @registers           = registers
+      @static_registers    = static_registers.freeze
+      @errors              = []
+      @partial             = false
+      @strict_variables    = false
+      @resource_limits     = resource_limits || ResourceLimits.new(Template.default_resource_limits)
+      @base_scope_depth    = 0
+      squash_instance_assigns_with_environments

      self.exception_renderer = Template.default_exception_renderer
      if rethrow_errors
-        self.exception_renderer = ->(e) { raise }
+        self.exception_renderer = ->(_e) { raise }
      end

      @interrupts = []
      @filters = []
      @global_filter = nil
    end
+    # rubocop:enable Metrics/ParameterLists

    def warnings
      @warnings ||= []
@@ -89,7 +100,7 @@ module Liquid
    # Push new local scope on the stack. use <tt>Context#stack</tt> instead
    def push(new_scope = {})
      @scopes.unshift(new_scope)
-      raise StackLevelError, "Nesting too deep".freeze if @scopes.length > Block::MAX_DEPTH
+      check_overflow
    end

    # Merge a hash of variables in the current local scope
@@ -111,19 +122,30 @@ module Liquid
    #   end
    #
    #   context['var]  #=> nil
-    def stack(new_scope = nil)
-      old_stack_used = @this_stack_used
-      if new_scope
-        push(new_scope)
-        @this_stack_used = true
-      else
-        @this_stack_used = false
-      end
-
+    def stack(new_scope = {})
+      push(new_scope)
      yield
    ensure
-      pop if @this_stack_used
-      @this_stack_used = old_stack_used
+      pop
+    end
+
+    # Creates a new context inheriting resource limits, filters, environment etc.,
+    # but with an isolated scope.
+    def new_isolated_subcontext
+      check_overflow
+
+      Context.build(
+        resource_limits: resource_limits,
+        static_environments: static_environments,
+        static_registers: static_registers
+      ).tap do |subcontext|
+        subcontext.base_scope_depth = base_scope_depth + 1
+        subcontext.exception_renderer = exception_renderer
+        subcontext.filters = @filters
+        subcontext.strainer = nil
+        subcontext.errors = errors
+        subcontext.warnings = warnings
+      end
    end

    def clear_instance_assigns
@@ -132,10 +154,6 @@ module Liquid

    # Only allow String, Numeric, Hash, Array, Proc, Boolean or <tt>Liquid::Drop</tt>
    def []=(key, value)
-      unless @this_stack_used
-        @this_stack_used = true
-        push({})
-      end
      @scopes[0][key] = value
    end

@@ -164,25 +182,13 @@ module Liquid
      # This was changed from find() to find_index() because this is a very hot
      # path and find_index() is optimized in MRI to reduce object allocation
      index = @scopes.find_index { |s| s.key?(key) }
-      scope = @scopes[index] if index

-      variable = nil
-
-      if scope.nil?
-        @environments.each do |e|
-          variable = lookup_and_evaluate(e, key, raise_on_not_found: raise_on_not_found)
-          # When lookup returned a value OR there is no value but the lookup also did not raise
-          # then it is the value we are looking for.
-          if !variable.nil? || @strict_variables && raise_on_not_found
-            scope = e
-            break
-          end
-        end
+      variable = if index
+        lookup_and_evaluate(@scopes[index], key, raise_on_not_found: raise_on_not_found)
+      else
+        try_variable_find_in_environments(key, raise_on_not_found: raise_on_not_found)
      end

-      scope ||= @environments.last || @scopes.last
-      variable ||= lookup_and_evaluate(scope, key, raise_on_not_found: raise_on_not_found)
-
      variable = variable.to_liquid
      variable.context = self if variable.respond_to?(:context=)

@@ -197,14 +203,44 @@ module Liquid
      value = obj[key]

      if value.is_a?(Proc) && obj.respond_to?(:[]=)
-        obj[key] = (value.arity == 0) ? value.call : value.call(self)
+        obj[key] = value.arity == 0 ? value.call : value.call(self)
      else
        value
      end
    end

+    protected
+
+    attr_writer :base_scope_depth, :warnings, :errors, :strainer, :filters
+
    private

+    attr_reader :base_scope_depth
+
+    def try_variable_find_in_environments(key, raise_on_not_found:)
+      @environments.each do |environment|
+        found_variable = lookup_and_evaluate(environment, key, raise_on_not_found: raise_on_not_found)
+        if !found_variable.nil? || @strict_variables && raise_on_not_found
+          return found_variable
+        end
+      end
+      @static_environments.each do |environment|
+        found_variable = lookup_and_evaluate(environment, key, raise_on_not_found: raise_on_not_found)
+        if !found_variable.nil? || @strict_variables && raise_on_not_found
+          return found_variable
+        end
+      end
+      nil
+    end
+
+    def check_overflow
+      raise StackLevelError, "Nesting too deep" if overflow?
+    end
+
+    def overflow?
+      base_scope_depth + @scopes.length > Block::MAX_DEPTH
+    end
+
    def internal_error
      # raise and catch to set backtrace and cause on exception
      raise Liquid::InternalError, 'internal'
--- a/lib/liquid/document.rb
+++ b/lib/liquid/document.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 module Liquid
  class Document < BlockBody
    def self.parse(tokens, parse_context)
@@ -7,7 +9,7 @@ module Liquid
    end

    def parse(tokens, parse_context)
-      super do |end_tag_name, end_tag_params|
+      super do |end_tag_name, _end_tag_params|
        unknown_tag(end_tag_name, parse_context) if end_tag_name
      end
    rescue SyntaxError => e
@@ -17,10 +19,10 @@ module Liquid

    def unknown_tag(tag, parse_context)
      case tag
-      when 'else'.freeze, 'end'.freeze
-        raise SyntaxError.new(parse_context.locale.t("errors.syntax.unexpected_outer_tag".freeze, tag: tag))
+      when 'else', 'end'
+        raise SyntaxError, parse_context.locale.t("errors.syntax.unexpected_outer_tag", tag: tag)
      else
-        raise SyntaxError.new(parse_context.locale.t("errors.syntax.unknown_tag".freeze, tag: tag))
+        raise SyntaxError, parse_context.locale.t("errors.syntax.unknown_tag", tag: tag)
      end
    end
  end
--- a/lib/liquid/drop.rb
+++ b/lib/liquid/drop.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 require 'set'

 module Liquid
@@ -25,7 +27,7 @@ module Liquid

    # Catch all for the method
    def liquid_method_missing(method)
-      return nil unless @context && @context.strict_variables
+      return nil unless @context&.strict_variables
      raise Liquid::UndefinedDropMethod, "undefined method #{method}"
    end

--- a/lib/liquid/errors.rb
+++ b/lib/liquid/errors.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 module Liquid
  class Error < ::StandardError
    attr_accessor :line_number
@@ -5,7 +7,7 @@ module Liquid
    attr_accessor :markup_context

    def to_s(with_prefix = true)
-      str = ""
+      str = +""
      str << message_prefix if with_prefix
      str << super()

@@ -20,11 +22,11 @@ module Liquid
    private

    def message_prefix
-      str = ""
-      if is_a?(SyntaxError)
-        str << "Liquid syntax error"
+      str = +""
+      str << if is_a?(SyntaxError)
+        "Liquid syntax error"
      else
-        str << "Liquid error"
+        "Liquid error"
      end

      if line_number
--- a/lib/liquid/expression.rb
+++ b/lib/liquid/expression.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 module Liquid
  class Expression
    class MethodLiteral
@@ -14,11 +16,11 @@ module Liquid
    end

    LITERALS = {
-      nil => nil, 'nil'.freeze => nil, 'null'.freeze => nil, ''.freeze => nil,
-      'true'.freeze  => true,
-      'false'.freeze => false,
-      'blank'.freeze => MethodLiteral.new(:blank?, '').freeze,
-      'empty'.freeze => MethodLiteral.new(:empty?, '').freeze
+      nil => nil, 'nil' => nil, 'null' => nil, '' => nil,
+      'true' => true,
+      'false' => false,
+      'blank' => MethodLiteral.new(:blank?, '').freeze,
+      'empty' => MethodLiteral.new(:empty?, '').freeze
    }.freeze

    SINGLE_QUOTED_STRING = /\A'(.*)'\z/m
@@ -33,13 +35,13 @@ module Liquid
      else
        case markup
        when SINGLE_QUOTED_STRING, DOUBLE_QUOTED_STRING
-          $1
+          Regexp.last_match(1)
        when INTEGERS_REGEX
-          $1.to_i
+          Regexp.last_match(1).to_i
        when RANGES_REGEX
-          RangeLookup.parse($1, $2)
+          RangeLookup.parse(Regexp.last_match(1), Regexp.last_match(2))
        when FLOATS_REGEX
-          $1.to_f
+          Regexp.last_match(1).to_f
        else
          VariableLookup.parse(markup)
        end
--- a/lib/liquid/extensions.rb
+++ b/lib/liquid/extensions.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 require 'time'
 require 'date'

--- a/lib/liquid/file_system.rb
+++ b/lib/liquid/file_system.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 module Liquid
  # A Liquid file system is a way to let your templates retrieve other templates for use with the include tag.
  #
@@ -44,7 +46,7 @@ module Liquid
  class LocalFileSystem
    attr_accessor :root

-    def initialize(root, pattern = "_%s.liquid".freeze)
+    def initialize(root, pattern = "_%s.liquid")
      @root = root
      @pattern = pattern
    end
@@ -57,9 +59,9 @@ module Liquid
    end

    def full_path(template_path)
-      raise FileSystemError, "Illegal template name '#{template_path}'" unless template_path =~ /\A[^.\/][a-zA-Z0-9_\/]+\z/
+      raise FileSystemError, "Illegal template name '#{template_path}'" unless template_path =~ %r{\A[^./][a-zA-Z0-9_/]+\z}

-      full_path = if template_path.include?('/'.freeze)
+      full_path = if template_path.include?('/')
        File.join(root, File.dirname(template_path), @pattern % File.basename(template_path))
      else
        File.join(root, @pattern % template_path)
--- a/lib/liquid/forloop_drop.rb
+++ b/lib/liquid/forloop_drop.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 module Liquid
  class ForloopDrop < Drop
    def initialize(name, length, parentloop)
--- a/lib/liquid/i18n.rb
+++ b/lib/liquid/i18n.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 require 'yaml'

 module Liquid
@@ -26,13 +28,13 @@ module Liquid
    def interpolate(name, vars)
      name.gsub(/%\{(\w+)\}/) do
        # raise TranslationError, "Undefined key #{$1} for interpolation in translation #{name}"  unless vars[$1.to_sym]
-        (vars[$1.to_sym]).to_s
+        (vars[Regexp.last_match(1).to_sym]).to_s
      end
    end

    def deep_fetch_translation(name)
-      name.split('.'.freeze).reduce(locale) do |level, cur|
-        level[cur] or raise TranslationError, "Translation for #{name} does not exist in locale #{path}"
+      name.split('.').reduce(locale) do |level, cur|
+        level[cur] || raise(TranslationError, "Translation for #{name} does not exist in locale #{path}")
      end
    end
  end
--- a/lib/liquid/interrupts.rb
+++ b/lib/liquid/interrupts.rb
@@ -1,10 +1,12 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 module Liquid
  # An interrupt is any command that breaks processing of a block (ex: a for loop).
  class Interrupt
    attr_reader :message

    def initialize(message = nil)
-      @message = message || "interrupt".freeze
+      @message = message || "interrupt"
    end
  end

--- a/lib/liquid/lexer.rb
+++ b/lib/liquid/lexer.rb
@@ -1,17 +1,19 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 require "strscan"
 module Liquid
  class Lexer
    SPECIALS = {
-      '|'.freeze => :pipe,
-      '.'.freeze => :dot,
-      ':'.freeze => :colon,
-      ','.freeze => :comma,
-      '['.freeze => :open_square,
-      ']'.freeze => :close_square,
-      '('.freeze => :open_round,
-      ')'.freeze => :close_round,
-      '?'.freeze => :question,
-      '-'.freeze => :dash
+      '|' => :pipe,
+      '.' => :dot,
+      ':' => :colon,
+      ',' => :comma,
+      '[' => :open_square,
+      ']' => :close_square,
+      '(' => :open_round,
+      ')' => :close_round,
+      '?' => :question,
+      '-' => :dash,
    }.freeze
    IDENTIFIER = /[a-zA-Z_][\w-]*\??/
    SINGLE_STRING_LITERAL = /'[^\']*'/
@@ -31,13 +33,12 @@ module Liquid
      until @ss.eos?
        @ss.skip(WHITESPACE_OR_NOTHING)
        break if @ss.eos?
-        tok = case
-        when t = @ss.scan(COMPARISON_OPERATOR) then [:comparison, t]
-        when t = @ss.scan(SINGLE_STRING_LITERAL) then [:string, t]
-        when t = @ss.scan(DOUBLE_STRING_LITERAL) then [:string, t]
-        when t = @ss.scan(NUMBER_LITERAL) then [:number, t]
-        when t = @ss.scan(IDENTIFIER) then [:id, t]
-        when t = @ss.scan(DOTDOT) then [:dotdot, t]
+        tok = if t = @ss.scan(COMPARISON_OPERATOR) then [:comparison, t]
+        elsif t = @ss.scan(SINGLE_STRING_LITERAL) then [:string, t]
+        elsif t = @ss.scan(DOUBLE_STRING_LITERAL) then [:string, t]
+        elsif t = @ss.scan(NUMBER_LITERAL) then [:number, t]
+        elsif t = @ss.scan(IDENTIFIER) then [:id, t]
+        elsif t = @ss.scan(DOTDOT) then [:dotdot, t]
        else
          c = @ss.getch
          if s = SPECIALS[c]
--- a/lib/liquid/locales/en.yml
+++ b/lib/liquid/locales/en.yml
@@ -22,5 +22,6 @@
      tag_never_closed: "'%{block_name}' tag was never closed"
      meta_syntax_error: "Liquid syntax error: #{e.message}"
      table_row: "Syntax Error in 'table_row loop' - Valid syntax: table_row [item] in [collection] cols=3"
+      render: "Syntax error in tag 'render' - Template name must be a quoted string"
    argument:
      include: "Argument error in tag 'include' - Illegal template name"
--- a/lib/liquid/parse_context.rb
+++ b/lib/liquid/parse_context.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 module Liquid
  class ParseContext
    attr_accessor :locale, :line_number, :trim_whitespace, :depth
@@ -28,7 +30,7 @@ module Liquid
        if dont_pass == true
          { locale: locale }
        elsif dont_pass.is_a?(Array)
-          @template_options.reject { |k, v| dont_pass.include?(k) }
+          @template_options.reject { |k, _v| dont_pass.include?(k) }
        else
          @template_options
        end
--- a/lib/liquid/parse_tree_visitor.rb
+++ b/lib/liquid/parse_tree_visitor.rb
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ module Liquid
        item, new_context = @callbacks[node.class].call(node, context)
        [
          item,
-          ParseTreeVisitor.for(node, @callbacks).visit(new_context || context)
+          ParseTreeVisitor.for(node, @callbacks).visit(new_context || context),
        ]
      end
    end
--- a/lib/liquid/parser.rb
+++ b/lib/liquid/parser.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 module Liquid
  class Parser
    def initialize(input)
@@ -51,7 +53,7 @@ module Liquid
      token = @tokens[@p]
      if token[0] == :id
        variable_signature
-      elsif SINGLE_TOKEN_EXPRESSION_TYPES.include? token[0]
+      elsif SINGLE_TOKEN_EXPRESSION_TYPES.include?(token[0])
        consume
      elsif token.first == :open_round
        consume
@@ -66,10 +68,10 @@ module Liquid
    end

    def argument
-      str = ""
+      str = +""
      # might be a keyword argument (identifier: expression)
      if look(:id) && look(:colon, 1)
-        str << consume << consume << ' '.freeze
+        str << consume << consume << ' '
      end

      str << expression
--- a/lib/liquid/parser_switching.rb
+++ b/lib/liquid/parser_switching.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 module Liquid
  module ParserSwitching
    def parse_with_selected_parser(markup)
--- a/lib/liquid/partial_cache.rb
+++ b/lib/liquid/partial_cache.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+module Liquid
+  class PartialCache
+    def self.load(template_name, context:, parse_context:)
+      cached_partials = (context.registers[:cached_partials] ||= {})
+      cached = cached_partials[template_name]
+      return cached if cached
+
+      file_system = (context.registers[:file_system] ||= Liquid::Template.file_system)
+      source = file_system.read_template_file(template_name)
+      parse_context.partial = true
+
+      partial = Liquid::Template.parse(source, parse_context)
+      cached_partials[template_name] = partial
+    ensure
+      parse_context.partial = false
+    end
+  end
+end
--- a/lib/liquid/profiler.rb
+++ b/lib/liquid/profiler.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 require 'liquid/profiler/hooks'

 module Liquid
--- a/lib/liquid/profiler/hooks.rb
+++ b/lib/liquid/profiler/hooks.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 module Liquid
  class BlockBody
    def render_node_with_profiling(context, output, node)
--- a/lib/liquid/range_lookup.rb
+++ b/lib/liquid/range_lookup.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 module Liquid
  class RangeLookup
    def self.parse(start_markup, end_markup)
--- a/lib/liquid/resource_limits.rb
+++ b/lib/liquid/resource_limits.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 module Liquid
  class ResourceLimits
    attr_accessor :render_length, :render_score, :assign_score,
--- a/lib/liquid/standardfilters.rb
+++ b/lib/liquid/standardfilters.rb
@@ -1,20 +1,22 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 require 'cgi'
 require 'bigdecimal'

 module Liquid
  module StandardFilters
    HTML_ESCAPE = {
-      '&'.freeze => '&amp;'.freeze,
-      '>'.freeze => '&gt;'.freeze,
-      '<'.freeze => '&lt;'.freeze,
-      '"'.freeze => '&quot;'.freeze,
-      "'".freeze => '&#39;'.freeze
+      '&' => '&amp;',
+      '>' => '&gt;',
+      '<' => '&lt;',
+      '"' => '&quot;',
+      "'" => '&#39;',
    }.freeze
    HTML_ESCAPE_ONCE_REGEXP = /["><']|&(?!([a-zA-Z]+|(#\d+));)/
    STRIP_HTML_BLOCKS = Regexp.union(
-      /<script.*?<\/script>/m,
+      %r{<script.*?</script>}m,
      /<!--.*?-->/m,
-      /<style.*?<\/style>/m
+      %r{<style.*?</style>}m
    )
    STRIP_HTML_TAGS = /<.*?>/m

@@ -72,7 +74,7 @@ module Liquid
    end

    # Truncate a string down to x characters
-    def truncate(input, length = 50, truncate_string = "...".freeze)
+    def truncate(input, length = 50, truncate_string = "...")
      return if input.nil?
      input_str = input.to_s
      length = Utils.to_integer(length)
@@ -82,13 +84,13 @@ module Liquid
      input_str.length > length ? input_str[0...l].concat(truncate_string_str) : input_str
    end

-    def truncatewords(input, words = 15, truncate_string = "...".freeze)
+    def truncatewords(input, words = 15, truncate_string = "...")
      return if input.nil?
      wordlist = input.to_s.split
      words = Utils.to_integer(words)
      l = words - 1
      l = 0 if l < 0
-      wordlist.length > l ? wordlist[0..l].join(" ".freeze).concat(truncate_string.to_s) : input
+      wordlist.length > l ? wordlist[0..l].join(" ").concat(truncate_string.to_s) : input
    end

    # Split input string into an array of substrings separated by given pattern.
@@ -113,7 +115,7 @@ module Liquid
    end

    def strip_html(input)
-      empty = ''.freeze
+      empty = ''
      result = input.to_s.gsub(STRIP_HTML_BLOCKS, empty)
      result.gsub!(STRIP_HTML_TAGS, empty)
      result
@@ -121,11 +123,11 @@ module Liquid

    # Remove all newlines from the string
    def strip_newlines(input)
-      input.to_s.gsub(/\r?\n/, ''.freeze)
+      input.to_s.gsub(/\r?\n/, '')
    end

    # Join elements of the array with certain character between them
-    def join(input, glue = ' '.freeze)
+    def join(input, glue = ' ')
      InputIterator.new(input).join(glue)
    end

@@ -220,7 +222,7 @@ module Liquid
      InputIterator.new(input).map do |e|
        e = e.call if e.is_a?(Proc)

-        if property == "to_liquid".freeze
+        if property == "to_liquid"
          e
        elsif e.respond_to?(:[])
          r = e[property]
@@ -250,23 +252,23 @@ module Liquid
    end

    # Replace occurrences of a string with another
-    def replace(input, string, replacement = ''.freeze)
+    def replace(input, string, replacement = '')
      input.to_s.gsub(string.to_s, replacement.to_s)
    end

    # Replace the first occurrences of a string with another
-    def replace_first(input, string, replacement = ''.freeze)
+    def replace_first(input, string, replacement = '')
      input.to_s.sub(string.to_s, replacement.to_s)
    end

    # remove a substring
    def remove(input, string)
-      input.to_s.gsub(string.to_s, ''.freeze)
+      input.to_s.gsub(string.to_s, '')
    end

    # remove the first occurrences of a substring
    def remove_first(input, string)
-      input.to_s.sub(string.to_s, ''.freeze)
+      input.to_s.sub(string.to_s, '')
    end

    # add one string to another
@@ -276,7 +278,7 @@ module Liquid

    def concat(input, array)
      unless array.respond_to?(:to_ary)
-        raise ArgumentError.new("concat filter requires an array argument")
+        raise ArgumentError, "concat filter requires an array argument"
      end
      InputIterator.new(input).concat(array)
    end
@@ -288,7 +290,7 @@ module Liquid

    # Add <br /> tags in front of all newlines in input string
    def newline_to_br(input)
-      input.to_s.gsub(/\n/, "<br />\n".freeze)
+      input.to_s.gsub(/\n/, "<br />\n")
    end

    # Reformat a date using Ruby's core Time#strftime( string ) -> string
@@ -419,8 +421,9 @@ module Liquid
      result.is_a?(BigDecimal) ? result.to_f : result
    end

-    def default(input, default_value = ''.freeze)
+    def default(input, default_value = '')
      if !input || input.respond_to?(:empty?) && input.empty?
+        Usage.increment("default_filter_received_false_value") if input == false # See https://github.com/Shopify/liquid/issues/1127
        default_value
      else
        input
@@ -430,7 +433,7 @@ module Liquid
    private

    def raise_property_error(property)
-      raise Liquid::ArgumentError.new("cannot select the property '#{property}'")
+      raise Liquid::ArgumentError, "cannot select the property '#{property}'"
    end

    def apply_operation(input, operand, operation)
--- a/lib/liquid/strainer.rb
+++ b/lib/liquid/strainer.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 require 'set'

 module Liquid
@@ -27,7 +29,7 @@ module Liquid

    def self.add_filter(filter)
      raise ArgumentError, "Expected module but got: #{filter.class}" unless filter.is_a?(Module)
-      unless self.include?(filter)
+      unless include?(filter)
        invokable_non_public_methods = (filter.private_instance_methods + filter.protected_instance_methods).select { |m| invokable?(m) }
        if invokable_non_public_methods.any?
          raise MethodOverrideError, "Filter overrides registered public methods as non public: #{invokable_non_public_methods.join(', ')}"
@@ -54,7 +56,7 @@ module Liquid
    def invoke(method, *args)
      if self.class.invokable?(method)
        send(method, *args)
-      elsif @context && @context.strict_filters
+      elsif @context&.strict_filters
        raise Liquid::UndefinedFilter, "undefined filter #{method}"
      else
        args.first
--- a/lib/liquid/tablerowloop_drop.rb
+++ b/lib/liquid/tablerowloop_drop.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 module Liquid
  class TablerowloopDrop < Drop
    def initialize(length, cols)
--- a/lib/liquid/tag.rb
+++ b/lib/liquid/tag.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 module Liquid
  class Tag
    attr_reader :nodelist, :tag_name, :line_number, :parse_context
@@ -33,7 +35,7 @@ module Liquid
    end

    def render(_context)
-      ''.freeze
+      ''
    end

    # For backwards compatibility with custom tags. In a future release, the semantics
--- a/lib/liquid/tags/assign.rb
+++ b/lib/liquid/tags/assign.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 module Liquid
  # Assign sets a variable in your template.
  #
@@ -11,7 +13,7 @@ module Liquid
    Syntax = /(#{VariableSignature}+)\s*=\s*(.*)\s*/om

    def self.syntax_error_translation_key
-      "errors.syntax.assign".freeze
+      "errors.syntax.assign"
    end

    attr_reader :to, :from
@@ -19,10 +21,10 @@ module Liquid
    def initialize(tag_name, markup, options)
      super
      if markup =~ Syntax
-        @to = $1
-        @from = Variable.new($2, options)
+        @to = Regexp.last_match(1)
+        @from = Variable.new(Regexp.last_match(2), options)
      else
-        raise SyntaxError.new(options[:locale].t(self.class.syntax_error_translation_key))
+        raise SyntaxError, options[:locale].t(self.class.syntax_error_translation_key)
      end
    end

@@ -59,5 +61,5 @@ module Liquid
    end
  end

-  Template.register_tag('assign'.freeze, Assign)
+  Template.register_tag('assign', Assign)
 end
--- a/lib/liquid/tags/break.rb
+++ b/lib/liquid/tags/break.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 module Liquid
  # Break tag to be used to break out of a for loop.
  #
@@ -14,5 +16,5 @@ module Liquid
    end
  end

-  Template.register_tag('break'.freeze, Break)
+  Template.register_tag('break', Break)
 end
--- a/lib/liquid/tags/capture.rb
+++ b/lib/liquid/tags/capture.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 module Liquid
  # Capture stores the result of a block into a variable without rendering it inplace.
  #
@@ -16,9 +18,9 @@ module Liquid
    def initialize(tag_name, markup, options)
      super
      if markup =~ Syntax
-        @to = $1
+        @to = Regexp.last_match(1)
      else
-        raise SyntaxError.new(options[:locale].t("errors.syntax.capture"))
+        raise SyntaxError, options[:locale].t("errors.syntax.capture")
      end
    end

@@ -35,5 +37,5 @@ module Liquid
    end
  end

-  Template.register_tag('capture'.freeze, Capture)
+  Template.register_tag('capture', Capture)
 end
--- a/lib/liquid/tags/case.rb
+++ b/lib/liquid/tags/case.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 module Liquid
  class Case < Block
    Syntax     = /(#{QuotedFragment})/o
@@ -10,17 +12,15 @@ module Liquid
      @blocks = []

      if markup =~ Syntax
-        @left = Expression.parse($1)
+        @left = Expression.parse(Regexp.last_match(1))
      else
-        raise SyntaxError.new(options[:locale].t("errors.syntax.case".freeze))
+        raise SyntaxError, options[:locale].t("errors.syntax.case")
      end
    end

    def parse(tokens)
      body = BlockBody.new
-      while parse_body(body, tokens)
-        body = @blocks.last.attachment
-      end
+      body = @blocks.last.attachment while parse_body(body, tokens)
    end

    def nodelist
@@ -29,9 +29,9 @@ module Liquid

    def unknown_tag(tag, markup, tokens)
      case tag
-      when 'when'.freeze
+      when 'when'
        record_when_condition(markup)
-      when 'else'.freeze
+      when 'else'
        record_else_condition(markup)
      else
        super
@@ -39,16 +39,14 @@ module Liquid
    end

    def render_to_output_buffer(context, output)
-      context.stack do
-        execute_else_block = true
+      execute_else_block = true

-        @blocks.each do |block|
-          if block.else?
-            block.attachment.render_to_output_buffer(context, output) if execute_else_block
-          elsif block.evaluate(context)
-            execute_else_block = false
-            block.attachment.render_to_output_buffer(context, output)
-          end
+      @blocks.each do |block|
+        if block.else?
+          block.attachment.render_to_output_buffer(context, output) if execute_else_block
+        elsif block.evaluate(context)
+          execute_else_block = false
+          block.attachment.render_to_output_buffer(context, output)
        end
      end

@@ -62,12 +60,12 @@ module Liquid

      while markup
        unless markup =~ WhenSyntax
-          raise SyntaxError.new(options[:locale].t("errors.syntax.case_invalid_when".freeze))
+          raise SyntaxError, options[:locale].t("errors.syntax.case_invalid_when")
        end

-        markup = $2
+        markup = Regexp.last_match(2)

-        block = Condition.new(@left, '=='.freeze, Expression.parse($1))
+        block = Condition.new(@left, '==', Expression.parse(Regexp.last_match(1)))
        block.attach(body)
        @blocks << block
      end
@@ -75,7 +73,7 @@ module Liquid

    def record_else_condition(markup)
      unless markup.strip.empty?
-        raise SyntaxError.new(options[:locale].t("errors.syntax.case_invalid_else".freeze))
+        raise SyntaxError, options[:locale].t("errors.syntax.case_invalid_else")
      end

      block = ElseCondition.new
@@ -90,5 +88,5 @@ module Liquid
    end
  end

-  Template.register_tag('case'.freeze, Case)
+  Template.register_tag('case', Case)
 end
--- a/lib/liquid/tags/comment.rb
+++ b/lib/liquid/tags/comment.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 module Liquid
  class Comment < Block
    def render_to_output_buffer(_context, output)
@@ -12,5 +14,5 @@ module Liquid
    end
  end

-  Template.register_tag('comment'.freeze, Comment)
+  Template.register_tag('comment', Comment)
 end
--- a/lib/liquid/tags/continue.rb
+++ b/lib/liquid/tags/continue.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 module Liquid
  # Continue tag to be used to break out of a for loop.
  #
@@ -14,5 +16,5 @@ module Liquid
    end
  end

-  Template.register_tag('continue'.freeze, Continue)
+  Template.register_tag('continue', Continue)
 end
--- a/lib/liquid/tags/cycle.rb
+++ b/lib/liquid/tags/cycle.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 module Liquid
  # Cycle is usually used within a loop to alternate between values, like colors or DOM classes.
  #
@@ -21,38 +23,36 @@ module Liquid
      super
      case markup
      when NamedSyntax
-        @variables = variables_from_string($2)
-        @name = Expression.parse($1)
+        @variables = variables_from_string(Regexp.last_match(2))
+        @name = Expression.parse(Regexp.last_match(1))
      when SimpleSyntax
        @variables = variables_from_string(markup)
        @name = @variables.to_s
      else
-        raise SyntaxError.new(options[:locale].t("errors.syntax.cycle".freeze))
+        raise SyntaxError, options[:locale].t("errors.syntax.cycle")
      end
    end

    def render_to_output_buffer(context, output)
      context.registers[:cycle] ||= {}

-      context.stack do
-        key = context.evaluate(@name)
-        iteration = context.registers[:cycle][key].to_i
+      key = context.evaluate(@name)
+      iteration = context.registers[:cycle][key].to_i

-        val = context.evaluate(@variables[iteration])
+      val = context.evaluate(@variables[iteration])

-        if val.is_a?(Array)
-          val = val.join
-        elsif !val.is_a?(String)
-          val = val.to_s
-        end
-
-        output << val
-
-        iteration += 1
-        iteration  = 0 if iteration >= @variables.size
-        context.registers[:cycle][key] = iteration
+      if val.is_a?(Array)
+        val = val.join
+      elsif !val.is_a?(String)
+        val = val.to_s
      end

+      output << val
+
+      iteration += 1
+      iteration  = 0 if iteration >= @variables.size
+      context.registers[:cycle][key] = iteration
+
      output
    end

@@ -61,7 +61,7 @@ module Liquid
    def variables_from_string(markup)
      markup.split(',').collect do |var|
        var =~ /\s*(#{QuotedFragment})\s*/o
-        $1 ? Expression.parse($1) : nil
+        Regexp.last_match(1) ? Expression.parse(Regexp.last_match(1)) : nil
      end.compact
    end

--- a/lib/liquid/tags/decrement.rb
+++ b/lib/liquid/tags/decrement.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 module Liquid
  # decrement is used in a place where one needs to insert a counter
  #     into a template, and needs the counter to survive across
@@ -32,5 +34,5 @@ module Liquid
    end
  end

-  Template.register_tag('decrement'.freeze, Decrement)
+  Template.register_tag('decrement', Decrement)
 end
--- a/lib/liquid/tags/echo.rb
+++ b/lib/liquid/tags/echo.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 module Liquid
  # Echo outputs an expression
  #
@@ -16,9 +18,9 @@ module Liquid
    end

    def render(context)
-      @variable.render_to_output_buffer(context, '')
+      @variable.render_to_output_buffer(context, +'')
    end
  end

-  Template.register_tag('echo'.freeze, Echo)
+  Template.register_tag('echo', Echo)
 end
--- a/lib/liquid/tags/for.rb
+++ b/lib/liquid/tags/for.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 module Liquid
  # "For" iterates over an array or collection.
  # Several useful variables are available to you within the loop.
@@ -66,7 +68,7 @@ module Liquid
    end

    def unknown_tag(tag, markup, tokens)
-      return super unless tag == 'else'.freeze
+      return super unless tag == 'else'
      @else_block = BlockBody.new
    end

@@ -86,31 +88,31 @@ module Liquid

    def lax_parse(markup)
      if markup =~ Syntax
-        @variable_name = $1
-        collection_name = $2
-        @reversed = !!$3
+        @variable_name = Regexp.last_match(1)
+        collection_name = Regexp.last_match(2)
+        @reversed = !!Regexp.last_match(3)
        @name = "#{@variable_name}-#{collection_name}"
        @collection_name = Expression.parse(collection_name)
        markup.scan(TagAttributes) do |key, value|
          set_attribute(key, value)
        end
      else
-        raise SyntaxError.new(options[:locale].t("errors.syntax.for".freeze))
+        raise SyntaxError, options[:locale].t("errors.syntax.for")
      end
    end

    def strict_parse(markup)
      p = Parser.new(markup)
      @variable_name = p.consume(:id)
-      raise SyntaxError.new(options[:locale].t("errors.syntax.for_invalid_in".freeze)) unless p.id?('in'.freeze)
+      raise SyntaxError, options[:locale].t("errors.syntax.for_invalid_in") unless p.id?('in')
      collection_name = p.expression
      @name = "#{@variable_name}-#{collection_name}"
      @collection_name = Expression.parse(collection_name)
-      @reversed = p.id?('reversed'.freeze)
+      @reversed = p.id?('reversed')

      while p.look(:id) && p.look(:colon, 1)
-        unless attribute = p.id?('limit'.freeze) || p.id?('offset'.freeze)
-          raise SyntaxError.new(options[:locale].t("errors.syntax.for_invalid_attribute".freeze))
+        unless attribute = p.id?('limit') || p.id?('offset')
+          raise SyntaxError, options[:locale].t("errors.syntax.for_invalid_attribute")
        end
        p.consume
        set_attribute(attribute, p.expression)
@@ -162,7 +164,7 @@ module Liquid
        for_stack.push(loop_vars)

        begin
-          context['forloop'.freeze] = loop_vars
+          context['forloop'] = loop_vars

          segment.each do |item|
            context[@variable_name] = item
@@ -170,11 +172,10 @@ module Liquid
            loop_vars.send(:increment!)

            # Handle any interrupts if they exist.
-            if context.interrupt?
-              interrupt = context.pop_interrupt
-              break if interrupt.is_a? BreakInterrupt
-              next if interrupt.is_a? ContinueInterrupt
-            end
+            next unless context.interrupt?
+            interrupt = context.pop_interrupt
+            break if interrupt.is_a?(BreakInterrupt)
+            next if interrupt.is_a?(ContinueInterrupt)
          end
        ensure
          for_stack.pop
@@ -186,13 +187,13 @@ module Liquid

    def set_attribute(key, expr)
      case key
-      when 'offset'.freeze
-        @from = if expr == 'continue'.freeze
+      when 'offset'
+        @from = if expr == 'continue'
          :continue
        else
          Expression.parse(expr)
        end
-      when 'limit'.freeze
+      when 'limit'
        @limit = Expression.parse(expr)
      end
    end
@@ -212,5 +213,5 @@ module Liquid
    end
  end

-  Template.register_tag('for'.freeze, For)
+  Template.register_tag('for', For)
 end
--- a/lib/liquid/tags/if.rb
+++ b/lib/liquid/tags/if.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 module Liquid
  # If is the conditional block
  #
@@ -19,7 +21,7 @@ module Liquid
    def initialize(tag_name, markup, options)
      super
      @blocks = []
-      push_block('if'.freeze, markup)
+      push_block('if', markup)
    end

    def nodelist
@@ -32,7 +34,7 @@ module Liquid
    end

    def unknown_tag(tag, markup, tokens)
-      if ['elsif'.freeze, 'else'.freeze].include?(tag)
+      if ['elsif', 'else'].include?(tag)
        push_block(tag, markup)
      else
        super
@@ -40,11 +42,9 @@ module Liquid
    end

    def render_to_output_buffer(context, output)
-      context.stack do
-        @blocks.each do |block|
-          if block.evaluate(context)
-            return block.attachment.render_to_output_buffer(context, output)
-          end
+      @blocks.each do |block|
+        if block.evaluate(context)
+          return block.attachment.render_to_output_buffer(context, output)
        end
      end

@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ module Liquid
    private

    def push_block(tag, markup)
-      block = if tag == 'else'.freeze
+      block = if tag == 'else'
        ElseCondition.new
      else
        parse_with_selected_parser(markup)
@@ -66,17 +66,17 @@ module Liquid

    def lax_parse(markup)
      expressions = markup.scan(ExpressionsAndOperators)
-      raise(SyntaxError.new(options[:locale].t("errors.syntax.if".freeze))) unless expressions.pop =~ Syntax
+      raise SyntaxError, options[:locale].t("errors.syntax.if") unless expressions.pop =~ Syntax

-      condition = Condition.new(Expression.parse($1), $2, Expression.parse($3))
+      condition = Condition.new(Expression.parse(Regexp.last_match(1)), Regexp.last_match(2), Expression.parse(Regexp.last_match(3)))

      until expressions.empty?
        operator = expressions.pop.to_s.strip

-        raise(SyntaxError.new(options[:locale].t("errors.syntax.if".freeze))) unless expressions.pop.to_s =~ Syntax
+        raise SyntaxError, options[:locale].t("errors.syntax.if") unless expressions.pop.to_s =~ Syntax

-        new_condition = Condition.new(Expression.parse($1), $2, Expression.parse($3))
-        raise(SyntaxError.new(options[:locale].t("errors.syntax.if".freeze))) unless BOOLEAN_OPERATORS.include?(operator)
+        new_condition = Condition.new(Expression.parse(Regexp.last_match(1)), Regexp.last_match(2), Expression.parse(Regexp.last_match(3)))
+        raise SyntaxError, options[:locale].t("errors.syntax.if") unless BOOLEAN_OPERATORS.include?(operator)
        new_condition.send(operator, condition)
        condition = new_condition
      end
@@ -94,7 +94,7 @@ module Liquid
    def parse_binary_comparisons(p)
      condition = parse_comparison(p)
      first_condition = condition
-      while op = (p.id?('and'.freeze) || p.id?('or'.freeze))
+      while op = (p.id?('and') || p.id?('or'))
        child_condition = parse_comparison(p)
        condition.send(op, child_condition)
        condition = child_condition
@@ -119,5 +119,5 @@ module Liquid
    end
  end

-  Template.register_tag('if'.freeze, If)
+  Template.register_tag('if', If)
 end
--- a/lib/liquid/tags/ifchanged.rb
+++ b/lib/liquid/tags/ifchanged.rb
@@ -1,19 +1,19 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 module Liquid
  class Ifchanged < Block
    def render_to_output_buffer(context, output)
-      context.stack do
-        block_output = ''
-        super(context, block_output)
+      block_output = +''
+      super(context, block_output)

-        if block_output != context.registers[:ifchanged]
-          context.registers[:ifchanged] = block_output
-          output << block_output
-        end
+      if block_output != context.registers[:ifchanged]
+        context.registers[:ifchanged] = block_output
+        output << block_output
      end

      output
    end
  end

-  Template.register_tag('ifchanged'.freeze, Ifchanged)
+  Template.register_tag('ifchanged', Ifchanged)
 end
--- a/lib/liquid/tags/include.rb
+++ b/lib/liquid/tags/include.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 module Liquid
  # Include allows templates to relate with other templates
  #
@@ -23,8 +25,8 @@ module Liquid

      if markup =~ Syntax

-        template_name = $1
-        variable_name = $3
+        template_name = Regexp.last_match(1)
+        variable_name = Regexp.last_match(3)

        @variable_name_expr = variable_name ? Expression.parse(variable_name) : nil
        @template_name_expr = Expression.parse(template_name)
@@ -35,7 +37,7 @@ module Liquid
        end

      else
-        raise SyntaxError.new(options[:locale].t("errors.syntax.include".freeze))
+        raise SyntaxError, options[:locale].t("errors.syntax.include")
      end
    end

@@ -44,10 +46,15 @@ module Liquid

    def render_to_output_buffer(context, output)
      template_name = context.evaluate(@template_name_expr)
-      raise ArgumentError.new(options[:locale].t("errors.argument.include")) unless template_name
+      raise ArgumentError, options[:locale].t("errors.argument.include") unless template_name

-      partial = load_cached_partial(template_name, context)
-      context_variable_name = template_name.split('/'.freeze).last
+      partial = PartialCache.load(
+        template_name,
+        context: context,
+        parse_context: parse_context
+      )
+
+      context_variable_name = template_name.split('/').last

      variable = if @variable_name_expr
        context.evaluate(@variable_name_expr)
@@ -83,44 +90,18 @@ module Liquid
      output
    end

-    private
-
    alias_method :parse_context, :options
    private :parse_context

-    def load_cached_partial(template_name, context)
-      cached_partials = context.registers[:cached_partials] || {}
-
-      if cached = cached_partials[template_name]
-        return cached
-      end
-      source = read_template_from_file_system(context)
-      begin
-        parse_context.partial = true
-        partial = Liquid::Template.parse(source, parse_context)
-      ensure
-        parse_context.partial = false
-      end
-      cached_partials[template_name] = partial
-      context.registers[:cached_partials] = cached_partials
-      partial
-    end
-
-    def read_template_from_file_system(context)
-      file_system = context.registers[:file_system] || Liquid::Template.file_system
-
-      file_system.read_template_file(context.evaluate(@template_name_expr))
-    end
-
    class ParseTreeVisitor < Liquid::ParseTreeVisitor
      def children
        [
          @node.template_name_expr,
-          @node.variable_name_expr
+          @node.variable_name_expr,
        ] + @node.attributes.values
      end
    end
  end

-  Template.register_tag('include'.freeze, Include)
+  Template.register_tag('include', Include)
 end
--- a/lib/liquid/tags/increment.rb
+++ b/lib/liquid/tags/increment.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 module Liquid
  # increment is used in a place where one needs to insert a counter
  #     into a template, and needs the counter to survive across
@@ -23,10 +25,11 @@ module Liquid
    def render_to_output_buffer(context, output)
      value = context.environments.first[@variable] ||= 0
      context.environments.first[@variable] = value + 1
+
      output << value.to_s
      output
    end
  end

-  Template.register_tag('increment'.freeze, Increment)
+  Template.register_tag('increment', Increment)
 end
--- a/lib/liquid/tags/raw.rb
+++ b/lib/liquid/tags/raw.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 module Liquid
  class Raw < Block
    Syntax = /\A\s*\z/
@@ -10,16 +12,16 @@ module Liquid
    end

    def parse(tokens)
-      @body = ''
+      @body = +''
      while token = tokens.shift
        if token =~ FullTokenPossiblyInvalid
-          @body << $1 if $1 != "".freeze
-          return if block_delimiter == $2
+          @body << Regexp.last_match(1) if Regexp.last_match(1) != ""
+          return if block_delimiter == Regexp.last_match(2)
        end
        @body << token unless token.empty?
      end

-      raise SyntaxError.new(parse_context.locale.t("errors.syntax.tag_never_closed".freeze, block_name: block_name))
+      raise SyntaxError, parse_context.locale.t("errors.syntax.tag_never_closed", block_name: block_name)
    end

    def render_to_output_buffer(_context, output)
@@ -39,10 +41,10 @@ module Liquid

    def ensure_valid_markup(tag_name, markup, parse_context)
      unless markup =~ Syntax
-        raise SyntaxError.new(parse_context.locale.t("errors.syntax.tag_unexpected_args".freeze, tag: tag_name))
+        raise SyntaxError, parse_context.locale.t("errors.syntax.tag_unexpected_args", tag: tag_name)
      end
    end
  end

-  Template.register_tag('raw'.freeze, Raw)
+  Template.register_tag('raw', Raw)
 end
--- a/lib/liquid/tags/render.rb
+++ b/lib/liquid/tags/render.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,56 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+module Liquid
+  class Render < Tag
+    SYNTAX = /(#{QuotedString})#{QuotedFragment}*/o
+
+    attr_reader :template_name_expr, :attributes
+
+    def initialize(tag_name, markup, options)
+      super
+
+      raise SyntaxError, options[:locale].t("errors.syntax.render") unless markup =~ SYNTAX
+
+      template_name = Regexp.last_match(1)
+
+      @template_name_expr = Expression.parse(template_name)
+
+      @attributes = {}
+      markup.scan(TagAttributes) do |key, value|
+        @attributes[key] = Expression.parse(value)
+      end
+    end
+
+    def render_to_output_buffer(context, output)
+      # Though we evaluate this here we will only ever parse it as a string literal.
+      template_name = context.evaluate(@template_name_expr)
+      raise ArgumentError, options[:locale].t("errors.argument.include") unless template_name
+
+      partial = PartialCache.load(
+        template_name,
+        context: context,
+        parse_context: parse_context
+      )
+
+      inner_context = context.new_isolated_subcontext
+      inner_context.template_name = template_name
+      inner_context.partial = true
+      @attributes.each do |key, value|
+        inner_context[key] = context.evaluate(value)
+      end
+      partial.render_to_output_buffer(inner_context, output)
+
+      output
+    end
+
+    class ParseTreeVisitor < Liquid::ParseTreeVisitor
+      def children
+        [
+          @node.template_name_expr,
+        ] + @node.attributes.values
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  Template.register_tag('render', Render)
+end
--- a/lib/liquid/tags/table_row.rb
+++ b/lib/liquid/tags/table_row.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 module Liquid
  class TableRow < Block
    Syntax = /(\w+)\s+in\s+(#{QuotedFragment}+)/o
@@ -7,33 +9,33 @@ module Liquid
    def initialize(tag_name, markup, options)
      super
      if markup =~ Syntax
-        @variable_name = $1
-        @collection_name = Expression.parse($2)
+        @variable_name = Regexp.last_match(1)
+        @collection_name = Expression.parse(Regexp.last_match(2))
        @attributes = {}
        markup.scan(TagAttributes) do |key, value|
          @attributes[key] = Expression.parse(value)
        end
      else
-        raise SyntaxError.new(options[:locale].t("errors.syntax.table_row".freeze))
+        raise SyntaxError, options[:locale].t("errors.syntax.table_row")
      end
    end

    def render_to_output_buffer(context, output)
-      collection = context.evaluate(@collection_name) or return ''.freeze
+      (collection = context.evaluate(@collection_name)) || (return '')

-      from = @attributes.key?('offset'.freeze) ? context.evaluate(@attributes['offset'.freeze]).to_i : 0
-      to = @attributes.key?('limit'.freeze) ? from + context.evaluate(@attributes['limit'.freeze]).to_i : nil
+      from = @attributes.key?('offset') ? context.evaluate(@attributes['offset']).to_i : 0
+      to = @attributes.key?('limit') ? from + context.evaluate(@attributes['limit']).to_i : nil

      collection = Utils.slice_collection(collection, from, to)

      length = collection.length

-      cols = context.evaluate(@attributes['cols'.freeze]).to_i
+      cols = context.evaluate(@attributes['cols']).to_i

      output << "<tr class=\"row1\">\n"
      context.stack do
        tablerowloop = Liquid::TablerowloopDrop.new(length, cols)
-        context['tablerowloop'.freeze] = tablerowloop
+        context['tablerowloop'] = tablerowloop

        collection.each do |item|
          context[@variable_name] = item
@@ -61,5 +63,5 @@ module Liquid
    end
  end

-  Template.register_tag('tablerow'.freeze, TableRow)
+  Template.register_tag('tablerow', TableRow)
 end
--- a/lib/liquid/tags/unless.rb
+++ b/lib/liquid/tags/unless.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 require_relative 'if'

 module Liquid
@@ -7,18 +9,16 @@ module Liquid
  #
  class Unless < If
    def render_to_output_buffer(context, output)
-      context.stack do
-        # First condition is interpreted backwards ( if not )
-        first_block = @blocks.first
-        unless first_block.evaluate(context)
-          return first_block.attachment.render_to_output_buffer(context, output)
-        end
+      # First condition is interpreted backwards ( if not )
+      first_block = @blocks.first
+      unless first_block.evaluate(context)
+        return first_block.attachment.render_to_output_buffer(context, output)
+      end

-        # After the first condition unless works just like if
-        @blocks[1..-1].each do |block|
-          if block.evaluate(context)
-            return block.attachment.render_to_output_buffer(context, output)
-          end
+      # After the first condition unless works just like if
+      @blocks[1..-1].each do |block|
+        if block.evaluate(context)
+          return block.attachment.render_to_output_buffer(context, output)
        end
      end

@@ -26,5 +26,5 @@ module Liquid
    end
  end

-  Template.register_tag('unless'.freeze, Unless)
+  Template.register_tag('unless', Unless)
 end
--- a/lib/liquid/template.rb
+++ b/lib/liquid/template.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 module Liquid
  # Templates are central to liquid.
  # Interpretating templates is a two step process. First you compile the
@@ -165,14 +167,14 @@ module Liquid
    #    filters and tags and might be useful to integrate liquid more with its host application
    #
    def render(*args)
-      return ''.freeze if @root.nil?
+      return '' if @root.nil?

      context = case args.first
      when Liquid::Context
        c = args.shift

        if @rethrow_errors
-          c.exception_renderer = ->(e) { raise }
+          c.exception_renderer = ->(_e) { raise }
        end

        c
@@ -208,7 +210,7 @@ module Liquid
        # render the nodelist.
        # for performance reasons we get an array back here. join will make a string out of it.
        with_profiling(context) do
-          @root.render_to_output_buffer(context, output || '')
+          @root.render_to_output_buffer(context, output || +'')
        end
      rescue Liquid::MemoryError => e
        context.handle_error(e)
--- a/lib/liquid/tokenizer.rb
+++ b/lib/liquid/tokenizer.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 module Liquid
  class Tokenizer
    attr_reader :line_number, :for_liquid_tag
@@ -10,7 +12,7 @@ module Liquid
    end

    def shift
-      token = @tokens.shift or return
+      (token = @tokens.shift) || return

      if @line_number
        @line_number += @for_liquid_tag ? 1 : token.count("\n")
@@ -29,7 +31,7 @@ module Liquid
      tokens = @source.split(TemplateParser)

      # removes the rogue empty element at the beginning of the array
-      tokens.shift if tokens[0] && tokens[0].empty?
+      tokens.shift if tokens[0]&.empty?

      tokens
    end
--- a/lib/liquid/usage.rb
+++ b/lib/liquid/usage.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+module Liquid
+  module Usage
+    def self.increment(name)
+    end
+  end
+end
--- a/lib/liquid/utils.rb
+++ b/lib/liquid/utils.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 module Liquid
  module Utils
    def self.slice_collection(collection, from, to)
@@ -50,7 +52,7 @@ module Liquid
      when Numeric
        obj
      when String
-        (obj.strip =~ /\A-?\d+\.\d+\z/) ? BigDecimal(obj) : obj.to_i
+        obj.strip =~ /\A-?\d+\.\d+\z/ ? BigDecimal(obj) : obj.to_i
      else
        if obj.respond_to?(:to_number)
          obj.to_number
@@ -69,7 +71,7 @@ module Liquid
      end

      case obj
-      when 'now'.freeze, 'today'.freeze
+      when 'now', 'today'
        Time.now
      when /\A\d+\z/, Integer
        Time.at(obj.to_i)
--- a/lib/liquid/variable.rb
+++ b/lib/liquid/variable.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 module Liquid
  # Holds variables. Variables are only loaded "just in time"
  # and are not evaluated as part of the render stage
@@ -43,11 +45,11 @@ module Liquid
      @filters = []
      return unless markup =~ MarkupWithQuotedFragment

-      name_markup = $1
-      filter_markup = $2
+      name_markup = Regexp.last_match(1)
+      filter_markup = Regexp.last_match(2)
      @name = Expression.parse(name_markup)
      if filter_markup =~ FilterMarkupRegex
-        filters = $1.scan(FilterParser)
+        filters = Regexp.last_match(1).scan(FilterParser)
        filters.each do |f|
          next unless f =~ /\w+/
          filtername = Regexp.last_match(0)
@@ -121,7 +123,7 @@ module Liquid
    end

    def evaluate_filter_expressions(context, filter_args, filter_kwargs)
-      parsed_args = filter_args.map{ |expr| context.evaluate(expr) }
+      parsed_args = filter_args.map { |expr| context.evaluate(expr) }
      if filter_kwargs
        parsed_kwargs = {}
        filter_kwargs.each do |key, expr|
--- a/lib/liquid/variable_lookup.rb
+++ b/lib/liquid/variable_lookup.rb
@@ -1,7 +1,9 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 module Liquid
  class VariableLookup
    SQUARE_BRACKETED = /\A\[(.*)\]\z/m
-    COMMAND_METHODS = ['size'.freeze, 'first'.freeze, 'last'.freeze].freeze
+    COMMAND_METHODS = ['size', 'first', 'last'].freeze

    attr_reader :name, :lookups

@@ -14,7 +16,7 @@ module Liquid

      name = lookups.shift
      if name =~ SQUARE_BRACKETED
-        name = Expression.parse($1)
+        name = Expression.parse(Regexp.last_match(1))
      end
      @name = name

@@ -24,7 +26,7 @@ module Liquid
      @lookups.each_index do |i|
        lookup = lookups[i]
        if lookup =~ SQUARE_BRACKETED
-          lookups[i] = Expression.parse($1)
+          lookups[i] = Expression.parse(Regexp.last_match(1))
        elsif COMMAND_METHODS.include?(lookup)
          @command_flags |= 1 << i
        end
--- a/lib/liquid/version.rb
+++ b/lib/liquid/version.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 # encoding: utf-8
+# frozen_string_literal: true

 module Liquid
-  VERSION = "4.0.3".freeze
+  VERSION = "4.0.3"
 end
--- a/liquid.gemspec
+++ b/liquid.gemspec
@@ -1,7 +1,8 @@
 # encoding: utf-8
+# frozen_string_literal: true

 lib = File.expand_path('../lib/', __FILE__)
-$LOAD_PATH.unshift lib unless $LOAD_PATH.include?(lib)
+$LOAD_PATH.unshift(lib) unless $LOAD_PATH.include?(lib)

 require "liquid/version"

@@ -26,6 +27,6 @@ Gem::Specification.new do |s|

  s.require_path = "lib"

-  s.add_development_dependency 'rake', '~> 11.3'
-  s.add_development_dependency 'minitest'
+  s.add_development_dependency('rake', '~> 11.3')
+  s.add_development_dependency('minitest')
 end
--- a/performance/benchmark.rb
+++ b/performance/benchmark.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 require 'benchmark/ips'
 require_relative 'theme_runner'

--- a/performance/profile.rb
+++ b/performance/profile.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 require 'stackprof'
 require_relative 'theme_runner'

--- a/performance/shopify/comment_form.rb
+++ b/performance/shopify/comment_form.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 class CommentForm < Liquid::Block
  Syntax = /(#{Liquid::VariableSignature}+)/

@@ -5,10 +7,10 @@ class CommentForm < Liquid::Block
    super

    if markup =~ Syntax
-      @variable_name = $1
+      @variable_name = Regexp.last_match(1)
      @attributes = {}
    else
-      raise SyntaxError.new("Syntax Error in 'comment_form' - Valid syntax: comment_form [article]")
+      raise SyntaxError, "Syntax Error in 'comment_form' - Valid syntax: comment_form [article]"
    end
  end

@@ -20,8 +22,8 @@ class CommentForm < Liquid::Block
        'posted_successfully?' => context.registers[:posted_successfully],
        'errors' => context['comment.errors'],
        'author' => context['comment.author'],
-        'email'  => context['comment.email'],
-        'body'   => context['comment.body']
+        'email' => context['comment.email'],
+        'body' => context['comment.body'],
      }

      output << wrap_in_form(article, render_all(@nodelist, context, output))
--- a/performance/shopify/database.rb
+++ b/performance/shopify/database.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 require 'yaml'

 module Database
@@ -16,9 +18,10 @@ module Database
      end

      # key the tables by handles, as this is how liquid expects it.
-      db = db.inject({}) do |assigns, (key, values)|
-        assigns[key] = values.inject({}) { |h, v| h[v['handle']] = v; h; }
-        assigns
+      db = db.each_with_object({}) do |(key, values), assigns|
+        assigns[key] = values.each_with_object({}) do |v, h|
+          h[v['handle']] = v
+        end
      end

      # Some standard direct accessors so that the specialized templates
@@ -30,8 +33,8 @@ module Database

      db['cart']       = {
        'total_price' => db['line_items'].values.inject(0) { |sum, item| sum += item['line_price'] * item['quantity'] },
-        'item_count'  => db['line_items'].values.inject(0) { |sum, item| sum += item['quantity'] },
-        'items'       => db['line_items'].values
+        'item_count' => db['line_items'].values.inject(0) { |sum, item| sum += item['quantity'] },
+        'items' => db['line_items'].values,
      }

      db
@@ -40,6 +43,6 @@ module Database
 end

 if __FILE__ == $PROGRAM_NAME
-  p Database.tables['collections']['frontpage'].keys
+  p(Database.tables['collections']['frontpage'].keys)
  # p Database.tables['blog']['articles']
 end
--- a/performance/shopify/json_filter.rb
+++ b/performance/shopify/json_filter.rb
@@ -1,7 +1,9 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 require 'json'

 module JsonFilter
  def json(object)
-    JSON.dump(object.reject { |k, v| k == "collections" })
+    JSON.dump(object.reject { |k, _v| k == "collections" })
  end
 end
--- a/performance/shopify/liquid.rb
+++ b/performance/shopify/liquid.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,6 @@
-$:.unshift __dir__ + '/../../lib'
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+$LOAD_PATH.unshift(__dir__ + '/../../lib')
 require_relative '../../lib/liquid'

 require_relative 'comment_form'
@@ -9,11 +11,11 @@ require_relative 'shop_filter'
 require_relative 'tag_filter'
 require_relative 'weight_filter'

-Liquid::Template.register_tag 'paginate', Paginate
-Liquid::Template.register_tag 'form', CommentForm
+Liquid::Template.register_tag('paginate', Paginate)
+Liquid::Template.register_tag('form', CommentForm)

-Liquid::Template.register_filter JsonFilter
-Liquid::Template.register_filter MoneyFilter
-Liquid::Template.register_filter WeightFilter
-Liquid::Template.register_filter ShopFilter
-Liquid::Template.register_filter TagFilter
+Liquid::Template.register_filter(JsonFilter)
+Liquid::Template.register_filter(MoneyFilter)
+Liquid::Template.register_filter(WeightFilter)
+Liquid::Template.register_filter(ShopFilter)
+Liquid::Template.register_filter(TagFilter)
--- a/performance/shopify/money_filter.rb
+++ b/performance/shopify/money_filter.rb
@@ -1,12 +1,14 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 module MoneyFilter
  def money_with_currency(money)
    return '' if money.nil?
-    sprintf("$ %.2f USD", money / 100.0)
+    format("$ %.2f USD", money / 100.0)
  end

  def money(money)
    return '' if money.nil?
-    sprintf("$ %.2f", money / 100.0)
+    format("$ %.2f", money / 100.0)
  end

  private
--- a/performance/shopify/paginate.rb
+++ b/performance/shopify/paginate.rb
@@ -1,13 +1,15 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 class Paginate < Liquid::Block
-  Syntax     = /(#{Liquid::QuotedFragment})\s*(by\s*(\d+))?/
+  Syntax = /(#{Liquid::QuotedFragment})\s*(by\s*(\d+))?/

  def initialize(tag_name, markup, options)
    super

    if markup =~ Syntax
-      @collection_name = $1
-      @page_size = if $2
-        $3.to_i
+      @collection_name = Regexp.last_match(1)
+      @page_size = if Regexp.last_match(2)
+        Regexp.last_match(3).to_i
      else
        20
      end
@@ -17,7 +19,7 @@ class Paginate < Liquid::Block
        @attributes[key] = value
      end
    else
-      raise SyntaxError.new("Syntax Error in tag 'paginate' - Valid syntax: paginate [collection] by number")
+      raise SyntaxError, "Syntax Error in tag 'paginate' - Valid syntax: paginate [collection] by number"
    end
  end

@@ -25,19 +27,19 @@ class Paginate < Liquid::Block
    @context = context

    context.stack do
-      current_page  = context['current_page'].to_i
+      current_page = context['current_page'].to_i

      pagination = {
-        'page_size'      => @page_size,
-        'current_page'   => 5,
-        'current_offset' => @page_size * 5
+        'page_size' => @page_size,
+        'current_page' => 5,
+        'current_offset' => @page_size * 5,
      }

      context['paginate'] = pagination

-      collection_size  = context[@collection_name].size
+      collection_size = context[@collection_name].size

-      raise ArgumentError.new("Cannot paginate array '#{@collection_name}'. Not found.") if collection_size.nil?
+      raise ArgumentError, "Cannot paginate array '#{@collection_name}'. Not found." if collection_size.nil?

      page_count = (collection_size.to_f / @page_size.to_f).to_f.ceil + 1

--- a/performance/shopify/shop_filter.rb
+++ b/performance/shopify/shop_filter.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 module ShopFilter
  def asset_url(input)
    "/files/1/[shop_id]/[shop_id]/assets/#{input}"
@@ -52,7 +54,7 @@ module ShopFilter
  end

  def product_img_url(url, style = 'small')
-    unless url =~ /\Aproducts\/([\w\-\_]+)\.(\w{2,4})/
+    unless url =~ %r{\Aproducts/([\w\-\_]+)\.(\w{2,4})}
      raise ArgumentError, 'filter "size" can only be called on product images'
    end

@@ -60,7 +62,7 @@ module ShopFilter
    when 'original'
      return '/files/shops/random_number/' + url
    when 'grande', 'large', 'medium', 'compact', 'small', 'thumb', 'icon'
-      "/files/shops/random_number/products/#{$1}_#{style}.#{$2}"
+      "/files/shops/random_number/products/#{Regexp.last_match(1)}_#{style}.#{Regexp.last_match(2)}"
    else
      raise ArgumentError, 'valid parameters for filter "size" are: original, grande, large, medium, compact, small, thumb and icon '
    end
@@ -70,16 +72,14 @@ module ShopFilter
    html = []
    html << %(<span class="prev">#{link_to(paginate['previous']['title'], paginate['previous']['url'])}</span>) if paginate['previous']

-    for part in paginate['parts']
-
-      if part['is_link']
-        html << %(<span class="page">#{link_to(part['title'], part['url'])}</span>)
+    paginate['parts'].each do |part|
+      html << if part['is_link']
+        %(<span class="page">#{link_to(part['title'], part['url'])}</span>)
      elsif part['title'].to_i == paginate['current_page'].to_i
-        html << %(<span class="page current">#{part['title']}</span>)
+        %(<span class="page current">#{part['title']}</span>)
      else
-        html << %(<span class="deco">#{part['title']}</span>)
+        %(<span class="deco">#{part['title']}</span>)
      end
-
    end

    html << %(<span class="next">#{link_to(paginate['next']['title'], paginate['next']['url'])}</span>) if paginate['next']
--- a/performance/shopify/tag_filter.rb
+++ b/performance/shopify/tag_filter.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 module TagFilter
  def link_to_tag(label, tag)
    "<a title=\"Show tag #{tag}\" href=\"/collections/#{@context['handle']}/#{tag}\">#{label}</a>"
@@ -13,11 +15,11 @@ module TagFilter

  def link_to_add_tag(label, tag)
    tags = (@context['current_tags'] + [tag]).uniq
-    "<a title=\"Show tag #{tag}\" href=\"/collections/#{@context['handle']}/#{tags.join("+")}\">#{label}</a>"
+    "<a title=\"Show tag #{tag}\" href=\"/collections/#{@context['handle']}/#{tags.join('+')}\">#{label}</a>"
  end

  def link_to_remove_tag(label, tag)
    tags = (@context['current_tags'] - [tag]).uniq
-    "<a title=\"Show tag #{tag}\" href=\"/collections/#{@context['handle']}/#{tags.join("+")}\">#{label}</a>"
+    "<a title=\"Show tag #{tag}\" href=\"/collections/#{@context['handle']}/#{tags.join('+')}\">#{label}</a>"
  end
 end
--- a/performance/shopify/weight_filter.rb
+++ b/performance/shopify/weight_filter.rb
@@ -1,6 +1,8 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 module WeightFilter
  def weight(grams)
-    sprintf("%.2f", grams / 1000)
+    format("%.2f", grams / 1000)
  end

  def weight_with_unit(grams)
--- a/performance/theme_runner.rb
+++ b/performance/theme_runner.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 # This profiler run simulates Shopify.
 # We are looking in the tests directory for liquid files and render them within the designated layout file.
 # We will also export a substantial database to liquid which the templates can render values of.
@@ -31,7 +33,7 @@ class ThemeRunner
      {
        liquid: File.read(test),
        layout: (File.file?(theme_path) ? File.read(theme_path) : nil),
-        template_name: test
+        template_name: test,
      }
    end.compact

--- a/test/integration/assign_test.rb
+++ b/test/integration/assign_test.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 require 'test_helper'

 class AssignTest < Minitest::Test
--- a/test/integration/blank_test.rb
+++ b/test/integration/blank_test.rb
@@ -1,7 +1,9 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 require 'test_helper'

 class FoobarTag < Liquid::Tag
-  def render_to_output_buffer(context, output)
+  def render_to_output_buffer(_context, output)
    output << ' '
    output
  end
--- a/test/integration/block_test.rb
+++ b/test/integration/block_test.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 require 'test_helper'

 class BlockTest < Minitest::Test
--- a/test/integration/capture_test.rb
+++ b/test/integration/capture_test.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 require 'test_helper'

 class CaptureTest < Minitest::Test
--- a/test/integration/context_test.rb
+++ b/test/integration/context_test.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 require 'test_helper'

 class ContextTest < Minitest::Test
--- a/test/integration/document_test.rb
+++ b/test/integration/document_test.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 require 'test_helper'

 class DocumentTest < Minitest::Test
--- a/test/integration/drop_test.rb
+++ b/test/integration/drop_test.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 require 'test_helper'

 class ContextDrop < Liquid::Drop
@@ -31,7 +33,7 @@ class ProductDrop < Liquid::Drop

  class CatchallDrop < Liquid::Drop
    def liquid_method_missing(method)
-      'catchall_method: ' << method.to_s
+      "catchall_method: #{method}"
    end
  end

@@ -48,7 +50,7 @@ class ProductDrop < Liquid::Drop
  end

  def user_input
-    "foo".taint
+    (+"foo").taint
  end

  protected
@@ -201,9 +203,9 @@ class DropsTest < Minitest::Test
  end

  def test_scope_though_proc
-    assert_equal '1', Liquid::Template.parse('{{ s }}').render!('context' => ContextDrop.new, 's' => proc{ |c| c['context.scopes'] })
-    assert_equal '2', Liquid::Template.parse('{%for i in dummy%}{{ s }}{%endfor%}').render!('context' => ContextDrop.new, 's' => proc{ |c| c['context.scopes'] }, 'dummy' => [1])
-    assert_equal '3', Liquid::Template.parse('{%for i in dummy%}{%for i in dummy%}{{ s }}{%endfor%}{%endfor%}').render!('context' => ContextDrop.new, 's' => proc{ |c| c['context.scopes'] }, 'dummy' => [1])
+    assert_equal '1', Liquid::Template.parse('{{ s }}').render!('context' => ContextDrop.new, 's' => proc { |c| c['context.scopes'] })
+    assert_equal '2', Liquid::Template.parse('{%for i in dummy%}{{ s }}{%endfor%}').render!('context' => ContextDrop.new, 's' => proc { |c| c['context.scopes'] }, 'dummy' => [1])
+    assert_equal '3', Liquid::Template.parse('{%for i in dummy%}{%for i in dummy%}{{ s }}{%endfor%}{%endfor%}').render!('context' => ContextDrop.new, 's' => proc { |c| c['context.scopes'] }, 'dummy' => [1])
  end

  def test_scope_with_assigns
@@ -241,7 +243,7 @@ class DropsTest < Minitest::Test
  end

  def test_some_enumerable_methods_still_get_invoked
-    [ :count, :max ].each do |method|
+    [:count, :max].each do |method|
      assert_equal "3", Liquid::Template.parse("{{collection.#{method}}}").render!('collection' => RealEnumerableDrop.new)
      assert_equal "3", Liquid::Template.parse("{{collection[\"#{method}\"]}}").render!('collection' => RealEnumerableDrop.new)
      assert_equal "3", Liquid::Template.parse("{{collection.#{method}}}").render!('collection' => EnumerableDrop.new)
@@ -250,7 +252,7 @@ class DropsTest < Minitest::Test

    assert_equal "yes", Liquid::Template.parse("{% if collection contains 3 %}yes{% endif %}").render!('collection' => RealEnumerableDrop.new)

-    [ :min, :first ].each do |method|
+    [:min, :first].each do |method|
      assert_equal "1", Liquid::Template.parse("{{collection.#{method}}}").render!('collection' => RealEnumerableDrop.new)
      assert_equal "1", Liquid::Template.parse("{{collection[\"#{method}\"]}}").render!('collection' => RealEnumerableDrop.new)
      assert_equal "1", Liquid::Template.parse("{{collection.#{method}}}").render!('collection' => EnumerableDrop.new)
--- a/test/integration/error_handling_test.rb
+++ b/test/integration/error_handling_test.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 require 'test_helper'

 class ErrorHandlingTest < Minitest::Test
@@ -83,15 +85,14 @@ class ErrorHandlingTest < Minitest::Test

  def test_with_line_numbers_adds_numbers_to_parser_errors
    err = assert_raises(SyntaxError) do
-      Liquid::Template.parse(%q(
+      Liquid::Template.parse('
          foobar

          {% "cat" | foobar %}

          bla
-        ),
-        line_numbers: true
-      )
+        ',
+        line_numbers: true)
    end

    assert_match(/Liquid syntax error \(line 4\)/, err.message)
@@ -99,15 +100,14 @@ class ErrorHandlingTest < Minitest::Test

  def test_with_line_numbers_adds_numbers_to_parser_errors_with_whitespace_trim
    err = assert_raises(SyntaxError) do
-      Liquid::Template.parse(%q(
+      Liquid::Template.parse('
          foobar

          {%- "cat" | foobar -%}

          bla
-        ),
-        line_numbers: true
-      )
+        ',
+        line_numbers: true)
    end

    assert_match(/Liquid syntax error \(line 4\)/, err.message)
@@ -122,8 +122,7 @@ class ErrorHandlingTest < Minitest::Test
        bla
            ',
      error_mode: :warn,
-      line_numbers: true
-    )
+      line_numbers: true)

    assert_equal ['Liquid syntax error (line 4): Unexpected character = in "1 =! 2"'],
      template.warnings.map(&:message)
@@ -139,8 +138,7 @@ class ErrorHandlingTest < Minitest::Test
          bla
                ',
        error_mode: :strict,
-        line_numbers: true
-      )
+        line_numbers: true)
    end

    assert_equal 'Liquid syntax error (line 4): Unexpected character = in "1 =! 2"', err.message
@@ -157,8 +155,7 @@ class ErrorHandlingTest < Minitest::Test

          bla
                ',
-        line_numbers: true
-      )
+        line_numbers: true)
    end

    assert_equal "Liquid syntax error (line 5): Unknown tag 'foo'", err.message
@@ -205,7 +202,7 @@ class ErrorHandlingTest < Minitest::Test
  def test_default_exception_renderer_with_internal_error
    template = Liquid::Template.parse('This is a runtime error: {{ errors.runtime_error }}', line_numbers: true)

-    output = template.render({ 'errors' => ErrorDrop.new })
+    output = template.render('errors' => ErrorDrop.new)

    assert_equal 'This is a runtime error: Liquid error (line 1): internal', output
    assert_equal [Liquid::InternalError], template.errors.map(&:class)
@@ -217,7 +214,7 @@ class ErrorHandlingTest < Minitest::Test
    Liquid::Template.default_exception_renderer = ->(e) { exceptions << e; '' }
    template = Liquid::Template.parse('This is a runtime error: {{ errors.argument_error }}')

-    output = template.render({ 'errors' => ErrorDrop.new })
+    output = template.render('errors' => ErrorDrop.new)

    assert_equal 'This is a runtime error: ', output
    assert_equal [Liquid::ArgumentError], template.errors.map(&:class)
@@ -239,7 +236,7 @@ class ErrorHandlingTest < Minitest::Test
  end

  class TestFileSystem
-    def read_template_file(template_path)
+    def read_template_file(_template_path)
      "{{ errors.argument_error }}"
    end
  end
--- a/test/integration/filter_test.rb
+++ b/test/integration/filter_test.rb
@@ -1,24 +1,26 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 require 'test_helper'

 module MoneyFilter
  def money(input)
-    sprintf(' %d$ ', input)
+    format(' %d$ ', input)
  end

  def money_with_underscore(input)
-    sprintf(' %d$ ', input)
+    format(' %d$ ', input)
  end
 end

 module CanadianMoneyFilter
  def money(input)
-    sprintf(' %d$ CAD ', input)
+    format(' %d$ CAD ', input)
  end
 end

 module SubstituteFilter
  def substitute(input, params = {})
-    input.gsub(/%\{(\w+)\}/) { |match| params[$1] }
+    input.gsub(/%\{(\w+)\}/) { |_match| params[Regexp.last_match(1)] }
  end
 end

@@ -26,7 +28,7 @@ class FiltersTest < Minitest::Test
  include Liquid

  module OverrideObjectMethodFilter
-    def tap(input)
+    def tap(_input)
      "tap overridden"
    end
  end
@@ -149,7 +151,7 @@ class FiltersTest < Minitest::Test
    assert_equal "tap overridden", Template.parse("{{var | tap}}").render!({ 'var' => 1000 }, filters: [OverrideObjectMethodFilter])

    # tap still treated as a non-existent filter
-    assert_equal "1000", Template.parse("{{var | tap}}").render!({ 'var' => 1000 })
+    assert_equal "1000", Template.parse("{{var | tap}}").render!('var' => 1000)
  end
 end

--- a/test/integration/hash_ordering_test.rb
+++ b/test/integration/hash_ordering_test.rb
@@ -1,15 +1,17 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 require 'test_helper'

 class HashOrderingTest < Minitest::Test
  module MoneyFilter
    def money(input)
-      sprintf(' %d$ ', input)
+      format(' %d$ ', input)
    end
  end

  module CanadianMoneyFilter
    def money(input)
-      sprintf(' %d$ CAD ', input)
+      format(' %d$ CAD ', input)
    end
  end

--- a/test/integration/output_test.rb
+++ b/test/integration/output_test.rb
@@ -1,7 +1,9 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 require 'test_helper'

 module FunnyFilter
-  def make_funny(input)
+  def make_funny(_input)
    'LOL'
  end

@@ -32,7 +34,7 @@ class OutputTest < Minitest::Test
  def setup
    @assigns = {
      'best_cars' => 'bmw',
-      'car' => { 'bmw' => 'good', 'gm' => 'bad' }
+      'car' => { 'bmw' => 'good', 'gm' => 'bad' },
    }
  end

--- a/test/integration/parse_tree_visitor_test.rb
+++ b/test/integration/parse_tree_visitor_test.rb
@@ -227,7 +227,7 @@ class ParseTreeVisitorTest < Minitest::Test
      [[nil, [
        [nil, [[nil, [["other", []]]]]],
        ["test", []],
-        ["xs", []]
+        ["xs", []],
      ]]],
      traversal(%({% for x in xs offset: test %}{{ other }}{% endfor %})).visit
    )
--- a/test/integration/parsing_quirks_test.rb
+++ b/test/integration/parsing_quirks_test.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 require 'test_helper'

 class ParsingQuirksTest < Minitest::Test
--- a/test/integration/render_profiling_test.rb
+++ b/test/integration/render_profiling_test.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 require 'test_helper'

 class RenderProfilingTest < Minitest::Test
@@ -128,7 +130,7 @@ class RenderProfilingTest < Minitest::Test
    t.render!

    timing_count = 0
-    t.profiler.each do |timing|
+    t.profiler.each do |_timing|
      timing_count += 1
    end

@@ -145,7 +147,7 @@ class RenderProfilingTest < Minitest::Test

  def test_profiling_marks_children_of_for_blocks
    t = Template.parse("{% for item in collection %} {{ item }} {% endfor %}", profile: true)
-    t.render!({ "collection" => ["one", "two"] })
+    t.render!("collection" => ["one", "two"])

    assert_equal 1, t.profiler.length
    # Will profile each invocation of the for block
--- a/test/integration/security_test.rb
+++ b/test/integration/security_test.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 require 'test_helper'

 module SecurityFilter
--- a/test/integration/standard_filter_test.rb
+++ b/test/integration/standard_filter_test.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 # encoding: utf-8
+# frozen_string_literal: true

 require 'test_helper'

@@ -17,7 +18,7 @@ class TestThing
    "woot: #{@foo}"
  end

-  def [](whatever)
+  def [](_whatever)
    to_s
  end

@@ -37,7 +38,7 @@ class TestEnumerable < Liquid::Drop
  include Enumerable

  def each(&block)
-    [ { "foo" => 1, "bar" => 2 }, { "foo" => 2, "bar" => 1 }, { "foo" => 3, "bar" => 3 } ].each(&block)
+    [{ "foo" => 1, "bar" => 2 }, { "foo" => 2, "bar" => 1 }, { "foo" => 3, "bar" => 3 }].each(&block)
  end
 end

@@ -208,14 +209,14 @@ class StandardFiltersTest < Minitest::Test
      { "handle" => "beta" },
      { "price" => 1, "handle" => "gamma" },
      { "handle" => "delta" },
-      { "price" => 2, "handle" => "epsilon" }
+      { "price" => 2, "handle" => "epsilon" },
    ]
    expectation = [
      { "price" => 1, "handle" => "gamma" },
      { "price" => 2, "handle" => "epsilon" },
      { "price" => 4, "handle" => "alpha" },
      { "handle" => "delta" },
-      { "handle" => "beta" }
+      { "handle" => "beta" },
    ]
    assert_equal expectation, @filters.sort(input, "price")
  end
@@ -236,14 +237,14 @@ class StandardFiltersTest < Minitest::Test
      { "handle" => "beta" },
      { "price" => "1", "handle" => "gamma" },
      { "handle" => "delta" },
-      { "price" => 2, "handle" => "epsilon" }
+      { "price" => 2, "handle" => "epsilon" },
    ]
    expectation = [
      { "price" => "1", "handle" => "gamma" },
      { "price" => 2, "handle" => "epsilon" },
      { "price" => "4", "handle" => "alpha" },
      { "handle" => "delta" },
-      { "handle" => "beta" }
+      { "handle" => "beta" },
    ]
    assert_equal expectation, @filters.sort_natural(input, "price")
  end
@@ -256,7 +257,7 @@ class StandardFiltersTest < Minitest::Test
      { "fake" => "t" },
      { "key" => "a" },
      { "key" => "b" },
-      { "key" => "c" }
+      { "key" => "c" },
    ]
    expectation = [
      { "key" => "a" },
@@ -265,7 +266,7 @@ class StandardFiltersTest < Minitest::Test
      { "key" => "X" },
      { "key" => "Y" },
      { "key" => "Z" },
-      { "fake" => "t" }
+      { "fake" => "t" },
    ]
    assert_equal expectation, @filters.sort_natural(input, "key")
    assert_equal ["a", "b", "c", "X", "Y", "Z"], @filters.sort_natural(["X", "Y", "Z", "a", "b", "c"])
@@ -279,7 +280,7 @@ class StandardFiltersTest < Minitest::Test
    foo = [
      [1],
      [2],
-      [3]
+      [3],
    ]

    assert_raises Liquid::ArgumentError do
@@ -295,7 +296,7 @@ class StandardFiltersTest < Minitest::Test
    foo = [
      [1],
      [2],
-      [3]
+      [3],
    ]

    assert_raises Liquid::ArgumentError do
@@ -304,7 +305,7 @@ class StandardFiltersTest < Minitest::Test
  end

  def test_legacy_sort_hash
-    assert_equal [{ a: 1, b: 2 }], @filters.sort({ a: 1, b: 2 })
+    assert_equal [{ a: 1, b: 2 }], @filters.sort(a: 1, b: 2)
  end

  def test_numerical_vs_lexicographical_sort
@@ -330,7 +331,7 @@ class StandardFiltersTest < Minitest::Test
    foo = [
      [1],
      [2],
-      [3]
+      [3],
    ]

    assert_raises Liquid::ArgumentError do
@@ -346,7 +347,7 @@ class StandardFiltersTest < Minitest::Test
    foo = [
      [1],
      [2],
-      [3]
+      [3],
    ]

    assert_raises Liquid::ArgumentError do
@@ -380,7 +381,7 @@ class StandardFiltersTest < Minitest::Test

  def test_map_on_hashes
    assert_template_result "4217", '{{ thing | map: "foo" | map: "bar" }}',
-      "thing" => { "foo" => [ { "bar" => 42 }, { "bar" => 17 } ] }
+      "thing" => { "foo" => [{ "bar" => 42 }, { "bar" => 17 }] }
  end

  def test_legacy_map_on_hashes_with_dynamic_key
@@ -397,7 +398,7 @@ class StandardFiltersTest < Minitest::Test

  def test_map_over_proc
    drop = TestDrop.new
-    p = proc{ drop }
+    p = proc { drop }
    templ = '{{ procs | map: "test" }}'
    assert_template_result "testfoo", templ, "procs" => [p]
  end
@@ -405,10 +406,10 @@ class StandardFiltersTest < Minitest::Test
  def test_map_over_drops_returning_procs
    drops = [
      {
-        "proc" => ->{ "foo" },
+        "proc" => -> { "foo" },
      },
      {
-        "proc" => ->{ "bar" },
+        "proc" => -> { "bar" },
      },
    ]
    templ = '{{ drops | map: "proc" }}'
@@ -423,7 +424,7 @@ class StandardFiltersTest < Minitest::Test
    foo = [
      [1],
      [2],
-      [3]
+      [3],
    ]

    assert_raises Liquid::ArgumentError do
@@ -435,7 +436,7 @@ class StandardFiltersTest < Minitest::Test
    foo = [
      [1],
      [2],
-      [3]
+      [3],
    ]
    assert_raises Liquid::ArgumentError do
      @filters.map(foo, nil)
@@ -697,12 +698,12 @@ class StandardFiltersTest < Minitest::Test
      { "handle" => "alpha", "ok" => true },
      { "handle" => "beta", "ok" => false },
      { "handle" => "gamma", "ok" => false },
-      { "handle" => "delta", "ok" => true }
+      { "handle" => "delta", "ok" => true },
    ]

    expectation = [
      { "handle" => "alpha", "ok" => true },
-      { "handle" => "delta", "ok" => true }
+      { "handle" => "delta", "ok" => true },
    ]

    assert_equal expectation, @filters.where(input, "ok", true)
@@ -714,12 +715,12 @@ class StandardFiltersTest < Minitest::Test
      { "handle" => "alpha", "ok" => true },
      { "handle" => "beta" },
      { "handle" => "gamma" },
-      { "handle" => "delta", "ok" => true }
+      { "handle" => "delta", "ok" => true },
    ]

    expectation = [
      { "handle" => "alpha", "ok" => true },
-      { "handle" => "delta", "ok" => true }
+      { "handle" => "delta", "ok" => true },
    ]

    assert_equal expectation, @filters.where(input, "ok", true)
@@ -740,7 +741,7 @@ class StandardFiltersTest < Minitest::Test
    input = [
      { "message" => "Bonjour!", "language" => "French" },
      { "message" => "Hello!", "language" => "English" },
-      { "message" => "Hallo!", "language" => "German" }
+      { "message" => "Hallo!", "language" => "German" },
    ]

    assert_equal [{ "message" => "Bonjour!", "language" => "French" }], @filters.where(input, "language", "French")
@@ -758,7 +759,7 @@ class StandardFiltersTest < Minitest::Test
      { "foo" => false },
      { "foo" => true },
      { "foo" => "for sure" },
-      { "bar" => true }
+      { "bar" => true },
    ]

    assert_equal [{ "foo" => true }, { "foo" => "for sure" }], @filters.where(input, "foo")
--- a/test/integration/tags/break_tag_test.rb
+++ b/test/integration/tags/break_tag_test.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 require 'test_helper'

 class BreakTagTest < Minitest::Test
--- a/test/integration/tags/continue_tag_test.rb
+++ b/test/integration/tags/continue_tag_test.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 require 'test_helper'

 class ContinueTagTest < Minitest::Test
--- a/test/integration/tags/echo_test.rb
+++ b/test/integration/tags/echo_test.rb
@@ -1,10 +1,12 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 require 'test_helper'

 class EchoTest < Minitest::Test
  include Liquid

  def test_echo_outputs_its_input
-    assert_template_result('BAR', <<~LIQUID, { 'variable-name' => 'bar' })
+    assert_template_result('BAR', <<~LIQUID, 'variable-name' => 'bar')
      {%- echo variable-name | upcase -%}
    LIQUID
  end
--- a/test/integration/tags/for_tag_test.rb
+++ b/test/integration/tags/for_tag_test.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 require 'test_helper'

 class ThingWithValue < Liquid::Drop
@@ -23,16 +25,16 @@ class ForTagTest < Minitest::Test
  yo

 HERE
-    template = <<HERE
-{%for item in array%}
-  yo
-{%endfor%}
-HERE
+    template = <<~HERE
+      {%for item in array%}
+        yo
+      {%endfor%}
+    HERE
    assert_template_result(expected, template, 'array' => [1, 2, 3])
  end

  def test_for_reversed
-    assigns = { 'array' => [ 1, 2, 3] }
+    assigns = { 'array' => [1, 2, 3] }
    assert_template_result('321', '{%for item in array reversed %}{{item}}{%endfor%}', assigns)
  end

--- a/test/integration/tags/if_else_tag_test.rb
+++ b/test/integration/tags/if_else_tag_test.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 require 'test_helper'

 class IfElseTagTest < Minitest::Test
@@ -132,7 +134,7 @@ class IfElseTagTest < Minitest::Test
  end

  def test_syntax_error_no_variable
-    assert_raises(SyntaxError){ assert_template_result('', '{% if jerry == 1 %}') }
+    assert_raises(SyntaxError) { assert_template_result('', '{% if jerry == 1 %}') }
  end

  def test_syntax_error_no_expression
--- a/test/integration/tags/include_tag_test.rb
+++ b/test/integration/tags/include_tag_test.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 require 'test_helper'

 class TestFileSystem
@@ -40,14 +42,14 @@ class TestFileSystem
 end

 class OtherFileSystem
-  def read_template_file(template_path)
+  def read_template_file(_template_path)
    'from OtherFileSystem'
  end
 end

 class CountingFileSystem
  attr_reader :count
-  def read_template_file(template_path)
+  def read_template_file(_template_path)
    @count ||= 0
    @count += 1
    'from CountingFileSystem'
@@ -59,14 +61,14 @@ class CustomInclude < Liquid::Tag

  def initialize(tag_name, markup, tokens)
    markup =~ Syntax
-    @template_name = $1
+    @template_name = Regexp.last_match(1)
    super
  end

  def parse(tokens)
  end

-  def render_to_output_buffer(context, output)
+  def render_to_output_buffer(_context, output)
    output << @template_name[1..-2]
    output
  end
@@ -86,7 +88,7 @@ class IncludeTagTest < Minitest::Test

  def test_include_tag_with
    assert_template_result "Product: Draft 151cm ",
-      "{% include 'product' with products[0] %}", "products" => [ { 'title' => 'Draft 151cm' }, { 'title' => 'Element 155cm' } ]
+      "{% include 'product' with products[0] %}", "products" => [{ 'title' => 'Draft 151cm' }, { 'title' => 'Element 155cm' }]
  end

  def test_include_tag_with_default_name
@@ -96,7 +98,7 @@ class IncludeTagTest < Minitest::Test

  def test_include_tag_for
    assert_template_result "Product: Draft 151cm Product: Element 155cm ",
-      "{% include 'product' for products %}", "products" => [ { 'title' => 'Draft 151cm' }, { 'title' => 'Element 155cm' } ]
+      "{% include 'product' for products %}", "products" => [{ 'title' => 'Draft 151cm' }, { 'title' => 'Element 155cm' }]
  end

  def test_include_tag_with_local_variables
@@ -134,7 +136,7 @@ class IncludeTagTest < Minitest::Test

  def test_recursively_included_template_does_not_produce_endless_loop
    infinite_file_system = Class.new do
-      def read_template_file(template_path)
+      def read_template_file(_template_path)
        "-{% include 'loop' %}"
      end
    end
--- a/test/integration/tags/increment_tag_test.rb
+++ b/test/integration/tags/increment_tag_test.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 require 'test_helper'

 class IncrementTagTest < Minitest::Test
@@ -13,11 +15,11 @@ class IncrementTagTest < Minitest::Test
  end

  def test_dec
-    assert_template_result('9', '{%decrement port %}', { 'port' => 10 })
+    assert_template_result('9', '{%decrement port %}', 'port' => 10)
    assert_template_result('-1 -2', '{%decrement port %} {%decrement port%}', {})
    assert_template_result('1 5 2 2 5',
      '{%increment port %} {%increment starboard%} ' \
      '{%increment port %} {%decrement port%} ' \
-      '{%decrement starboard %}', { 'port' => 1, 'starboard' => 5 })
+      '{%decrement starboard %}', 'port' => 1, 'starboard' => 5)
  end
 end
--- a/Show More
+++ b/Show More
Author	SHA1	Message	Date
Mike Angell	a2814443bb	Prefer string interpolation in simple cases Co-Authored-By: Dylan Thacker-Smith <dylan.smith@shopify.com>	2019-09-17 00:31:19 +10:00
Mike Angell	c193ce3dab	Update rubocop config	2019-09-16 18:15:37 +10:00
Mike Angell	7abb8a3554	Enabled frozen string literals	2019-09-16 12:54:33 +10:00
Mike Angell	9a42c8c8b2	Merge pull request #1149 from Shopify/liquid-usage Add usage tracking	2019-09-16 12:14:50 +10:00
Mike Angell	1fcef2133f	Merge pull request #1143 from Shopify/styling-fixes-1 Apply simple rubocop fixes	2019-09-16 12:14:32 +10:00
Mike Angell	d7514b1305	Merge pull request #1137 from Shopify/remove-lazy-stacks Remove lazy load stacks	2019-09-16 12:14:14 +10:00
Mike Angell	724d02e9b3	Disable interrupt fix in this round	2019-09-11 06:35:08 +10:00
Mike Angell	a5b387cdd4	Remove reserved word Interrupt to avoid confusion Also resolves rubocop conflicts	2019-09-11 06:32:31 +10:00
Mike Angell	8318be2edc	Update readme	2019-09-11 05:20:05 +10:00
Mike Angell	b6547f322e	Simplify usage	2019-09-11 04:56:25 +10:00
Mike Angell	b316ff8413	Add usage tracking	2019-09-11 04:20:34 +10:00
Justin Li	806b2622da	Switch back to Liquid-C master, since https://github.com/Shopify/liquid-c/pull/50 is merged	2019-09-04 15:12:51 -04:00
Mike Angell	1f90a37b63	Merge branch 'master' into styling-fixes-1	2019-09-04 14:26:27 +10:00
Mike Angell	c34f7c9b2c	Merge pull request #1145 from Shopify/master-fixes Render tag styling fixes	2019-09-04 14:25:38 +10:00
Mike Angell	604d899496	Render tag styling fixes	2019-08-31 22:48:25 +10:00
Mike Angell	799da202df	Apply simple rubocop fixes	2019-08-31 21:58:33 +10:00
Mike Angell	ddb45cd658	Merge pull request #1139 from Shopify/shopify_ruby_style Follow Shopify ruby style guide	2019-08-31 21:43:45 +10:00
Mike Angell	dafbb4ae90	Remove hasnling false scopes	2019-08-31 20:03:54 +10:00
Justin Li	9876096cf4	Merge pull request #1141 from ashmaroli/reduce-context-constructor-allocations Reduce allocations from `Liquid::Context.new`	2019-08-30 12:53:50 -04:00
Ashwin Maroli	8750b4b006	Reduce allocations from `Liquid::Context.new`	2019-08-30 09:01:47 +05:30
Samuel Doiron	34083c96d5	Merge pull request #1122 from Shopify/render-tag Add new `{% render %}` tag	2019-08-29 16:49:56 -04:00
Samuel	9672ed5285	Add a new `{% render %}` tag Example: ``` // the_count.liquid {{ number }}! Ah ah ah. // my_template.liquid {% for number in range (1..3) %} {% render "the_count", number: number %} {% endfor %} Output: 1! Ah ah ah. 2! Ah ah ah. 3! Ah ah ah. ``` The `render` tag is a more strict version of the `include` tag. It is designed to isolate itself from the parent rendering context both by creating a new scope (which does not inherit the parent scope) and by only inheriting "static" registers. Static registers are those that do not hold mutable state which could affect rendering. This again helps `render`ed templates remain entirely separate from their calling context. Unlike `include`, `render` does not permit specifying the target template using a variable, only a string literal. For example, this means that `{% render my_dynamic_template %}` is invalid syntax. This will make it possible to statically analyze the dependencies between templates without making Turing angry. Note that the `static_environment` of a rendered template is inherited, unlike the scope and regular environment. This environment is immutable from within the template. An alternate syntax, which mimics the `{% include ... for %}` tag is currently in design discussion.	2019-08-29 16:32:05 -04:00
Justin Li	f3112fc038	Merge pull request #1136 from ashmaroli/travis-selected-branches Build only pushes to certain branches on Travis CI	2019-08-29 13:47:59 -04:00
Samuel	d338ccb9a6	Add isolated subcontexts An isolated subcontext inherits the environment, filters, and static registers of its supercontext, but with a fresh (isolated) scope. This will pave the way for adding the `render` tag, which renders templates in such a subcontext.	2019-08-29 10:27:15 -04:00
Mike Angell	d67de1c9b2	Follow Shopify ruby style This is the first step in bringing Liquid style inline with Shopify ruby style	2019-08-29 13:39:57 +10:00
Mike Angell	2324564743	Remove lazy load stacks Remove lazy load stacks and instead only create a new scope when a tag is known to need one	2019-08-29 09:09:32 +10:00
Ashwin Maroli	b3097f143c	Build only pushes to certain branches on Travis CI	2019-08-28 21:28:49 +05:30
Mike Angell	7b309dc75d	Merge pull request #1135 from Shopify/fix-failing-rubocop Resolve failing rubocop issues	2019-08-29 01:11:25 +10:00